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99
Europe in 12 lessons
1.
On 9 May 90, the Schuman Declara-
tion proposed the establishment of a
Euro-
pean Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
,
which became reality with the Treaty of
Paris of 8 April 9. This put in place a
common market in coal and steel between
the six founding countries (Belgium, the
Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy,
Luxembourg and the Netherlands). The aim,
in the aftermath of World War Two, was to
secure peace between Europe’s victorious
and vanquished nations and bring them to-
gether as equals, cooperating within shared
institutions.
1951: The European Coal and Steel Community is established
by the six founding members
1957: The Treaty of Rome establishes a common market
1973: The Community expands to nine member states
and develops its common policies
1979: The first direct elections to the European Parliament
1981: The first Mediterranean enlargement
1993: Completion of the single market
1993: The Treaty of Maastricht establishes the European Union
1995: The EU expands to 15 members
2002: Euro notes and coins are introduced
2004: Ten more countries join the Union
© EC
On 9 May 1950, French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman first publicly put forward the ideas
that led to the European Union. So 9 May is celebrated as the EU’s birthday.
0
0
2.
The Six then decided, on 2 March
9 with the
Treaty of Rome
, to build a
European Economic Community (EEC)
based on a wider common market covering
a whole range of goods and services. Cus-
toms duties between the six countries were
completely abolished on July 98 and
common policies, notably on trade and ag-
riculture, were also put in place during the
90s.
3.
So successful was this venture that
Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom
decided to join the Community. This first
enlargement, from six to nine members,
took place in 9. At the same time,
new
social and environmental policies
were
implemented, and the European Regional
Development Fund (ERDF) was established
in 9.
4.
June 99 saw a decisive step forward
for the European Community, with the
first
elections to the European Parliament
by
direct universal suffrage. These elections are
held every five years.
5.
In 98,
Greece
joined the Community,
followed by
Spain and Portugal
in 98.
This strengthened the Community’s pres-
ence in southern Europe and made it all the
more urgent to expand its regional aid pro-
grammes.
6.
The worldwide economic recession in
the early 980s brought with it a wave of
‘euro-pessimism’. However, hope sprang
anew in 98 when the European Com-
mission, under its President Jacques Delors,
published a White Paper setting out a time-
table for completing the European
single
market
by January 99. This ambitious
goal was enshrined in the Single European
Act, which was signed in February 98 and
came into force on July 98.
© Reuters
The Berlin Wall was pulled down in 1989 and the old divisions of the European continent
gradually disappeared.
Europe in 12 lessons
7.
The political shape of Europe was dra-
matically changed when the
Berlin Wall
fell
in 989. This led to the unification of Ger-
many in October 990 and the coming of
democracy to the countries of central and
eastern Europe as they broke away from So-
viet control. The Soviet Union itself ceased
to exist in December 99.
At the same time, the member states were
negotiating the new
Treaty on European
Union
, which was adopted by the European
Council, composed of presidents and/or
prime ministers, at Maastricht in December
99. The Treaty came into force on No-
vember 99. By adding areas of intergov-
ernmental cooperation to existing integrat-
ed Community structures, the Treaty created
the European Union (EU).
8.
This new European dynamism and the
continent’s changing geopolitical situation
led three more countries —
Austria, Finland
and Sweden
— to join the EU on January
99.
9.
By then, the EU was on course for its
most spectacular achievement yet, creat-
ing a
single currency
. The euro was intro-
duced for financial (non-cash) transactions
in 999, while notes and coins were issued
three years later in the 2 countries of the
euro area (also commonly referred to as the
euro zone). The euro is now a major world
currency for payments and reserves along-
side the US dollar.
Europeans are facing globalisation. New
technologies and ever increasing use of the
Internet transform the economies, but also
bring social and cultural challenges.
In March 2000, the EU adopted the ‘
Lisbon
strategy
’ for modernising the European
economy and enabling it to compete on
the world market with other major players
such as the United States and the newly
industrialised countries. The Lisbon strat-
egy involves encouraging innovation and
business investment and adapting Europe’s
education systems to meet the needs of the
information society.
At the same time, unemployment and the
rising cost of pensions are putting pressure
on national economies, making reform all
the more necessary. Voters are increasingly
calling on their governments to find practi-
cal solutions to these problems.
10.
Scarcely had the European Union
grown to members when preparations
began for a new
enlargement on an un-
precedented scale
. In the mid-990s, the
former Soviet-bloc countries (Bulgaria, the
Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania
and Slovakia), the three Baltic states that
had been part of the Soviet Union (Estonia,
Latvia and Lithuania), one of the republics
of former Yugoslavia (Slovenia) and two
Mediterranean countries (Cyprus and Mal-
ta) began knocking at the EU’s door.
The EU welcomed this chance to help sta-
bilise the European continent and to ex-
tend the benefits of European integration
to these young democracies. Negotiations
on future membership opened in December
99. The EU enlargement to 2 countries
took place on May 2004 when 0 of the
2 candidates joined. Bulgaria and Roma-
nia followed on January 200.
2
2
3. Enlargement and
neighbourhood policy
Europe in 12 lessons
I. Uniting a continent
a. A union of 25
When it met in Copenhagen in December
2002, the European Council took one of
the most momentous steps in the history of
European integration. By inviting 0 more
countries to join the EU on May 2004, the
European Union was not simply increasing
its geographical size and population; it was
putting an end to the split in our continent
which, from 94 onwards, had separated
the free world from the communist bloc.
This fifth enlargement of the EU had a
political and moral dimension. It enabled
countries — Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta,
Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia — which
are as European as the others, not just
geographically but also in terms of cul-
ture, history and aspirations, to join the
democratic European family. They are now
partners in the momentous project
conceived by the EU’s founding fathers.
b. Further enlargement
Bulgaria and Romania became candidates
in 99. The process took longer for these
two countries than for the other 0, but they
joined the EU on January 200, bringing
the number of EU countries to 2.
c. Candidates for membership
Turkey,
a member of NATO, with a long-
standing association agreement with the
EU, applied for membership in 98. Its
geographical location and political history
made the EU hesitate for a long time before
replying positively to its application. Howev-
er, in October 200, the European Council
opened accession negotiations with Turkey.
At the same time, it entered into negotia-
tions with Croatia, another candidate coun-
try. No date has yet been set for the entry
into force of any future accession treaty for
these two countries at the end of the mem-
bership negotiations.
d. The western Balkans
These countries, most of which were once
part of Yugoslavia, are turning to the Eu-
ropean Union to speed up their economic
reconstruction, improve their mutual rela-
tions, which have been scarred by ethnic
and religious wars, and consolidate their
democratic institutions. The EU gave status
as ‘candidate country’ to the former Yugo-
slav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) in No-
vember 200. Other potential candidates
include Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Montenegro and Serbia.
• The European Union is open to any European country that fulfils the
democratic, political and economic criteria for membership.
• Following several enlargements, the EU has increased from six to
27 members. Several other countries are candidates to join.
• Each treaty admitting a new member requires the unanimous approval
of all member states. In addition, in advance of each new enlargement,
the EU will assess its capacity to absorb the new member(s) and the
ability of its institutions to continue to function properly.
• The successive enlargements have strengthened democracy, made Europe
more secure and increased its potential for trade and economic growth.