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Показания
Аффективные расстройства
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Присоединение лития к антидепрессантам
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depression.
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Алкоголизм
De la Fuente JR, Morse RM, Niven RG, et al. A controlled study of lithium carbonate in the treatment
of alcocholism.
Mayo Clin Proc
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Fawcett J, Clark DC, Aagesen CA, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of lithium carbonate
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Другие показания к применению лития
Shiff HB, Sabin TD, Geller A, et al. Lithium in aggressive behavior.
Am J Psychiatry
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Другие публикации по лечению биполярного расстройства
Faedda GL, Tondo L, Baldessarini RJ, et al. Outcome after rapid vs. gradual discontinuation of lithium
treatment in bipolar disorder.
Arch Gen Psychiatry
1993; 50:448.
Kane JM. The role of neuroleptics in manic-depressive illness.
J Clin Psychiatry
1988; 49(suppl):12.
Post RM, Roy-Byrne PP, Uhde TW. Graphic representation of the life course of illness in patients with
affective disorder.
Am J Psychiatry
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Shukla S, Mukherjee S, Decina P. Lithium in the treatment of bipolar disorders associated with
epilepsy: an open study.
J Clin Psychopharmacol
1988; 8:201.
Wehr ТА, Goodwin FK. Rapid cycling in manic-depressives induced by tricyclic antidepressants.
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Gen Psychiatry
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Wehr ТА, Goodwin FK. Can antidepressants cause mania and worsen the course of affective illness?
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1987; 144:1403.
Wehr ТА, Sack DA, Rosenthal NE, et al. Rapid cycling affective disorder: contributing factors and
treatment responses in 51 patients.
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1988; 145:179.
Применение
Cooper ТВ, Simpson GM. The 24-hour lithium level as a prognosticator of dosage requirements: a two-
year follow-up study.
Am J Psychiatry
1976; 133:440.
Jefferson JW, Greist JH, Clagnaz PJ, et al. Effect of strenuous exercise on serum lithium level in man.
Am J Psychiatry
1982; 139:1593.
Perry PJ, Dunner FJ, Hahn RL, et al. Lithium kinetics in single daily dosing.
Acta Psychiatr Scand
1981; 64:281.
Post RM, Roy-Byrne PP, Uhde TW. Graphic representation of the life course of illness in patients with
affective disorder.
Am J Psychiatry
1988; 145:844.
Побочные и токсические эффекты
Острая интоксикация литием
Schou M. The recognition and management of lithium intoxication. In:
Johnson FN, ed. Handbook of
lithium therapy.
Lancaster, England: MTP Press, 1980.
Simard M, Gumbiner B, Lee A, et al. Lithium carbonate intoxication: a case report and review of the
literature.
Arch Intern Med
1989; 149:36.
Действие лития на почки
Battle DC, von Riotte AB, Gavira M, et al. Amelioration of polyuria by amiloride in patients receiving
long-term lithium therapy.
N Engl J Med
1985; 312:408.
Bendz H, Aurell M, Balldin J, et al. Kidney damage in long-term lithium patients: a cross-sectional
study of patients with 15 years or more on lithium.
Nephrol Dialysis Transplant
1994; 9:1250.
Bowen RC, Grof P, Grof E. Less frequent lithium administration and lower urine volume.
Am J
Psychiatry
1991; 148:189.
De Paulo JR Jr, Correa El, Sapir DG. Renal function and lithium: a longitudinal study.
Am J Psychiatry
1986; 143:892.
Hetmar О, Brun С, Clemmsen L, et al. Lithium: long-term effects on the kidney: II. Structural changes.
J Psychiatr Res
1987; 21:279.
Hetmar O, Clemmsen L, Ladefoged J, et al. Lithium: long-term effects on the kidney: III. Prospective
study.
Acta Psychiatr Scand
1987; 75:251.
Kosten TR, Forrest JN. Treatment of severe lithium-induced polyuria with amiloride.
Am J Psychiatry
1986; 143:1563.
Plenge P, Raaelson OJ. Lithium treatment: Does the kidney prefer one daily dose instead of two?
Acta
Psychiatr Scand
1982; 66:121.
Wood IK, Parmelee DX, Foreman JW. Lithium induced nephrotic syndrome.
Am J Psychiatry
1989;
146:84.
Неврологическая токсичность
Apte SN, Langston JW. Permanent neurological deficits due to lithium toxicity.
Ann Neurol
1983;
13:452.
Engelsmann F, Katz J, Ghadirian AM, et al. Lithium and memory: a long-term follow-up study.
J Clin
Psychopharmacol
1988; 8:207.
Joffe RT, MacDonald C, Kutcher SP. Lack of differential cognitive effects of lithium and
carbamazepine in bipolar affective disorder.
J Clin Psychopharmacol
1988; 8:425.
Saul RF, Hamberger HA, Selhorst JB. Pseudotumor cerebri secondary to lithium carbonate.
