Файл: Курсовая работа по дисциплине Процессы и аппараты химической технологии на тему Adsorption.docx

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ПРОСВЕЩЕНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ КАЗАХСТАН
ТОО «ВЫСШИЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ APEC PETROTECHNIC»
Отделение Технологическое

КУРСОВАЯ РАБОТА

по дисциплине: «Процессы и аппараты химической технологии»

на тему: «Adsorption»

«0823000 – «Технология химического инжиниринга»

Группа: ТХИ 1-19

Выполнил (а):	_________	Мұхамбетова А.М.
Руководитель:	_________	Каламгали Т.О.
Заведующий отделением:	_________	Ахпанбетова А.К.

Атырау, 2022

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ПРОСВЕЩЕНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ КАЗАХСТАН

ТОО «ВЫСШИЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ APEC PETROTECHNIC»
Отделение Технологическое

«УТВЕРЖДАЮ»

Зам. директора по учебно-

методической работе

___________ Мурзагалиев Ш.К

«____»____________ 2022 г.

ЗАДАНИЕ
Обучающийся: Мұхамбетова Арайлым Молдабайқызы

Специальность: «0823000 - Технология химического инжиниринга»

Группа : ТХИ 1-19

Тема: Adsorption
Исходные данные работы

1. 
   Процесс адсорбции
   
2. 
   Технологические виды адсорбции
   
3. 
   Применение
   

Основная часть

(Исходя из особенности спецификации ОП/НПК и методических указаний по выполнению курсовой работы)

1.Теоритеческие основы адсорбции

2.Адсорбенты

3.Применение процесса адсорбции

4.Адсорбционные процессы при водоподготовке

5.Адсорбенты для водоподготовки

Список использованных источников
Main references:

1. 
   Tien C. Introduction to Adsorption,1-6. [Electronic Resourse] / Principles of Adsorption and Adsorption Processes. // Adsorption as а sorption process. Comparison with other sorption processes. Operation modes of adsorption processes. Access mode: https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128164464/introduction-to-adsorption - screen title.
   
2. 
   Tien C. Introduction to Adsorption,1-6. [Electronic Resourse] / Principles of Adsorption and Adsorption Processes. // Adsorbent materials. Access mode: https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128164464/introduction-to-adsorption - screen title.
   
3. 
   Thomas W.J., & Crittenden,B. Adsorbents. Adsorption Technology & Design, 8–30. [Electronic resource] Selective adsorption- a maturing but poorly understood technology. Access mode: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780750619592500033 -screen title.
   
4. 
   Thomas, W. J., & Crittenden, B. Adsorbent materials Access mode: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780750619592500033 -screen title.
   
5. 
   Keller II, G.E., Anderson R.A. and Yon, C.M. [Electronic Resource]. Properties and physical characteristics of adsorbents Access mode: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780750619592500033 -screen title.
   
6. 
   Tien C. (2019). Adsorbents. Introduction to Adsorption, 7–21./ [Electronic Resourse] // Properties and physical characteristics of adsorbents. Access Mode: https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128164464/introduction-to-adsorption - screen title.
   
7. 
   Tien, C. (2019). Adsorbents. Introduction to Adsorption, 7–21. Access Mode: https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128164464/introduction-to-adsorption - screen title.
   
8. 
   Tien. C. (2019). Adsorbents. Introduction to Adsorption, 7–21.//Adsorbent materials. Access Mode: https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128164464/introduction-to-adsorption - screen title.
   
9. 
   Ruthven, D. M. (1984) Principles of Adsorption and Adsorption Processes, Chapter 1, Gas Separation by Adsorption Processes // Adsorption as а process Access mode: https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128164464/introduction-to-adsorption - screen title.
   
10. 
    Pibazarri, M., Divinny, J.S. [Electric Resourse]// Applications Access mode: https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128164464/introduction-to-adsorption - screen title.
    
11. 
    Worch, E. Adsorption technology in water treatment [Electronic resource] // Adsorbents and Adsorbent characterization. – 2012. – De Gruyter –. – Access mode: https://www.degruyter.com/ . – screen title.
    
12. 
    Chinn, D. Adsorption of glycols, sugars, and related multiple -OH compounds onto activated carbons [Electronic resource] / D. Chinn, C. K. Judson // Solvent regeneration. – 1999. – Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Washington – Access mode: https://pubs.acs.org/ – screen title.
    
