There are many other examples of how great ideas began with simple beginnings. Even you can become a great discoverer or inventor. All it takes is a lot of hard work and very careful observation.
b) Choose the best answer:

1. The main idea of this passage is that

a) James Watt was a genius

b) many great ideas come from simple beginnings

c) Archimedes lived in ancient Greece and found the purity of gold

2. The best title for this passage would be

a) James Watt, Archimedes, and Isaac Newton

b) Steam Engines, Gold, and Gravity

c) Great Ideas with Simple Beginnings

3. James Watt lived in

a) the 17th century

b) the 18th century

c) ancient Greece

4. Archimedes came up with the idea of how to find the purity of gold when

a) he was boiling water

b) he stepped into the bath tub

c) he was hit by an apple on the head

5. Many great ideas began with

a) simple beginnings

b) great inventions

c) boiling water

c) Answer the questions:

1. What are the positive effects of technology?

2. What are the negative effects of technology?

3. What new technologies in biology can do?

4. What new materials were invented in the 20th century?

5. When was the new area of modern computers and office machines started?

6. Why is the first Earth-orbital satellite called all over the world as Sputnik?
3. a) Read some more information about unexpected inventions and discoveries. Put the verbs in the correct form.

Sometimes unexpected things happen, and someone invents or discovers something. The discovery of gravity – the force that pulls all the stars and planets to each other in the universe – is an example of this. In 1666, Isaac Newton, an English scientist, was sitting (sit) in his garden when an apple ______ (fall) from an apple tree. Newton got the idea of gravity from that one moment.

Another story is about James Watt, who was born in 1736. Some people say that while James Watt ______ (look) at a boiling tea kettle, he ______ (get) the idea for a steam engine.

In 1799, French soldiers ______ (work) in Egypt when they ______ (find) a stone with writing on it. This was the famous Rosetta Stone. The stone helped people learn how to read Egyptian writing.

In 1908, while a German woman ______ (make) a cup of coffee, she ______ (discover) that paper worked as an excellent filter for coffee and water. She invented coffee filters.

In 1895, a German scientist ______ (experiment) with electricity when he ______ (notice) that one piece of equipment ______ (create) some strange green light around some objects. While he ______ (work), he noticed that the stripes of light – or rays -______ (go) through paper but not thicker objects, and through humans but not through bones. By 1900, scientists everywhere ______ (work) with the new rays, and doctors ______ (use) X-rays to take pictures of people’s bones.

It’s amazing that all these inventions and discoveries ______ (happen) by accident!
b) Find out some modern accidental and unexpected inventions on the Internet and discuss them in class.
4. Read the article about a scientist who tells about her job as a marine biologist and name her discoveries. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verb in brackets.

Last year we studied (study) plants and animals that lived in the ocean. Our mail task ______ (be) to look for new medicines. We ______ (go) to the ocean and ______ (discover) chemicals in marine organisms such as deep-sea animals and plants. We ______ (use) these chemicals to develop drugs that ______ (help) to treat human diseases.

Over the years, scientists ______ (develop)already useful drugs from plants and animals on land. Our work ______ (be) similar. However, we ______ (look) for medicines in the ocean. We ______ (find) chemicals all around the world. Scientists ______ (discover) them in warm and cold water, in shallow water or thousands of feet under the surface.

So I travel a lot for my work. My team ______ (lead) underwater expeditions in the Pacific and Arctic Oceans, Africa, off the coast of South America, and in Asia. I ______ (visit) more than 40 countries for my work. I ______ (travel) in a submarine many times. I ______ also (make) a lot of very deep dives and ______ (have) some exciting adventures. I’ve been very lucky with my job!

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5. Choose the correct word to complete the sentences:

1. Scientists are exploring / investigating the Amazon Jungle in search of new plants.

2. Dian studied / experimented on mountain gorillas in Rwanda.

3. Biologists are investigating / observing the causes of cancer.

4. A scientist has invented / discovered the skeleton of a Tyrannosaurus Rex in Spain.

5. Charles Babbage invented / discovered the “analytical engine”, which was the first computer.

6. Many animals are in danger of becoming rare / extinct.
6. Complete the sentences by choosing the correct time word:

1. Before / after people drove cars, they rode horses.

2. As soon as / before people used digital cameras, they took photographs using film.

3. Public transportation changed completely until / when the first train lines began to operate.

4. When / until the Internet became popular, people wrote letters and read books.

5. Before / after the first men landed on the moon in 1969, U.S. astronauts made five trips to the moon between 1969 and 1972.