JAMA
1985; 253:2869.
Schou M. Long-lasting neurological sequelae after lithium intoxication.
Acta Psychiatr Scand
1984;
70:594.
Другие побочные эффекты
Deandrea D, Walker N, Mehlmauer M, et al. Dermatological reactions to lithium: a critical review of
the literature.
J Clin Psychopharmacol
1982; 2:199.
Franks RD, Dubovsky SL, Lifshitz M, et al. Long-term lithium carbonate therapy causes
hyperparathyroidism.
Arch Gen Psychiatry
1982; 39:1074.
Garland EJ, Remick RA, Zis AP. Weight gain with antidepressants and lithium.
J Clin
Psychopharmacol
1988; 8:323.
Lyman GH, Williams CC, Dinwoodie WR, et al. Sudden death in cancer patients receiving lithium.
J
Clin Oncol
1984; 2:1270.
Mitchell JE, Mackenzie ТВ. Cardiac effects of lithium therapy in man: a review.
J Clin Psychiatry
1982; 43:47.
Susman VL, Adonizio G. Reintroduction of neuroleptic malignant syndrome by lithium.
J Clin
Psychopharmacol
1987; 7:339.
Yassa R, Saunders A, Nastase C, et al. Lithium-induced thyroid disorders: a prevalence study.
J Clin
Psychiatry
1988; 48:14.
Лекарственные взаимодействия
Miller F, Menmger J. Lithium-neuroleptic neurotoxicity is dose dependent.
J Clin Psychopharmacol
1987; 7:89.
Ragheb M. The clinical significance of lithium-nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug interactions.
J Clin
Psychopharmacol
1990; 10:350.
Применение при беременности
Cohen LS, Friedman JM, Jefferson JW, et al. A reevaluation of risk of in utero exposure to lithium.
JAMA
1994; 271:146.
Zalstein E, Koren G, Einarson T, Freedom RM. A case control study on the association between 1st
trimester exposure to lithium and Ebstein's anomaly.
Am J Cardiol
1990; 65:817.
Вальпроевая кислота
Применение при биполярном расстройстве
Bowden CL, Brugger AM, Swann AC. et al. Efficacy of divalproex vs. lithum and placebo in the
treatment of mania.
JAMA
1994; 271:918.
Bowden CL, Brugger AM, Swann AC, et al. Efficacy of divalproex vs. lithium and placebo in the
treatment of mania The Depakote Mania Study Group.
JAMA
1994; 271:918.
Calabrese JR, Markovitz P, Kimmel SE, et al. Spectrum of efficacy of valproate in 78 rapid-cycling
bipolar patients.
J Clin Psychopharmacol
1992; 12(suppl):53.
Swann AC, Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, et al. Differential effect of number of previous episodes of
affective disorder on response to lithium or divalproex in acute mania.
Am J Psychiatry
1999; 156:1264.
Swann AC, Bowden CL, Morris D, et al. Depression during mania. Treatment response to lithium or
divalproex.
Arch Gen Psychiatry
1997; 54:37.
Побочные и токсические эффекты
Dreifuss FE. Valproic acid hepatic fatalities: revised table.
Neurology
1989; 39:1558.
Dreifuss FE, Langer DH, Moline KA, et al. Valproic acid hepatic fatalities. II: U.S. experience since
1984.
Neurology
1989; 39:201.
Smith MC, Black TP. Convulsive disorders: toxicity of anticonvulsants.
Clin Pharmacol
1991; 14:97.
Wisner KL, Perel JM. Serum levels of valproate and carbamazepine in breastfeeding mother-infant
pairs.
J Clin Psychopharmacol
1998; 18:167.
Карбамазепин
Применение при биполярном расстройстве
Lusznat RM, Murphy DP, Nunn CMH. Carbamazepine vs. lithium in the treatment and prophylaxis of
mania.
Br J Psychiatry
1986; 153:198.
Placidi GF, Lenzi A, Lazzerini F, et al. The comparative efficacy and safety of carbamazepine versus
lithium: a randomized double-blind three-year trial in 83 patients.
J Clin Psychiatry
1986; 47:490.
Small JG, Klapper MH, Milstein V, et al. Carbamazepine compared with lithium in the treatment of
mania.
Arch Gen Psychiatry
1991; 48:915.
Stuppaeck C, Barnas C, Miller C, et al. Carbamazepine in the prophylaxis of mood disorders.
J Clin
Psychopharmacol
1990; 10:39.
Применение при других психических заболеваниях
Malcolm R, Ballenger JC, Sturgis ET, et al. Double-blind controlled trial comparing carbamazepine to
oxazepam treatment of alcohol withdrawal.
Am J Psychiatry
1989; 146:617.
Schweizer E, Rickels K, Case WG, et al. Carbamazepine treatment in patients discontinuing long-term
benzodiazepine therapy.
Arch Gen Psychiatry
1991; 48:448.
