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3. Translate the following text in writing.

The Federal Judiciary

By Article 3 of the Constitution "the judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain (предписывать) and establish".

The Supreme Court has the power of judicial review - the power to decide whether the actions of the President, Congress or state governments violate the Constitution. The Supreme Court judges - they are normally nine but Congress may alter their number - are nominated for life by the President after being approved by the Senate.

In the federal court system there are 90 district courts presided over by a district judge. They hear criminal cases involving breaches of federal law and civil cases on federal matters: disputes between states, non-payment of federal taxes, etc. Appeals can be made to the United States Court of Appeals where an appeal is heard by three judges although in very controversial cases all nine appeal judges sit together. In the vast majority of cases this court's decision is final and sets a precedent for future cases, although this precedent is not always binding on the Supreme Court. The judicial systems of the states vary greatly in structure and procedure. Generally speaking, however, at the lowest level there are justices-of-the -peace courts presided over by elected lay magistrates, which deal with minor offences. Then come the county courts, which deal with the majority of civil and criminal cases. Appeals go to the District Courts of Appeals. The most controversial aspect of state judiciaries is that in more than two-thirds of the states judges (including those in the Supreme Court) are elected.
4. Translate the following into English in writing.

1. Судебная власть США вверена (to be vested) Верховному Суду и таким нижестоящим судам (inferior courts), какие конгресс может время от времени учреждать (ordain and establish).

2. Федеральная судебная система состоит из 94 районных судов под председательством окружных судей; они слушают уголовные и гражданские дела о нарушении федерального законодательства.

3. В большинстве случаев решение этого суда окончательное (final) и создает прецедент (to set a precedent) для будущих дел, хотя такой прецедент не является обязательным для Верховного Суда (to be binding).

4. Судьи Верховного Суда назначаются пожизненно президентом страны при согласии сената.

5. В судах низшего уровня (inferior courts of law) рассматриваются (to deal with) мелкие правонарушения.

6. Апелляции поступают в окружные апелляционные суды.

7. Наиболее противоречивым (controversial) аспектом судебной власти США считается то, что судьи в большинстве штатов являются выборными (to be elected).
UNIT 10

The Judicial Power in Great Britain

1. Grammar Focus:

Conditionals

2. Topic Activities

(Reading & Speaking):

Text 1. The Judicial Power in GB

Text 2. How Does Judiciary work

Text 3. The British Judiciary

3. Conversation & Writing Practice:

.Summary Structuring



GRAMMAR FOCUS

CONDITIONALS

Условные предложения

Условные предложения – это предложения вводимые союзом
if (если). Условные предложения состоят из главного предложения (main clause) и придаточного(if-clause).

Действие главного пред­ложения является результатом гипотетических условий, постав­ленных в придаточном предложении. В английском языке условное придаточное предложение выде­ляется запятой, когда оно стоит перед главным предложением. Если придаточное предложение следует за главным, запятая не ставится.

В отрицательных предложениях вместо ifnot может использо­ваться союз unless (если не), после которого глагол ставится в ут­вердительной форме.

e.g. If you don’t leave now, you’ll miss the bus. = Unless you leave now, you’ll miss the bus. (Если ты не выйдешь сейчас, ты опоздаешь на автобус.)

Sentence Structures

Структуры предложения





i f-clause ,

(hypothesis)



m ain clause

(result)




e.g. If you don’t hurry, you will miss the train.

Если ты не поспешишь, ты опоздаешь на поезд.








или





main clause

(result)




if-clause

(hypothesis)





e.g.You will miss the train if you don’t hurry.

Ты опоздаешь на поезд, если не поспешишь.


Types of Conditionals

Типы условных предложений


Ситуация

Структура предложения

if-clause

(придаточное)

main clause

(главное)

Тип 1

Реальная

ситуация

в настоящем

или будущем

if + present simple

future simple

present simple

imperative

can/must/may + bare infinitive

e.g.

If he doesn’t pay the fire, he will go to prison.

Если он не заплатит штраф, его посадят в тюрьму.

If you need help, come and see me.

Если тебе нужна помощь, приходи и я помогу.



1. Fill in unless or if and go on to translate the sentences:

  1. I can’t finish my homework ___ you help me.

  2. ___ it rains, we’ll go for a walk.

  3. ___ Ann doesn’t do her homework, the mother won’t let her watch TV.

  4. ___ you work hard, you may be promoted.

  5. ___ Kate comes home soon, her parents will call the police.




Ситуация

if-clause

(придаточное)

main clause

(главное)

Тип 2

Воображаемая, но маловероятная си­туация, относя­щаяся к настоя­щему или буду­щему

if + past simple

would

could

might





+ bare infinitive

e.g.

If I saw a criminal, I would call the police.

Еслибы я увидел преступника, я бы позвонил в полицию.

NB!

  1. If I were you … (на твоем месте я бы …) = совет

e.g. IfIwere you, I would study better.

На твоём месте, я бы учился лучше

  1. Were может использоваться вместо was для всех лиц

e.g. If Tom was/were here, he could help us.

Если бы Том был здесь, он бы смог нам помочь.

Ситуация

if-clause

(придаточное)

main clause

(главное)

Тип 3

Воображаемая, но нереальная ситуа­ция, которая от­носится к про­шлому

if + past perfect


w ould

could

might




+ have + past participle

e.g.

