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211
Relationships between Serbia and Bulgaria, the key to the
Balkans
As we have said, the freedom that was won by the Orthodox
Balkan nations in the nineteenth century also brought the West to the
political stage, and its life patterns soon became Balkan’s patterns.
Applied in politics, they caused the separation of the liberated
Balkan nations, intoxicated with the Western national romanticism.
Since then to the present day, Eurasia has been in constant retreat.
Having this in mind, misunderstanding and conflicts between the
Serbs and the Bulgarians, which caused the general disturbance in
relations in the Balkans, were particularly tragic. To make things
even more ironic, the Serbs and the Bulgarians are the two most
similar nations in the Balkans and they share not just a unique
cultural, Eurasian identity but they have a unique origin as well. A
great number of Balkan experts thinks that they are one people that
has the same origin and a rather similar language.
Actually, the relations between the Serbs and the Bulgarians
have been quite ambivalent. Depending on historical conditions,
these relations shifted from excellent to catastrophic, ending in
bloody conflicts. From all those conflicts the West had the greatest
benefit, above all Austria-Hungary, which, using this lack of mutual
understanding, succeeded in becoming a Balkan force after The
Congress of Berlin in 1878.
A positive trend in the relations between Serbia and Bulgaria
lasted from the 1860s until the end of the 1870s. It was the time
when Bulgarian emigrants, great fighters for national liberation,
lived in Serbia. Those were above all Georgi Sava Rakovski, Vasil
Levski, Ljuben Karavelov and Hristo Botev. This generation, owing
to Serbian authorities, founded in Belgrade Bulgarian printing
houses, schools and two Bulgarian legions in which future Bulgarian
liberators were trained. In this period the well-known plan was
created to form a Serbian-Bulgarian monarchy that would have been
ruled by the Serbian Duke Mihailo Obrenović and that would turn
to Russia for protection. However, the untimely death of the Serbian
ruler postponed this idea for some other time.
Lapčević Stevo
Culture of Identity in the Public Policy
212
The second phase of the Serbian-Bulgarian relations started after
the Peace Treaty of San Stefano which ended the Russo-Turkish War
in 1878. According to the terms of the Treaty, Russia, that had its
troops fighting in both Serbia and Bulgaria, decided to include almost
entire territory of Macedonia into the newly-formed Bulgarian state,
an act that could not be supported by the Serbian side. In agreement
with the Western forces and due to Serbian insistence, this Treaty
was declared invalid in Berlin later that year. «The Macedonian
Issue» has been a stumbling block in the relations between Serbia
and Bulgaria ever since.
For the subject that this paper analyses the Peace Treaty of San
Stefano is extremely important, because it represents an attempt of
Russian diplomacy to cut the stumbling Balkan nations loose from
the Western way of thinking and to put them back on the path of
their own identity.
As the winning side, Russia thought that Bulgaria should be
strengthened because, due to its geographical position, it could
contribute the most to a hypothetical liberation of Constantinople.
On the other hand, according to the Treaty, as a compensation for
the loss of Macedonia, Serbia would have gained much in Kosovo,
Raska and Bosnia and Herzegovina, where the Serbs would gain
considerable autonomy within the Ottoman Empire. Thus Russia
wanted to create two strong Balkan states, one of which would be
directed towards Constantinople and the other to the Adriatic Sea.
This also reveals a paramount need for a union between Serbia
and Bulgaria today, which is the most important precondition for
returning the people of the Balkans to the Balkans, i.e. to Great
Eurasia.
If we look at the annulled Peace Treaty of San Stefano from
today’s perspective, we will easily notice that its annulment was
only damaging for Serbia, not beneficial. Namely, had this Treaty
remained in force, the majority of Serbian people,that lives outside
Serbia today, would have been unified in one state that would cover
the space from Serb-populated areas in the present-day Croatia
Геополитика многополярного мира. Доклады и тезисы
213
to the modern borders in the East. But the Western spirit that had
possessed the Serbian elite, that is clearly manifested in Duke Milan
Obrenovic’s opinion that «Serbia has only one goal: to become a
modern European country or to disappear», finally won a victory.
The defeat of Russian diplomacy brought the apple of discord into
the Balkans, since Bulgaria was, primarily because Serbia wished
so, unjustly divided into the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern
Rumelia. The latter remained, along with Macedonia, under Turkish
dominion. But a far worse consequence is reflected in the fact that
Serbia came under the influence of Vienna. After these events were
over, Serbian students stopped going to Russia to complete their
studies and went to Austria-Hungary instead. Such policy on the
Serbian side lead to renouncing its claim to Bosnia and Herzegovina
and to the first armed conflict between Serbia and Bulgaria in 1885.