Sramek J, Herrera J, Costa J, et al. A carbamazepine trial in chronic treatment refractory schizophrenia.
Am J Psychiatry
1988; 145:748.
Uhde TW, Stein MB, Post RM. Lack of efficacy of carbamazepine in the treatment of panic disorder.
Am J Psychiatry
1988; 145:1104.
Побочные и токсические эффекты
Hart RG, Easton JD. Carbamazepine and hematological monitoring.
Ann Neurol
1982; 11:309.
Heh CWC, Sramek J, Herrera J, et al. Exacerbation of psychosis after discontinuation of carbamazepine
treatment.
Am J Psychiatry
1988; 145:878.
Joffe RT, MacDonald C, Kutcher SP. Lack of differential cognitive effects of lithium and
carbamazepine in bipolar affective disorder.
J Clin Psychopharmacol
1988; 8:425.
Joffe RT, Post RM, Roy-Byrne PP, et al. Hematological effects of carbamazepine in patients with
affective illness.
Am J Psychiatry
1985; 142:1196.
Roy-Byrne PP, Joffe RT, Uhde TW, et al. Carbamazepine and thyroid function in affectively ill patients.
Arch Gen Psychiatry
1984; 41:1150.
Trimble MR, Thompson PJ. Anticonvulsant drugs, cognitive function, and behavior.
Epilepsia
1983;
24(suppl 1):55.
Лекарственные взаимодействия
Arana GW, Goff D, Friedman H, et al. Does carbamazepine induced lowering of haloperidol levels
worsen psychotic symptoms?
Am J Psychiatry
1986; 143:650.
Ketter ТА, Post RM, Worthington K. Principles of clinically important drug interactions with
carbamazepine: Parts I and II.
J Clin Psychopharmacol
1991; 11:198.
Применение при беременности
Altshuler LL, Cohen L, Szuba MP, et al. Pharmacologic management of psychiatric illness during
pregnancy dilemmas and guidelines.
Am J Psychiatry
1996; 152:592.
Jones KL, Johnson KA, Adams J. Pattern of malformations in children of women treated with
carbamazepine during pregnancy.
N Engl J Med
1989; 320:1661.
Rosa FW. Spina bifida in infants of women treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy.
N Engl J
Med
1991; 324:674.
Другие противосудорожные препараты
Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, McElroy SL, et al. Spectrum of activity of lamotrigine in treatment
refractory bipolar disorder.
Am J Psychiatry
1999; 156:1019.
Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, Sachs GS, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled study of lamotrigine
monotherapy in outpatients with bipolar I depression. Lamictal 602 Study Group.
J Clin Psychiatry
1999;
60:79.
Marcotte D. Use of topiramate, a new anti-epileptic as a mood stabilizer.
Affect Disord
1998; 50:245.
Young LT, Robb JC, Hasey GM, et al. Gabapentin as an adjunctive treatment in bipolar disorder.
J
Affect Disord
1999; 55:73.
Другие препараты
Ghaemi SN, Goodwin FK. Use of atypical agents in bipolar and schizoaffective disorders: review of the
empirical literature.
J Clin Psychopharmacol
1999; 12(suppl):57.
Marcotte D. Use of topiramate, a new anti-epileptic as a mood stabilizer.
J Affect Disord
1998; 50:245.
Suppes T, Webb A, Paul B, et al. Clinical outcome in a randomized 1-year trial of clozapine versus
treatment as usual for patients with treatment-resistant illness and a history of mania.
Am J Psychiatry
1999;
156:1164.
Stoll AL, Severus WE, Freeman MP, et al. Omega 3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: a preliminary
double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Arch Gen Psychiatry
1999; 56:407.
Tohen M, Sanger TM, McElroy SL, et al. Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of acute mania.
Am J Psychiatry
1999; 156:702.
Глава 5. Бензодиазепины и другие анксиолитические препараты
Бензодиазепины
обладают
анксиолитическим, седативным, противосудорожным
и
миорелаксирующим свойствами, каждое из которых используется в клинической практике. В настоящее
время синтезировано большое количество бензодиазепиновых препаратов (табл. 5.1). Кроме того, в
США зарегистрированы два препарата (золпидем и залеплон) [В России зарегистрирован препарат
зопиклон (имован). Залеплон в России не зарегистрирован. —
Прим. ред.
], отличающиеся от
бензодиазепинов по структуре, но имеющие сходный механизм действия. До появления
бензодиазепинов в 1960 году для лечения тревоги и бессонницы применялось множество других
соединений. В начале века использовали бромиды; в 40-е годы — этиловый спирт и его структурные
аналоги, например паральдегид и хлоралгидрат; в 50-е годы — барбитураты и производные
пропандиола, включая мепробамат.
Таблица 5.1. Транквилизаторы и снотворные
Название
Стандартные препараты
(мг)
Препараты
пролонгированного
Парентеральные
препараты (мг)