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is useful, but not sufficient either. What USA really lacks is the
diplomatic, social and cultural channels that will enable it to directly
infiltrate into an Islamic country to create a socio-political basis that
can be made to internalize the US plans concerning that country. The
way out is then to create a «model Islamic country» that will do all
this that USA itself cannot do on behalf of the US. It is precisely this
role that the AKP Administration in Turkey is playing.
«Moderate Islam» is an American invention. A moderately
Islamic country is by definition a country that looks socially and
culturally as an Islamic country from outside, which, however, also
has gone through a reinterpretation of Koran such that Islam is freed
of all the elements that may form an obstacle to the integration of
that country to the market system of the West. In the context of
Turkey, moderate Islam is meant as a substitute for Kemalism. On
the one hand, it is used not only to liquidate Kemalism from the state
apparatus, but also to erase all the traces of the Kemalist Revolution
from every sphere of social life. On the other hand, a «model
country of moderate Islam» is a very useful tool for implementing
the US plans concerning the Islamic World. However, if this model
country looks like a faithful follower of all the US stances in its
foreign policy, then it will have no credibility in the eyes of the other
Islamic countries and thus cannot gain the position of a «regional
leader». So these are the main guidelines of the scenario written for
Tayyip Erdoğan and Abdullah Gül – the former of whom is known
to have proudly declared to be a Co-Chair of the Greater Middle
East Project of the US in several different occasions, and the latter
of whom again proudly confessed to have signed a confidential two-
page nine-item agreement with Colin Powell, which specifies what
falls upon Turkey in implementing the Greater Midle East Project.
USA needs shortcuts since time is tight
Time is tight for USA. Thus, the need for shortcuts arises in
staging the scenario in question. In stage 1, the relations between
Turkey and Syria were going so well that the audience expected that
the two countries would even abolish the borders between them and
Геополитика многополярного мира. Доклады и тезисы
197
act as if they were one country. But now in stage 2, Erdoğan seeks
ways of launching a war against Beshar Esad. The United Nations
cannot reach any decision against Syria. It is not possible for NATO
to converge to some such decision either. Obama cannot convince,
let alone the rest of the world, the American public opinion in
launching a war against Syria. Thus, it falls upon Erdoğan to do it.
In stage 1, the AKP Administration voted against sanctions
against Iran in the United Nations. Now they accepted to station the
radar system of NATO (better said of USA) of the so-called Missile
Shield in Turkey in stage 2. As for Libya, in stage 1, Erdoğan said
that it is not possible to even think, let alone approving it, that NATO
militarily intervenes into Libya. Only two weeks thereafter, in stage
2, he declared that NATO should enter Libya in order to establish
that Libya belongs to Libyans.
In 2007, Beshar Esad proposed to the AKP Administration that
the three countries – Turkey, Syria and Iran – carry out a joint
military operation against PKK in Northern Iraq. This proposal
was not accepted by Erdoğan and Gül. If Erdoğan really wished to
contribute to the solution of the Palestinian Question, then a natural
way to follow on his part would be to join and help to coordinate
the forces that side with the Palestinians. But now the Erdoğan
Administration is hostile to all the countries and forces that have
defended the Palestinian Cause since its inception. But then the
natural conclusion this picture leads to is the following: Erdoğan’s
efforts concerning the Palestinian Question are aimed at replacing
the forces that have been defending the rights of Palestine on behalf
of the US, rather than joining them.
Common threats can be countered by common struggles
Turkey is presently facing two crucial threats that reinforce
each other. One is becoming an instrument in launching a war in
the Middle East via a fait accompli - a war, which can hardly be
kept local. The other is being fragmented for the sustainability of the
puppet state in Northern Iraq.
Koray Semih.
Turkey's Position in the Struggle for a Multipolar World
198
The stabilization of the puppet state, which is something that the
US cannot fogo, cannot be achieved by staying within its current
borders in Northern Iraq. One way or another, it has to be expanded
towards the North, and preferably towards the West and East as well,
if possible.