If I had saved some money, I could have gone on holiday abroad.

Если бы я экономила деньги, я бы могла поехать в отпуск за границу (но я не экономила и не поехала).



2. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense to make type 2 conditionals sentences:

e.g. If I (to be) you, I (to study) for the exams.

If I were you, I would study for the exams.




  1. If we (to have) a car, we (not to go) by bus.

  2. Helen (to buy) some new clothes if she (to have) enough money.

  3. If I (to be reach), I (never / work) again.

  4. If I (to win) the lottery I (to buy) an expensive car.

  5. If (to be) you, I (not to trust = доверять) him.

  6. If she (to study) better, she (can go) to university.


3. Read the stories below and write type 3 or 2 conditional sentences, as in the example:

e.g. Jack didn’t work hard, that is why his boss kept nagging (ворчал).

If Jack had worked hard, his boss wouldn’t have kept nagging.

A




Jack Potts argued (поссорился) with his boss, so the boss gave him the sack (уволил его). Jack lost his job, so he became unemployed (безработный). He needed money, so he robbed a bank. As Jack was not an experienced robber, he was not careful enough. The police arrested him, so he went to court. There, the judge sentenced him to ten years in prison. Jack was recently put in prison. That’s where he is now. He is awfully sorry for his crime.


B




Ben offered to help his neighbor fix the roof so he climbed up the ladder. He fell off the ladder and broke his leg. He went to hospital and met Linda there. Linda worked at hospital as a nurse and assisted the doctor to x-ray Ben’s leg. They fell in love and got married six month later. They love each other and are very happy now.


4. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense to form Conditionals of type 1, 2 or 3:

  1. If I (to be) you, I wouldn’t drive in the snow.

  2. If you had closed the window, the cat (not to jump) out.

  3. John (to lose) his job if he is rude to his boss.

  4. If you (to save) some money, you would have been able to buy a new car last year.

  5. If I had a toothache, I (to go) to the dentist.

  6. If Jane (to be) older, she could live by herself.

  7. We would have changed our plans if we (to hear) the weather forecast.

  8. If Sam was still living nearby, I (can invite) him for dinner.

  9. Helen will join us later unless she (to have) a lot of work to do.

  10. If you (to put) your money in your wallet, you wouldn’t have lost it.

  11. Unless you (to hurry), you (to be) late again.

  12. If I (to do) my homework, the teacher (not to shout) at me.

  13. She (to go) to the party unless she (to be) ill last Saturday.

  14. You would have passed the test if you (to study) more.

  15. If his flight were not delayed, he (to arrive) in Moscow on time.



TOPIC ACTIVITIES
READING & SPEAKING
1. Learn the following words:

the highest court – Высший суд;

the highest judge – Верховный судья;

appeal (n.), to appeal (v.) – апелляция; апеллировать;

to distinguish – отличать, различать;

wrongful acts – незаконные действия;

harmful – вредный, пагубный;

community – общество;

t o be concerned with касаться, иметь отношение;

to deal with заниматься, иметь дело с ч-л;

to hear (heard, heard) a case – заслушать дело;

to charge smb. with an offence – обвинить кого-либо в правонару­шении;

Magistrates’ Court – магистратский суд;

the County Courts – суды графств;

the Crown Court – суд Короны;

the High Court of Justice – Высокий суд;

the Court of Appeal – Апелляционный суд;

unpaid justice – судья, не получающий жалования;

lay magistrate – магистратский судья (без проф. подготовки);

Justices of the Peace (JPs) – мировые судьи;

procedure – судебное производство;

to advise – консультировать;

stipendiary magistrate – магистратский судья (с проф. подготовкой);

minor offence – мелкое нарушение;

to refer – отсылать, направлять;

a defendant – ответчик, подсудимый, обвиняемый;

a jury – суд присяжных;

to try – допрашивать, расследовать; судить; вести процесс;

barrister – бáрристер (адвокат, выступающий в суде);

solicitor – солúситор (адвокат, подготавливающий дела для барристера и выступающий только в судах низшей инстанции);

to declare – заявлять, объявлять;

to declare guilty of a crime – признавать виновный в преступлении;

to decide on – определять, делать выбор

to sum up the evidence (the case) – подытожить результаты судеб­ного следствия;

trial – судебное разбирательство; суд; слушание дела

relevant law – относящийся к делу закон;

intermediate appellate [ə'p̀elit] tribunal – промежуточный апелля­ционный суд;

sentence – судебное решение, приговор;

similar – похожий, подобный.


2. Guess the meaning of the following international words:

pyramid – pyramidal, organize – organization, group, act, crime – criminal, civil, jurisdiction, appeal – appellate; business, to qualify – qualified – qualification, legal, to limit – limited, to train – trainer – training; base – basic, instruct – instruction
3. Translate the following word-combinations:

to be presided over; to hear only a very limited number of appeals; criminal and civil jurisdiction; wrongful acts harmful to community; to be sent to; limited jurisdiction; unlimited jurisdiction; legal qualification; to be given basic training; to be tried by a jury; to sum up evidence for the jury and instruct it on the relevant law; civil cases;minor civil cases; more serious cases; to be composed of the Lords