In 1905 Einstein came up with the concept that light is made up of particles called photons. Most scientists of his day didn’t agree, but later experiments showed this to be the case. This became an important discovery for many branches of science and he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921.

Together with another scientist, Satyendra Bose, Einstein discovered another state of matter. Sort of like liquid or gas or solid states. Today this discovery is known as Bose-Einstein Condensate and is used in cool stuff like lasers and superconductors.

Albert Einstein did not work directly on inventing the Atomic bomb, but his name is closely associated with the bomb. This is because his scientific work and discoveries were key in the bomb’s development, specifically his work on energy and mass and his famous equation: E = mc².
c) Are the sentences True or False?

1. He spent most of his childhood in Ulm, Germany.

2. His father had an electronics company.

3. He received the 1921 Nobel Prize for Mathematics.

4. Einstein is most known for his Theory of Relativity.

5. Albert immigrated to the United States in 1940.

6. Albert Einstein did not work directly on inventing the Atomic bomb.

3. a) Read the interview with a historian talking about Einstein. Insert the right form of the verb in Past Simple, Past Continuous or Past Perfect всего один раз.

Interviewer: Hello to all our listeners! My name is James Duke and our guest tonight is Dr. Mary Stead, the world famous expert on Albert Einstein. She’s going to share some little-known facts about the great physicist with us. Welcome, Dr Stead! It’s a pleasure to have you on our show.

Dr. Stead: Thank you, Mr. Duke. It’s a pleasure to be here.

I.: So, Doctor, what interesting things are you going to tell us about?

Dr. S.: Well, I ______ (think) I’d start with Einstein’s childhood. ______ you ______ (know) that Einstein ______ (start) making discoveries when he was five?

I.: Five? No. I didn’t. What ______ he ______ (discover)?

Dr. S.: You know, at just 5 years old he became intrigued by a compass his father ______ (bring) him. Well, Einstein ______ (realize) that something ______ (cause) the needle on the compass to move in a certain way, and he began to take an interest in the physical world.

I.: That’s amazing!

Dr. S.: Yes, but that’s not all. Einstein hobby was building models and mechanical devices, much to the amazement to his parents and elders. When he ______ (be) twelve years old, he was given a book of Euclidean geometry. He quickly ______ (become) fascinated by it. Once he ______ (learn) it, he ______ (start) to learn calculus.

I.: Wow! All of us who have struggled to learn those subjects are really impressed by that!

Dr. S.: Well, that wasn’t all. When he was sixteen, he ______ (do) a thought experiment called “Albert Einstein’s Mirror”. While he ______ (look) into a mirror, he ______ (try) to imagine what would happen to his image if he were moving at the speed of light – he actually ______ (draw) some important conclusions about that which would later be an important element of his theory of special relativity.

I.: Tell me, Doctor, is it true that Einstein ______ (have) some kind of learning difficulty which caused him problems at school?

Dr. S.: I know it’s a common tale, but recent research has shown that there is no truth to it.
b) Now complete each sentence with a word or short phrase.

1. Einstein made his first scientific discovery when he was ______ years old.

2. He realized that something was causing the needle of the compass ______ in a certain way.

3. Einstein hobby was ______.

4. Einstein tried to get information about the speed of ______ by looking into a ______.

5. Recent research shows that there is no ______ in the belief that Einstein had a learning difficulty.

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4. Cross out the wrong word in each of the pairs in italics.

Albert Einstein was a German-born physics / physicist, although most people probably know him as the most intelligent people / person who ever lived. His name has become part of many languages when we want to say someone is a genius, as / so in the phrase, “She’s a real Einstein”. He must have been pretty brain / brainy to discover the Theory of Relativity and the equation E = mc².

In 1999, “Time” magazine naming / named Einstein as the Person of the Century. No one thought / thinks this would happen when he was at school. He was extremely interested in science but hated the system of learning by heart / stomach. He said it destroyed learning and creativity. He had already done many / much experiments, but failed the entrance exams to a technical college.

When he was 16, he performed his famous experiment of imagining travelling alongside a beam of sound / light. He eventually graduated / finished from university, in 1900, with a degree in physics / physic. Twelve years later / before he was a university professor and in 1921, he won / was winning the Nobel Prize for Physics.