13. 
    Carter, M.C. Effects of background dissolved organic matter on TCE adsorption by GAC [Electronic resource] / M.C. Carter, J. Walter, J. Weber, P.K. Olmstead. – 1992. – Vol.84, Issue 8.–JournalAWWA – Access mode: https://awwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ . – screen title.
    
14. 
    Cameron, D.R. Water resources research [Electronic resource] / D.R. Cameron, A. Klute // Convective-dispersive solute transport with a combined equilibrium and kinetic adsorption model . – 1977. – Vol. 13, Issue 1. – . American Geophysical Union – Access mode: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ . – screen title.
    
15. 
    Brunauer, S. Adsorption of Gases in Multimolecular Layers [Electronic resource] / S. Brunauer, P.H. Emmet, E. Teller. – 1938. – Journal of the American Chemical Society – Access mode: https://pubs.acs.org/ . – screen title.
    
16. 
    Boyd, G. E. Kinetics II [Electronic resource] / G.E. Boyd, A.W. Adamson, L.S. Myers // The Exchange Adsorption of Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Organic Zeolites. – 1947. – Journal of the American Chemical Society – Access mode: https://pubs.acs.org/ . – screen title.
    
17. 
    Boehm, H.P. Carbon [Electronic resource] // Surface oxides on carbon and their analysis: a critical assessment. – 2002. – Vol.40, Issue 2. – Elsevier – Access mode: https://www.sciencedirect.com/ – screen title.
    
18. 
    Benjamin, M.M. Water chemistry [Electronic resource]. – 2014. – Waveland Press Incorporation –. – Access mode: https://www.amazon.com/ . – screen title.
    
19. 
    Amiri, F. Water research [Electronic resource] / F. Amiri, H. Börnick, E. Worch // Sorption of phenols onto sandy aquifer material: the effect of dissolved organic matter (DOM). – 2005. – Vol.39, Issue 5 – Dresden University of Technology, Germany – Access mode: https://www.sciencedirect.com/ . – screen title.
    
20. 
    Amiri, F. Clean Soil Air Water [Electronic resource] / F. Amiri, H. Börnick, E. Worch // Sorption Behaviour of Phenols on Natural Sandy Aquifer Material during Flow-through Column Experiments: The Effect of pH. – 2004. – Vol.32, Issue 3 – Dresden University of Technology, Germany – Access mode: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ . – screen title.
    

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Перечень графического материала (таблиц, диаграмм, схем и др.):

1.Таблица процесса адсорбции при водопоготовке; материального баланса

2.Диаграмма равновесия смеси бензина-хлоформа

Дата выдачи задания: «___»_______________ _20__г.

Руководитель проекта (работы): _____________ Каламгали Т.О.

Задания принял к исполнению: «____»____________20__г

Обучающийся: Мұхамбетова А.М.

Рассмотрено и одобрено на заседании ЦМК: «Химическая технология и программное обеспечение »

Протокол №____ от «____» ______________ 20___г.

Председатель ЦМК: ____________ Калдыбаева А.С.

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CONTENT

INTRODUCTION

Aims of the course work:

1. 
   To study the process of adsorption considering all its aspects
   
2. 
   To provide an example of application of adsorption process for water treatment involving the types of water treatment and adsorbents applied.
   

Objectives of the course work:

1. 
   To explain the adsorption process and its working principle
   
2. 
   To list the types of adsorption process according to their bonding physical and chemical forces
   
3. 
   To differentiate the chemisorption and physisorption
   
4. 
   To explain the modes of adsorption process
   
5. 
   To differentiate the adsorption process from other purification / separation processes like absorption, distillation and deep-feed filtration
   
6. 
   To describe the main morphological features of adsorbents
   
7. 
   To list the types of adsorbents and describe them according to their characteristics
   
8. 
   To list the areas of applications of adsorption process
   
9. 
   To explain what range of wastewater processes can be implemented
   
10. 
    To list the adsorbents that can applied for waters purification according to their purification.
    

The actuality of the course work:

As a separation process, adsorption is widely applied in our manufacturing economy and in our daily life. Adsorption operations exploit certain solids’ ability to preferentially concentrate specific substances from solutions (gaseous or liquid) onto their surfaces. Thus, by contacting fluids with such solids, the desired objective of purification or separation may be achieved. There is а significant demand on adsorption process especially for purification and separation processes, thus, with an assistance of an adsorption process we can cope with various kind of environmental issues, such as coping with air pollution, separating the noble gases, purifying the waters, like drinking and wastewaters. Therefore, we can consider that adsorption process is crucial due to the fact that our life and level of health are mainly influenced with а quality of drinking water and breathing air.

