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this respect. The fact that some Balkan states, such as Serbia and
Greece, became compact Orthodox countries is a consequence of
their national revival, departure of the Muslims and the change in
the structure of the populace»
1
According to the majority of Balkanologists, Religious
intolerance, that is so fully at work in the Balkans today, is not
naturally related to the Balkans. What we deal with is actually a
phenomenon «that Venetian and Austrian authorities allowed
themselves to stir, spreading prejudice and slurs about Byzantine
corruption and working diligently on proselytism (Catholicizing
and Uniating)»
2
. Thus religious intolerance, for which the Balkans
is nowadays famous worldwide, is the result of Western and Middle
European cultural influence, not Eurasian, on which the peninsula
was founded.
The Balkans gave the world its first cultural, i.e. literary language.
«That was the old Greek language, which belongs to the eastern
family of languages along with the other old and new languages
in the Balkans»
3
. Owing to Alexander of Macedon, this language
became the language of culture of the whole East, from the Balkans,
over Asia Minor and India, all the way to Egypt. «Christ’s teachings
increased its significance even more: it became the language of
religious, spiritual life. The Romans took some expressions from
it. As the language of science and church, it became a model not
just for every other literary language in Europe, but world’s science
draws its terminology from it»
4
The first Balkan written codes are Greek and Slavic (Cyrilic)
alphabet that is nowadays used in Macedonia, Bulgaria and
partially in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. These
codes can be regarded as originally Balkan. «The Latin code was
spread in the Balkans owing to three factors. In the first place it
1
Balkan i Balkanci, p. 113
2
ibid, pp. 113-114
3
ibid, p. 76
4
ibid, p. 77
Геополитика многополярного мира. Доклады и тезисы
207
was national conceit. The Romanians remembered the Latin origin
of their language in the middle of the nineteenth century so that
through the Latin code they could connect themselves firmer with
the Western Roman world. Orthodoxy could not preserve the Cyrilic
code among them. National interests prompted the spread of the
Latin code among the Romanians. The acceptance of the Latin
code partially among the Albanians, and fully among the Croats,
is completely to be attributed to the Catholic Church. The Western
Apennine Catholicism, aided by prolific literature, destroyed the
Balkan «glagoljica» and «bosančica». The Turks completely, and
Albanians only partially introduced the Latin code for practical and
international reasons»
1
And although, as we have seen, the Latin code
in its present-day form is a code that is used outside the Balkans, it
is undisputable that this code as well is based on the Balkan culture,
all the more due to the fact that it originates from an adaptation of
the Greek written code.
The influence of linguistic (geo)politics is noticeable in four
Balkan areas, the western, where the Serbian corpus bordered on
Croatian, the southern, in Macedonia, where Serbian and Bulgarian
interests were in conflict, and only recently in the southwestern area,
in Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Striving to suppress the Serbian element that was related to
Russia, Austria endeavoured to Catholicize and thus alter the
cultural identity of those orthodox Serbs that lived to the West
from the River Drina — they were about four million in number.
In this sense, linguistics was turned into an instrument of Austrian
geopolitical interests.
Generally speaking, in Western (geo)political idea, the Drina
plays an extremely significant role. As the Western Europeans see
it, this river represents a «natural border» that divides the West
and the East in the Balkans. It is a point at which, according to the
Western theoreticians, Byzantine and German cultural and political
influences came into contact. Hence there is no place on the western
1
Balkan i Balkanci, p. 81
Lapčević Stevo
Culture of Identity in the Public Policy
208
bank of the Drina for the Orthodox and, in general, all the other
people whose aspirations are turned to the East. In this light we
should consider the activities of Austria-Hungary, and later of the
Croats, as well as the interference of the European Union and the
USA into the issue of the internal organization of modern Bosnia
and Herzegovina, where the Muslims, unfortunately, have for a long
time been an instrument of the West.
The Balkan languages were, through Serbian, dragged from the
darkness of monastery cells into the light of the day by the Serbian
scholar Vuk Stefanović Karadžić. Loved and despised at the same
time, respected by the Grimm brothers, the great Goethe, Paul
Schaffarik, Nikola Tomazeo and many other authors and linguists
of the Balkans and the world, he collected and published not just
Serbian, but also Romanian, Albanian and Bulgarian folk literature.