Einstein is the only scientist to become a culture / cult figure. He once joke / joked that when people stopped him in the street, he always replied / replies: “Pardon me, sorry! Always I am mistaken for Professor Einstein.” Today, he is seen as the typical madly / mad, absent-minded professor, who just happened to change our world.
5. Make up the sentences and tell WHO made WHAT. Use the following verbs: to discover, to open, to invent, to establish, to launch, to introduce, to split, to formulate.

Example: Newton opened the laws of motion.

1. Alexander Fleming, special theory of relativity.

2. Max Plank, the atom.

3. Albert Einstein, quantum theory of light.

4. Ernest Rutherford, penicillin.

5. Ivan Pavlov, first motorized plane.

6. Wright brother, conditioned reflex.

7. Antoine Lavoisier, the Law of Periodicity.

8. M. Lomonosov, the idea of conservation of mass.

9. L. Mendeleev, the Law of Conservation of Mass.

6. Tell what each of the following scientists is noted for:

Einstein
Freud
Michelson
Archimedes
Newton
Darwin
Halley
Curie
Rutherford
Crick
Bohr

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7. Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use Past Simple negative.

walk  /  win  /  write  /  invent  /  become  /  paint

1. Van Gogh ____________ the Mona Lisa. It was Leonardo da Vinci’s work.

2. J.K. Rowling ____________ Romeo and Juliet. It was Shakespeare’s play.

3. Neil Armstrong _________ on the moon in 2009. He was there on 20th July, 1969. 

4. England ____________ the FIFA World Cup in 2014. Germany got the cup.

5. Barack Obama ____________ president of the USA in 2004. His presidency started on 4th November, 2008. 

6. Albert Einstein ____________ the light bulb. It was Thomas Edison’s creation.
8. a) Complete the sentences with Past Continuous forms of the verbs in brackets.

1. I was surfing (surf) the Web the other day, and I found out some interesting information about inventions.

2. In 1968, another scientist, Spencer Silver, ______ (try) to make a strong glue, but he made a very good weak glue. Arthur Fry, a co-worker, put the glue on small pieces of paper and used the sticky papers at work. Soon the other co-workers (use) the sticky papers, too. The sticky papers became Post-it notes.

3. In 1945, a scientist named Percy Spencer _________ (experiment) with microwave energy. He ______ (stand) too close to a machine when it melted a peanut candy bar in his pocket. The machine became the first microwave oven.

4. In 1930, Ruth Wakefield ________ (make) cookies for customers at her restaurant. She put small pieces of chocolate in the cookies and called them chocolate chip cookies. Soon Wakefield’s customers______ (ask) her for the cookie recipe, and it is now on bags of chocolate chips.

5. In 1853, George Crum, a chef at a New York restaurant, _________ (feel) unhappy with a customer. The customer ________ (refuse) to eat his potatoes because they were too thick. So Crum cut the potatoes into thin slices and fried them, and they became the first potato chips.
b) Ask and answer Wh- questions with Who as the subject about the inventors in (a). Use Past Continuous.

Example: Who was feeling unhappy with a customer? – George Crum was feeling unhappy because a customer wasn’t eating his food.
9. Find and correct eleven grammar mistakes in this paragraph about the inventor of the light bulb.

Thomas Edison was born in 1847 in Milan, Ohio. He had not very much education in school. His mother taught him reading, writing, and math. Like many childs at the time, he dropped out of school and got a job. At the age of 13, he sells newspapers at a railroad station. Thomas continue to learn about science by reading. At the age of 16, he become a telegraph operator. Later he start to invent things. In 1869, he moved New York City.

One of his invention earned him $40,000, so he opened his first research laboratory in New Jersey. He tried hundreds of times to make the first lightbulb, but he had no success. However, Thomas Edison did not give up. He learn from his mistakes. In 1879, he introduce his greatest invention. He told a reporter, “I didn’t failed 1,000 times. The lightbulb was an invention with 1,000 steps.”
10. Complete the article about Amanda Lewis, an astronaut, by choosing Present Perfect or Past Simple.

