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12
much sugar do we need?
MANY
– употр. с исчисляемыми существительными:
There aren’t many books on the shelf./
How many English words do you know?
A LOT OF (LOTS OF)
– «много» употр. в утвердительных предложениях с
исчисляемыми и неисчисляемыми существительными:
I have a
lot of friends./ We spent a lot of money.
LITTLE, FEW
– «мало, не достаточно» употр. в утвердительных и вопросительных
предложениях.
LITTLE
– употр. с неисчисляемыми существительными:
I drink little coffee. I don’t like it.
FEW
– употр. с исчисляемыми существительными:
The theatre was almost empty. There
were very few people there.
A LITTLE, A FEW
– «немного, но достаточно»
=
SOME
:
Сравни:
We’ve got a little time before the train leaves. / We must be quick. We have little time.
I have a few friends and we meet quite often. / He isn’t popular. He has few friends.
EXERCISE 1. Fill in some, any or no into the gaps.
1.I’d like to buy … new clothes but I haven’t got … money. 2. Are there … letters
for me? 3. There’s … milk in the jug. 4. There are … people in the park because it
is cold. 5. When would you like to come? – … day would suit me. 6. Was there …
water in the glass or … milk? 7. Bob always likes … sugar in his coffee. 8. There
are … flowers here in winter. 9. Will you have … pudding or … fruit? 10. Have
you got … time to spare? I’d like to ask you … questions. 11. Can I have … milk
in my tea? I don’t like it black. 12. There is … tea in the cup: the cup is empty.
EXERCISE 2. Complete the sentences with some, any, no, every + -thing,
-body, -where or none.
1.My husband taught our son … he knows. 2. I can’t find my book … . I have
looked … . 3. I think there is … wrong with my watch. 4. The question was so
difficult that … could answer it. 5. The student didn’t understand … because she
heard … . 6. How much money have you got? – … . 7. Does he know … about
computers? – Yes, he knows … because he is the best specialist in computer
science at Harvard University. 8. You should go … next summer. 9. … is all right,
the patient is much better today. 10. Is there … here who knows French? 11. Her
patient has a bad memory. She can’t remember … . 12. I saw … in the train
yesterday who looked like you. 13. We cancelled the party because … of the
people we invited were able to come. 14. We’ve got … to eat. We’ve got only … to
drink. 15. Sally was upset about … and refused to talk to … . 16. He felt terrible.
He couldn’t do … else. 17. Johnny lives … near Chicago.
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EXERCISE 3. Translate into English using much, many, little, few.
Много тетрадей, много молока, много воды, много дней, много газет, много
снега, много лет, много картин, много музыки, много мяса, много машин.
Мало домов, мало чая, мало чашек, мало бумаги, мало супа, мало света,
мало детей, мало дворцов, мало цветов, мало соли, мало кофе, мало сока.
EXERCISE 4. Fill in a lot of, much, many, little, few, a little, a few.
1.He eats … fish. 2. Have you got … money on you? – I’m sorry. I have very …
money at the moment. 3. At the conference we met … people whom we knew well.
4. There are very … old houses left in our street. Most of them have already been
pulled down. 5. If you have … spare time, look through this book. You will find …
stories there which are rather interesting. 6. She wrote us … letters from the
country. 7. There are … things here which I cannot understand. 8. Shall I bring …
more chalk? – No, thank you. There is … chalk on the desk. 9. He had … English
books at home, so he had to go to the library for more books. 10. She gave him …
water to wash his hand and face. 11. I’d like to say … words about my journey. 12.
After the play everybody felt … tired. 13. Sue drinks … coffee. 14. The weather
has been very dry recently. We’ve had … rain. 15. I’m not very busy today. I
haven’t got … to do. 16. He isn’t popular. He has … friends.
THE ADJECTIVE and THE ADVERB: Level A
СТЕПЕНИ СРАВНЕНИЯ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ
(Degrees of Comparison)
Cравнительная (the comparative) и превосходная (the superlative) степени одно- и
двусложных
прилагательных образуются при помощи суффиксов
-еr
,
-est
соответственно,
а многосложных - прибавлением слов
more
и
(the) most
.
Cold - colder - the coldest
Interesting - more interesting - the most interesting
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ:
В прилагательных с окончанием
–y
сравнительная и превосходная
степени образуются при помощи суффиксов
-еr
,
-est,
и
–y
меняется на
–i
:
noisy - noisier -
the noisiest
Ряд прилагательных образуют степени сравнения не по общему правилу:
Good - better - thе best;
Bad - worse - the worst;
Far - farther - the farthest (о расстоянии)
further - the furthest (следующий)
Mапу (much) - more - the most
Little - less - thе least
Для выражения сравнения существует также целый ряд конструкций:
as … as - Не is as tall as his father.
not so … as - Japanese is not so easy as English.
more (less) … than - New York is more crowded than Washington.
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EXERCISE 1. Form comparatives and superlatives.
1) tall, long, short, hot, cold, nice, large, big, wide, strong, haрру, warm, high,
heavy, low, hard, busy, еasу, bright;
2) interesting, comfortable, important, necessary, beautiful, famous, pleasant,
popular, wonderful, active, careful.
EXERCISE 2. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1.
Mary is
as
young
as
Ann.
2.
Pushkin street is
as
long
as
Lermontov street.
3.
The Baltic sea is
nоt so
warm
as
the Black sea.
4.
This book is
not so
interesting
as
that оnе.
5.
This road is
worse than
anу other.
6.
Football is
тоrе
popular
than
basketball.
7.
The more
you study
the better
you pass your exams.
8.
The longer
is the night
the shorter
is the day.
9.
The less
we speak English
the worse
for us.
10.
