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35. The Era of Biologicals
When, in 1894, Behring and Roux announced the effectiveness of diphtheria antitoxin,
pharmaceutical scientists both in Europe and in the United States rushed to put the new
discovery into production. Parke, Davis & Company was among the pioneers. The serum
became available in 1895, and lives of thousands of children were saved. Inoculation of horses
with diphtheria toxin was the first step of many in producing antitoxin. In 1903, Parke-Davis
received U.S. Biological License No. 1. New, improved biological products have continued to
become available, climaxed in 1955 by poliomyelitis vaccine.

36. The Development of Chemotherapy
One of the successful researchers in the development of new chemical compounds specifically
created to fight disease-causing organisms in the body was the French pharmacist, Ernest
Francois Auguste Fourneau (1872-1949), who for 30 years headed chemical laboratories in
the world-renowned Institut Pasteur, in Paris. His early work with bismuth and arsenic
compounds advanced the treatment of syphilis. He broke the German secret of a specific for
sleeping sickness; paved the way for the life-saving sulfonamide compounds; and from his
laboratories came the first group of chemicals having recognized antihistaminic properties. His
work led other investigators to broad fields of chemotherapeutic research.

37. Pharmaceutical Research
Research in some form has gone hand in hand with the development of Pharmacy through the
ages. However, it was the chemical synthesis of antipyrine in 1883 that gave impetus and
inspiration for intensive search for therapeutically useful compounds. Begun by the Germans,
who dominate the field until World War I, the lead in pharmaceutical research passed
thereafter to the United States. Research in Pharmacy came into its own in the late 1930's and
early 1940's; has grown steadily since, supported by pharmaceutical manufactures,
universities, and government. Today it used techniques and trained personnel from every
branch of science in the unending search for new life-saving and life-giving drug products.

38. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Comes of Age
Pharmaceutical manufacturing as an industry apart from retail Pharmacy had its beginnings
about 1600; really got under way in the middle 1700's. It developed first in Germany, then in
England and in France. In America, it was the child of wars - born in the Revolution; grew
rapidly during and following the Civil War; became independent of Europe during World War I;
came of age during and following World War II. Utilizing latest technical advances from every
branch of science, manufacturing Pharmacy economically develops and produces the latest
and greatest in drugs in immense quantities, so that everywhere physicians may prescribe
them and pharmacists dispense them for the benefit of all mankind.

39. The Era of Antibiotics
Antibiotics are not new. Their actions probably were first observed by Pasteur in 1877.
However, the second quarter of the 20th century marked the flowering of the antibiotic era - a
new and dramatic departure in the production of disease-fighting drugs. Fleming's discovery of
penicillin in 1929 went undeveloped and Florey and Chain studied it in 1940. Under pressure of
World War II, the pharmaceutical manufacturers rapidly adapted mass production methods to
penicillin; have reduced costs to 1/1000th the original. Antibiotic discoveries came rapidly in
the '40's. Intensive research continues to find antibiotics that will conquer more of men's
microbial enemies.