6. People did not understand the solar system when / until scientists invented telescopes.

7. As soon as / until scientists developed medicines such as vaccines, public health improved rapidly.
7. a) Write sentences in the past about inventions and discoveries. Use an event in A, an event in B, and after, before, when, until or as soon as.

Example: Before TV existed, families listened to the radio together.

A	B
TV / exist	People / start to fly more
Cheap air travel / become possible	Credit cards / become popular
Everyone / have a cell phone	Families / listen to the radio together
People / pay for things with cash or checks	Millions of people / learn to drive
Free education / be available	Roads / become safer
Traffic lights / come into our cities	People / buy food from small local stores
Ford / make the first mass / produced car	People / make calls from pay phones
The first supermarket / open	Most people / not read or write
Microwave ovens / be	People / spend a lot of time to heat up food
We / have Internet	People / go to the library a lot

b) Suggest three more sentences of the same structure and share it with your group.
8. Seven of the following sentences have grammar mistakes. Find the mistakes and correct them.

1. The first real road builders in Britain was the Romans.

2. The Romans were building roads of layers of broken stones of various sizes and covered them with flat stones.

3. Nuclear energy began to be used from the mid 1950s.

4. The system didn’t working because the loudspeaker had been wrongly connected.

5. While we were studying the engine, we were mading a significant discovery.

6. Louis Pasteur was discovering the action of germs while he was studying fermentation in wines.

---

7. In the second half of the 20th century, the electronics industry transforming the way we work in factories.

8. Our studies showed how well the equipment has performed.
9. Complete the sentences in the fact file about robots with who, which or that. Add ( – ) to show that the relative pronoun can be omitted.

ROBOTS – THE ESSENTIAL FACTS!

1. The word robot was first used in 1920 in a play by the Czech writer Karel Capek, who wrote science fiction. It comes from “robota”, a Czech word ______ means ‘hard work’.

2. The first robot ______ you could programme to perform useful tasks was Unimate, ______ was invented by George Devol in 1954. He sold it to General Motors, an American car company ______ used the robot to lift hot pieces of metal.

3. In the 1990s, robots started exploring dangerous places. A robot called Dante, ______ was controlled by experts in the United States, went inside the Erebus volcano in Antarctica: and the Sojourner rover, ______ was designed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), went to Mars.

4. The Roomba is the first really successful robotic vacuum cleaner. Its makers have sold over eight million of them. People ______ I know ______ hate doing housework just love this machine.

5. In 2012, a robot ______ was able to move its arms, hands and fingers in exactly the same way as a human became the first robot in space. The ‘robonaut’, ______ was developed by NASA, can perform dangerous tasks ______ people can’t do.
10. Complete the text about life before electricity. Use used to, would or the Past Simple form of the verbs.

Alessandro Volta ______ (invent) the first battery in 1800. How did people use to live in the days before electricity? Most people______ (burn) oil lamps or candles for light. When it got cold, they ______ (make) open fires to keep warm. People ______ (not travel) long distances. Most people only ______ (visit) neighbors or nearby relatives. Before Volta’s battery, many scientists ______ (not think) that electricity was useful. And in the early days of electricity some people ______ (think) it was dangerous. They ______ (be) afraid of it. Some people even ______ (believe) that electricity had a bad effect on society. They ______ (prefer) the simple life of the past. Soon, however, electricity ______ (make) the world brighter, faster and more comfortable. Electricity in homes and industry ______ (change) the world in many ways.
11. We can change the form of a word (e.g. from a verb to a noun) by adding suffixes. Use the words given in capitals at the end of sentences and the suffixes below to make new words and fill in the gaps.

-ment  /  -ion  /  -ive  /  -y  /  -ity  /  -ous  /  -able  /  -ed

1. Many times researchers study some areas to satisfy their _________ but as a result new things are invented. CURIOUS

2. Recent _________ in machine learning has allowed us to create machines that can win with humans in some areas. DEVELOP

3. Engineers can now apply _________ technological solutions to automatize many tasks that required human input. ADVANCE

4. Machines are not always _________ and sometimes break down so we should limit how much we depend on them in everyday life. RELY

5. There are _________ reasons why we should create artificial intelligence. NUMBER

6. Some people believe that AI is such a _________ technology that it will change our lives just as the Internet or TV did. TRANSFORM

7. The _________ of gunpowder was one of the most significant achievements of the Middle Ages in China. INVENT

8. Their _________ was quickly confirmed, making it the first confirmation of planets outside our Solar System. DISCOVER
12. Choose the correct answer:

1. I don’t think people should be allowed to perform experiments ______ animals.

A for

B over

C on

D to

---

2. There was an explosion in technology ______ the beginning of the 20 th century.

A in

B at

C through

D on

3. Let’s face ______ – we are destroying the envir onment and we need to do something now.

A truth

B facts

C things

D information

4. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is, ______ average, about 149 million kilometers.