At the time when Vuk was working, a great number of Orthodox
Serbs in the areas of today’s Croatia had already been Catholicized,
but only a smaller number was ready to renounce their Serbian
origin. Therefore Vienna thought that through Croatian linguists their
language should be altered because it differed from the language of
the original Croats. Since that was not possible, because the Croats
were several times outnumbered, there was an idea to rename the
Serbian language into Croatian.
Thus in the fourth decade of the eighteenth century the «Iliric
Movement» was formed with a declarative aim to gather all the
Austrian Slavs. In reality, it was a well-organized (geo)political
movement, through which Austria wanted to reach the Drina,
an intention that was discussed by the most prominent Croatian
geopolitician Ivo Pilar.
In his lifetime, Vuk Karadžić succeeded in preserving the Serbian
language, but soon after the death of this great man (in 1867), his
followers started retreating before the attacks of Austro-Croatian
lingistic geopolitics. Namely, according to the postulates of the
1850 Vienna Literary Agreement, Croatian men of letters accepted
Serbian as their literary language. Soon after that this language was
Геополитика многополярного мира. Доклады и тезисы
209
called «Serbian or Croatian», in WWII it was called «Croatian», and
after the war the term was turned into «Serbo-Croatian». Today, this
language is again called «Croatian». Thus the task of eliminating
Eurasia from what are today Croatian areas was finally completed at
the end of the twentieth century.
But, since the West has not yet seized the Drina, this usurpation
of the Serbian language and its written code was continued in
Bosnia and Herzegovina, where the Croats and the Bosniacs speak
the «Bosniac» language, that does not differ in the slightest from the
language of the Bosnian Serbs.
The most recent theft of the Serbian language has been committed
in Montenegro, where, for the first time in history, a «Montenegrin»
language was created, completely linguistically unfounded, a
language that, just like those examples mentioned above, does
not differ from Serbian at all. Yet, since modern Montenegro was
created by the West to prevent the access of Serbia, i.e. Eurasia, to
the sea, such contradictions are not too surprising, because anything
that drives Eurasia from the Balkans is completely legitimate.
Certainly the most confusing phenomena are the conflicts of
those authentic Balkan nations originating from the same cultural
heritage — Orthodox Eurasian. We have in mind principally the
Greeks, the Serbs, the Bulgarians and the Romanians, who, along
with the Russians, all belong to what is colloquially referred to as
«the Byzantine Commonwealth».
The reasons for the conflicts among these nations should not
be sought in medieval rivalry, since that was completely forgotten
owing to the centuries of servitude under the Turks. The cause
should be looked for in the Western way of thinking, which, as it has
already been mentioned, the Balkan nations started adopting during
the nineteenth century.
The creation of new independent states in the Balkans after
Turkish withdrawal did not only mean that some peoples in the
Balkans made national states, but also that they re-directed their
Lapčević Stevo
Culture of Identity in the Public Policy
210
cultural history. While the Balkans was, during the entire period
of Turkish rule, in a constant connection with Eurasian civilization
filtered through Islam, the Balkan Risorgimento — so we may call
the whole period of the newer Balkan history from the Serbian and
Greek Uprisings until the end of the world war — means taking a
new cultural course.
Unlike Italian and German Risorgimento that continued the
old traditions of these states, the Balkan Risorgimento meant a
real cultural revolution. The Eurasian course of the Balkans was
immediately upon liberation from the Turks slowly replaced by the
Western technicism and scientism, followed by liberalism, both in
politics and economics. This gambit can be considered as the greatest
mistake of the modern Balkans, since such individualistic, falsely
spiritual and falsely humanistic social and cultural philosophy could
not provide the peninsula with internal cohesion, national and inter-
national equanimity and good relations, in a word — identity and
unity.
Thus, instead of solidarity that existed at the time when the
Eurasian ideology, merged with Orthodoxy, moulded the Balkan
peoples, the Western idea of politics, nation, national state, religion
and spirituality emerged in its entirety.
During the nineteenth and the first half on the twentieth century,
the only light in the horizon were Balkan socialists, admirers of
Russian socialist idea. Those were, above all, Svetozar Marković,
Ljuben Karavelov, and their later followers andinheritors of their
ideas in both left and right sections of socialism, who thought
that the Balkans will not be united by the courts and salons but by
cultural unity related to the «folk system» that would lift this unity
to the level of the Balkan idea.
Therefore we can freely state that socialism (both national and
international) was (and still is) the main pillar of modern Eurasianism
in the Balkans.
Геополитика многополярного мира. Доклады и тезисы