She _______ (want) to be astronaut when she was a child. She _______ (grow up) in Texas and _______ (study) biology and engineering at the university. After the university she _______ (be) a pilot in the Navy. She _______ (join) NASA in 1999 and _______ (become) an astronaut. Since then she _______ (orbit) the Earth 230 times and _______ (go) on three spacewalks in the last mission. She also participates in science experiments as part of her job, and she _______ (study) the effects of radiation on plants for the past four months. The most exciting thing she _______ (see) as a pilot is the Northern Lights. She _______ (see) them on a mission last year.

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11. Complete the sentences using the following words:

held / resigned / put forward / was honoured / started / best known / came / became involved / deeply attracted

1. In 1933 Norbert Wiener was elected to the National Academy of Science (USA), from which he ____________________ in 1941.

2. 1940, Norbert Wiener ___________ to work on a research project on anti-aircraft (противовоздушная оборона) devices.

3. The idea of cybernetics __________ to Norbert Wiener when he began to consider the ways in which machines and human minds work.

4. Norbert Wiener was ________________ to mathematical physics.

5. Niels Bohr is ___________for the development of the Bohr model of the atom.

6. Just before World War II, Bohr ________________ a theory of nuclear fission.

7. In America Niels Bohr __________________ in the Atomic Energy Project which aimed to build the first atomic bomb.

8. Niels Bohr ___________ many important positions and ____________ by many important scientific institutions.

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12. a) Watch a video about top 10 famous inventors on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFctqQwN_hk and list the 10 inventors and their inventions.
13. Make a report about the famous scientist in your sphere of knowledge.

C. INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES

1. Match the words with their meaning:

1) discovery	a) to become or to make something become smaller in size, amount, degree, etc.
2) invention	b) water vapor that arises after boiling or heating water
3) to reduce	c) the force of the earth that pulls everything down
4) steam	d) the act of finding something new
5) to affect	e) the degree of how pure something is
6) purity	f) the ability to watch things closely
7) gravity	g) the act of making a new machine
8) observation	h) to have an influence on someone or something, or to cause a change in someone or something

b) Fill in the gaps with the words from (a):

1. The book is full of interesting ________ about the nature.

2. The plane ________ speed as it approached the airport.

3. Many scientific ________ have been made by accident.

4. If water is heated to 100 °C it turns to ________.

5. You can see the ________ of the water here.

6. The world changed rapidly after the ________ of the phone.

7. These factors ________ my work-life balance.

8. Newton described how ________ acts and explained why.
2. a) Read the text and list all the discoveries mentioned in the text:

Technology has made modern society possible. It added to leisure time and shortened the long hours of work. Technology reduced the effects of natural catastrophes. The world is now a smaller place where people can communicate with each other and travel rapidly everywhere. The establishment of the assembly line by Henry Ford in 1913 made automobiles inexpensive enough. Technology raised the standard of living.

The 20th century became the century of many inventions. New materials (e.g. synthetic rubber, artificial fabrics and plastics) affected the ways of life and fashion. Electronics was ushered in when Marconi sent the first transatlantic radio message in 1901. Radio and television changed communications and entertainment habits. In 1948 the transistor was invented, and the era of modern computers started. In 1957 the Space Age began, when the Soviet Union launched the first Earth-orbiting satellite – Sputnik. The use of new medicines and new equipment expanded medical technology. New technologies in biology led to genetic engineering, in which living cells can be altered. In 1996 a lamb called Dolly became the first large animal which was cloned from the genetic material extracted from the adult cell.

Technology keeps advancing at a rapid rate. But how do the discoveries happen? Most of us think that great ideas were the result of genius thinking. However, some of the greatest discoveries and inventions in history began with very simple beginnings.

In the 18th century, James Watt was boiling water at home. As the water began to boil, he suddenly noticed that the steam was pushing the lid of the kettle. From this, he created the steam engine.

In ancient Greece, Archimedes stepped into a bath tub and felt that water was being pushed out when he stepped in. This is how he came up with the idea of how to find the purity of gold.

In the 17th century, Isaac Newton was sitting under a tree when an apple fell and hit him on the head. This was when he realized the pulling force of the earth – gravity.

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