Encouraged by Vienna, the Serbs started it and finally lost it.
Thus all the subsequent conflicts between these two nations,
conflicts that ripped the Balkans to the west of the Drina in all their
might, creating cracks into which the Western thought penetrated
even deeper, are just a residue of wandering between San Stefano
and Berlin. Thinking about this problem, Konstantin Leontyev was
able not just to fully understand it but also to offer an adequate
solution:
«Therefore it is not good only to have in mind just the banishment
of the Turks from Europe, just the emancipation of the Slavs… but
something wider and in its idea more independent. This wider and
more independent notion should be nothing else but the development
of our own original Slavic-Asian civilization. Otherwise all the other
Slavs would soon become worse than continental Europeans, and
nothing more… Russian eagles did not fly over the Danube and the
Balkans so that the Serbs and the Bulgarians could later, in freedom,
hatch the chicks of civic Europeanism»
1
.
1
Konstantin Leontjev, Rusija i slovenstvo, p.22
Lapčević Stevo
Culture of Identity in the Public Policy
214
Which direction to take today?
Nowadays, the Eurasian thought is in full retreat in the Balkans.
It was overpowered by liberalism and profanization. Although it is
perfectly obvious that isolated, individual cultures cannot survive
in the Balkans, Balkan politicians, lured by the West, do nothing to
bond the Balkan nations.
The western part of the Balkans, inhabited by the Croats, is lost
beyond the possibility of restoration. Its return to Eurasia cannot
be expected. Islamic Balkan nations, in accordance with their
Pan-Turanian tendencies and the growing Turkish geopolitical
interference on the peninsula, remain in essence Eurasian, but they
are to a large degree controlled by the United States of America
that, pursuing its own interests, gave them two new Balkan states —
Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo.
The Republic of Srpska, the only Eurasian oasis on the west bank
of the Drina, is crucial to the survival of Eurasia in these areas. If
we add the fact that the West, by creating independent Montenegro,
separated Serbia from the Adriatic Sea, the need to preserve the
Republic of Srpska gains on significance even more.
«After WWII, in the second half of the 20th century, the Balkans
faced additional problems. The integration of Europe on one hand
and world globalization on the other clashed violently in the Balkans.
The end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century brought
a new collision of interests of these great powers, and the interests
of the USA have significantly increased when compared to the
previous historical background. We could say that the Balkans was
devastated by theactivities of thevictorious industrial West striving
to re-organize it to meet the interests of the USA and some new
centres of power
1
.
However, in its culture, logic, politics, ethics, in a word — its
spirituality, the Balkans has no contradictions. It neither belongs to
Europe, as (according to the Roman model) the Roman Catholics
would have it, nor does it belong to the Orient (at least not to the
1
Srpskaslobodarskamisao, p. 187
Геополитика многополярного мира. Доклады и тезисы
215
degree that the Balkan Muslims would have it). It belongs to itself
and to those who do not think of its truth as a burden that has to be
removed.
Orthodox Balkan nations are those that created the Balkans, that
cannot survive without it and that are therefore obliged to protect it.
These nations, owing to the Byzantine Empire, even in their earliest
history showed a great affection for the Orthodox Orient and its
culture, the affection that will not disappear even when, instead the
scent of incense, heath and desert winds bring Islam. As in Russia, in
the Balkans the children of the forest met the children of the heath,
creating a unique cultural unit of Eurasian type.
Therefore, regardless of the current policy, the Balkan Orthodox
nations are completely directed towards each other. This fact is
confirmed by their culture, their pattern, their songs and dances, and
their history that clearly shows that everything beneficial the Balkan
nations did for themselves was done by joint forces.
Talking about cultural and political potential of the Balkans,
Tadeusz Zielinski, a philologist and professor at Warsaw University,
stressed that this peninsula would be the pillar of «the fourth
European renaissance», that Zielinski calls «Slavic».
Zielinski thought that the Slavic nations that live in the Antique
(Balkan) area, supported by the great Russia, would continue the
trends of the Caroline, Roman and German renaissance in Europe.
While the first renaissance was religious, the second and the
third national, the fourth would, according to Zielinski, be spiritual,
ethical, and in its essence it would be a unity of variations.
Such renaissance can only be designed by the Western
mechanicistic world. Its only condition of survival is the collision
with the Eurasian spirituality. Zielinski thought that if the West
discarded and rejected such alliance, new trenches would be
dugbetween the East and the West and they would be virtually
insurmountable.
Having all this in mind, now, at the beginning of the twenty-first
century, it is upon the Balkans to finally decide whether it will be
«Europe’s landfill site», as it is frequently called in the West, or the
advance guard of the Great Eurasia.
Lapčević Stevo
Culture of Identity in the Public Policy