Both of these threats can be coped up with cooperation and
solidarity of the countries in the region. The territorial integrities
and sovereignties of the four countries in our region – Turkey, Syria,
Iran and Iraq – have never been interdependent in history to the
extent they are now. Common threats can be countered by a common
struggle. Paradoxically, it is unfortunately the AKP Government
today who constitutes one of the main obstacles to the formation of
a united front against these common threats.
Genuine cooperation and strengthening solidarity between
the peoples of these countries is to play a very crucial role for the
security of the region. This is, in fact, a must if one wishes to render
the plans of imperialism concerning the Middle East unsuccessful.
It will not only set an example of how a multipolar world can
and should be constructed, but it will also make the way free to a
genuinely multipolar world by limiting imperialism. It will lead to a
turning point in the history of the region whose impact will spread
out to the entire world.
Геополитика многополярного мира. Доклады и тезисы
THE ROLE OF RELIGION AND THE
CULTURE OF IDENTITY IN THE PUBLIC
POLICY: THE BALKANS CASE
Stevo M. Lapčević
Faculty of Political Sciences (Belgrade, Serbia)
«Prior to the discovery of the New World, America and Australia,
people were familiar with only three landmasses (continents) —
Europe, Asia and Africa. All three old landmasses were mutually
connected by the Balkan Peninsula. Up until the most recent
geological age, the Balkan Peninsula was connected with Asia by a
land bridge, of which numerous larger or smaller islands had survived
on the sea surface, the islands that have for thousands of years kept
the Balkans directly connected with Asia, the largest, most populous
and for the history of mankind most important continent. With the
African landmass the Balkans was connected by short seaways over
the important Mediterranean Sea that includes, as some sort of gulfs,
the Balkan seas, Adriatic, Ionian and Aegean. On the northern side,
the Balkan Peninsula is by a wide area connected and coalesced with
Europe»
1
.
This unique geographical and geopolitical position granted the
Balkans an important and fateful role in the history of the world. It
is a point at which three continents meet, and this fact is the reason
why it was frequently called «catena mundi», i.e. «the buckle of the
world». Consequently, it is the place where a wide array of cultures
and civilizations interweaves, shaping, each in its own way, the
political destiny and identity of the area.
«The Balkans is something more than the southeast of Europe. It
is the buckle of the world. This buckle has a greater responsibility
1
Balkan i Balkanci, p. 13
200
and a graver duty than Europe. The Balkans is not only Christian
like the rest of Europe. The Balkans is a real coexistence of races
and peoples, religions and classes, all bound by one fate, stronger
than religious affiliations and social prejudice. The Balkans is
therefore something unique in the group of the old continents —
neither Europe nor Asia. There are some that think of the Balkans as
«the Nearer East» or Asia and refer to it in that way. Such references
are the best proof that the Balkans is neither the European East nor
the Asian West, but a separate area with distinctive characteristics
and a special task»
1
.
According to Vladimir Dvorinković, one of the most prominent
Yugoslav philosophers and ethno-psychologists and the author of
the well-known Yugoslav Characterology, history in the Balkans, in
all its contents, falls into separate series of events, an entire chain
of fractions and tendencies that most often clashed with all their
might and destroyed each other. More than anywhere else in Europe,
Balkan history used to be (and still is) conditioned by cultural and
traditional patterns, that have been intertwining in the Balkans since
the earliest times of its historical existence.
Culture, (geo)politics and history of the Balkans are a cross
section of European and Asian cultures, (geo)politics and histories,
in a word — of Eurasian expanses. Jovan Cvijić, a renowned Serbian
geographer and scientist, thought that precisely this Eurasian
heritage of the Balkans had influenced to a larger or smaller degree
the establishment of political and cultural models of all the peoples
in the peninsula.
Cultural and Political Influences in the Balkans
Several cultural and political influences are discernible on the
Balkan ground.
During the classical antiquity Hellenistic culture exerted its
influence, and owing to its connection with Persia, even before
the time of Alexander the Great this culture had certain Eurasian
characteristics. Through his activities, Alexander managed to unify
1
Balkan i Balkanci, p. 25
Геополитика многополярного мира. Доклады и тезисы