A by

B on

C from

D in

5. It’s amazing that creatures survive ______ the bottom of the ocean.

A in

B by

C at

D to

6. Fox Talbot ______ the first photograph in 1835.

A gave

B did

C drew

D took

7. Researchers have ______ to the conclusion that your personality is affected by your genes.

A come

B got

C reached

D arrived

8. Do you mind if I just ______ a quick phone call from here.

A do

B take

C have

D make

9. Many lives were saved ______ the introduction of antibiotics.

A into

B at

C with

D in

10. The ______ of the nuclear accident is still unknown.

A reason

B cause

C base

D motive

11. My farther works at the university, doing research ______ weather control.

A on

B to

C of

D from

12. The telescope will photograph distant galaxies, ______ an attempt to understand their past.

A on

B for

C with

D in

---

13. a) Watch a video about AI https://youtu.be/mJeNghZXtMo and write down the answers to these questions:

1. What does the AI field of science deal with?

2. When was the term “artificial intelligence” invented?

3. What are the factors responsible for the growth of AI in the recent years?

4. How is AI being used now?
b) Choose the right option in the sentences below, then watch the video again to check your answers:

a) AI is designed so you don’t realize there’s a computer calling / firing the shots.

b) The term “artificial intelligence” was first crafted / coined by Dartmouth professor John McCarthy.

c) And now thanks to advances / advantages in processing speeds, computers can actually make sense of all this information more quickly.

d) Tech giants and venture / visiting capitalists have bought into AI and are infusing the market with cash and new applications

e) That means AI can manifest itself in many different ways. Let’s break / take down the options.

f) Natural language processing makes these bots a bit more shallow / sophisticated.
14. a) Study the list of the main inventions of the 20th century and complete it to our days with the help of Internet search.

1901 – electric typewriter

1902 – air conditioner, speedometer, crayon

1903 – skyscraper

1904 – novocaine

1905 – animated cartoon

1906 – vacuum cleaner, plastic

1907 – cellophane, electric razor, paper cup

1908 – cigarette lighter

1911 – superconductivity

1913 – artificial kidney, crossword puzzle, assembly line

1914 – traffic light, zipper

1915 – radiotelephone

1918 – electric food mixer

1919 – short wave radio

1920 – tea bag, submachine gun

1921 – lie detector

1922 – self-winding watch

1923 – TB vaccine

1924 – frozen food, spiral-bound notepad

1926 – talking movies, liquid-fuel rocket

1927 – tape recorder

1928 – black and white television

1930 – cyclotron, scotch tape, supermarket

1931 – electric guitar, FM radio, freon

1932 – color cartoon film

1933 – electron microscope

1934 – radar

1935 – beer can, Kodak chrome film

1937 – xerography, radiotelescope

1938 – fluorescent lighting

1939 – DDT, helicopter

1940 – colour television

1941 – aerosol can

1942 – nuclear reactor

1943 – all electronic calculating device

1945 – atomic bomb, microwave oven

1946 – mobile phone

1947 – transistor

1948 – cable television

1949 – super music amplifier

1950 – credit card

1951 – super glue

1952 – sex-change operation, answering machine

1953 – DNA

1954 – vertical – take off plane

1955 – lego, optic fiber, synthetic diamond

1956 – computer hard disk

1957 – IBM, sputnik, high speed dental drill

1958 – modem, ultrasound

1959 – electrocardiograph

1960 – breast implant, fiber-tip pen, halogen lamp, laser

1962 – audiocassette, laser eye surgery

1963 – instant color film, videodisc

1964 – acrylic paint, touch-tone phone, liquid crystal display

1965 – potable video recorder, hologram, soft contact lenses

1966 – fuel injection for autos

1967 – heart transplant

1968 – computer with integrated circuits

1969 – lunar landing

1970 – floppy disk

1971 – dot-matrix printer, space station, liquid crystal display

1972 – word processor, compact disk

1975 – laser printer, personal computer

1976 – ink-jet printer, VHS system for video recording

1977 – Apple II, fiber-optic communication

1978 – test-tube baby

1979 – Rubik’s cube

1980 – hepatitis B

1981 – MS-DOS, space shuttle

1983 – cellular-phone, network, computer virus

1984 – Macintosh computer, Random Access Memory

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