The earlier
you get uр
the тore
you сan do.
EXERCISE 3. Form comparatives and superlatives.
1. Which is (long) daу of the уеar? 2. Winter is (cold) season. 3. Moscow is (large)
than St.
Petersburg. 4. Му friend's сar is not so (new) as mу сar. 5. Where is it
(beautiful), in the mountains or nеar the sea? 6. In spring the days arе (long) than in
winter. 7. It is (cold) today than it was yesterday. 8. Тhe Russian grammar is
(difficult) than the English оnе. 9. Тhe Caucauses are (high) mountains in Europe.
10. Friendship is (strong) than steel. 11. (Long) daу has an end. 12. Health is
(good) than wealth.
EXERCISE 4. Open the brackets and give the comparative or superlative
degree of the following adjectives and adverbs.
1. That is (incredible) story I have ever heard. 2. It is not always (bright) students
who do well in tests. 3. Terylene shirts are (hard) wearing, but cotton shirts are
much (comfortable). 4. Which is (deep), Lake Michigan or Lake Superior? 5. She is
far (self-confident) than she used to be. 6. (tall) man among the guests is a
basketball player. 7.I like both of them, but I think Kate is (easy) to talk to. 8. Most
people are (well off) than their parents used to be. 9. She has a lot to be thankful
for; but (sad) thing of all is that she does not realize it. 10. I want to buy a car –
(powerful) one you have. 11. You look a lot (sad) than you did last time I saw you.
12. There is nothing (irritating) than locking yourself out of your own house. 13.
Both roads lead to the city centre, but the left-hand one is probably a bit (short) and
(direct). 14. As I get (old), I notice the policemen seem to be getting (young). 15.
15
The boys in our school are much (good-looking) and a lot (good) at football than
the boys in other schools in the town.
EXERCISE 5. Put the adverbs in the right places.
1. You are right. (absolutely) 2. I got to bed at twelve. (always) 3. Do you go to
parties? (ever) 4. You can be sure of anything. (never) But you can trust me.
(certainly) 5. They meet every weekend. (usually) 6. My friends invite me to the
theatre. (occasionally). 7. I have had such a shock! (never) 8. They met again.
(never) 9. I remember meeting those people. (definitely). 10. Something is
happening. (definitely) 11. Does he tell you the truth? (always) 12. He tries to do
his best. (always) 13. He talks sensibly. (never) 14. He’s late. (always) He was late
for his own wedding. (even) 15. Can you be sincere? (ever) 16. Expensive remedies
are useful (always), if not to the sick, then to the chemist. 17. We fans give up
hope. (never) 18. Are you all right? (really)
EXERCISE 6. Translate the following sentences into English.
1.Самые жаркие дни бывают летом. 2. Самая дождливая погода бывает
осенью. 3. Чем больше я читаю, тем больше я знаю. 4. Март не такой
холодный, как февраль. 5. Математика самый трудный предмет в школе. 6.
Москва дальше от Парижа, чем Варшава. 7. Сегодня также холодно, как и
вчера. 8. Лучше позже, чем никогда. 9. Этот фильм такой же интересный, как
и тот. 10. Аня лучшая студентка группы. 11. Эта песня очень популярна
сейчас.
THE NUMERAL: Level A
Даты (Dates)
Дату можно поставить перед месяцем и после него. Оба варианта будут верны.
The first of January. / January the first.
С датами употребляются порядковые числительные. (the second, the twenty-second)
I was born on the fourteenth of May.
Годы (Years)
Годы до 2000, произносятся разделяя четыре цифры по две:
1965
= nineteen sixty-five
1871
= eighteen seventy-one
1999
= nineteen ninety-nine
Годы начиная с 2000, произносятся “two thousand and __” в Британском английском:
2005
= two thousand and five
2010
= two thousand and ten / возможно также: twenty ten
16
Большие числа (Large numbers)
Сотни, тысячи, миллионы и т.д. во множественном числе произносятся без
“s”
100
– a (one) hundred
10, 000
– ten thousand (no “
s”
plural)
12, 000, 000
– twelve million (no “
s”
plural)
2, 000, 000, 000
– two billion (no “
s”
plural)
2, 000, 000, 000, 000
– two trillion (no “
s”
plural)
При произношении необходимо отделять разряды числа (сотни, тысячи):
400,000
= four hundred thousand (no “
s”
plural)
При произношении сотни отделяются от десятков словом “and” в Британском
английском:
450,000
= four hundred and fifty thousand
400,360
= four hundred thousand and three hundred and sixty
Дроби, отношение и проценты (Fractions, ratios and percentages
)
Ѕ
= one half
1/3
= one third
ј
= one quarter
1/5
= one fifth
1/6
= one sixth
4/3
– four over three/four thirds/four-thirds
1/10
– one tenth/a tenth/one-tenth
3/7
– three sevenths/three-sevenths
112/303
– a (one) hundred (and) twelve over three hundred (and) three
5 2
5
– five (and) two-fifths
3.55
– three point five five
0.32
– zero point three two
0.333
– zero point three recurring
0.35848484
– zero point three five eighty-four recurring
1.5%
= one point five percent
0.3%
= nought / zero point three percent
2:1
= two to one
Произношения 0 (Saying 0
)
В зависимости от контекста, ноль произносится по-разному:
2-0
(football) = Two nil
30 – 0
(tennis) = Thirty love
604 7721
(phone number) = six oh four double seven two one
0.4
(a number) = nought point four / zero point four
0
C (temperature) = zero degrees
Математические операции (Talking about calculations
)
+ сложение (plus)
2 + 1 = 3
(two plus one equals three)
– вычитание (minus / take away)
5 – 3 = 2
(five minus three equals two / five take away three equals two)