1. THEORETICAL BASIS OF ADSORPTION

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1. 
   Adsorption as а sorption process
   

The basic operating principle of adsorption: the preferential concentration of species onto surfaces of adsorbing solids also operates in two other processes; namely, chromatography and ion exchange.

In fact, adsorption, ion exchange, and chromatography are often grouped together under the title of “sorption processes” in engineering textbooks. Similar to most adsorption operations, chromatography operates in fixed-bed mode, but is devised for separating liquid mixtures through an intermittent feed of the solution to be separated, followed by the passage of an elution solution. In ion exchange, the solid substance used contains charged groups that interact with the charged ions present in the liquid solution. If one views adsorption as an exchange process involving a fictitious species, the equivalence between adsorption and ion exchange becomes obvious.

In fact, much of the information presented in this volume may be applied to ion exchange as well.

Adsorption refers to the collecting of molecules by the external surface or internal surface (walls of capillaries or crevices) of solids or by the surface of liquids. Absorption, with which it is often confused, refers to processes in which a substance penetrates into the actual interior of crystals, of blocks of amorphous solids, or of liquids. Sometimes the word sorption is used to indicate the process of the taking up of a gas or liquid by a solid without specifying whether the process is adsorption or absorption. [1]

Adsorption Enthalpy

Adsorption constants are basically equilibrium constants. What it means is that they also follow or obey the van ‘t Hoff equationю

Starting from BET isotherm and assuming that the entropy change is the same for liquefaction and adsorption.

Precisely, we can say that adsorption is more exothermic than liquefaction. [3]

Types of Adsorption

On the basis of interaction forces between adsorbate and adsorbent, adsorption is of two types. [1]

Physical adsorption:

This type of adsorption is also known as physisorption. It is due to weak Van der Waals forces between adsorbate and adsorbent. 

For example, H₂ and N₂ gases adsorb on coconut charcoal. [2]

Chemical adsorption:

This type of adsorption is also known as chemisorption. It is due to strong chemical forces of bonding type between adsorbate and adsorbent. We can take the example involving the formation of iron nitride on the surface when the iron is heated in N₂ gas at 623 K.

Adsorption of gas on a solid is a spontaneous exothermic reaction. The amount of heat liberated when a unit mass of a gas is adsorbed on the surface is called heat of adsorption.[3]

Physisorption and Chemisorption Adsorption Characteristics

Characteristics of physical adsorption:

1. 
   This type of adsorption is caused by physical forces.
   
2. 
   Physisorption is a weak phenomenon.
   
3. 
   This adsorption is a multi-layered process.
   
4. 
   Physical adsorption is not specific and takes place all over the adsorbant.
   
5. 
   Surface area, temperature, pressure, nature of adsorbate effects physisorption.
   
6. 
   Energy for activation is low (20 – 40 kg/mol).
   

Characteristics of chemical adsorption:

1. 
   This type of adsorption is caused by chemical forces.
   
2. 
   It is a very strong process.
   
3. 
   This type of adsorption is almost a single-layered phenomenon.
   
4. 
   Chemisorption is highly specific and takes place at reaction centres on the adsorbant.
   
5. 
   Surface area, temperature, nature of adsorbate effects chemisorption.
   
6. 
   Energy of activation is very high 40 – 400 kJ/mol. [1]
   

Adsorption Isotherm

Adsorption is usually described by isotherms. It is due to the fact that temperature plays an important role or that it has a great effect on the whole process. Moreover, there are several isotherm models that are used to describe the adsorption technique. These include.[7]

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Freundlich Theory

Freundlich adsorption isotherm is obeyed by the adsorption where the adsorbate forms a monomolecular layer on the surface of the adsorbent. 

A major drawback of Freundlich adsorption isotherm it fails at high pressure. It could not explain the multi-layered adsorption process.

Langmuir Theory

In 1916, Langmuir proposed the theory of adsorption of a gas on the surface of the solid to be made up of elementary sites each of which would adsorb one gas. It is assumed that all adsorption sites are equivalent and the ability of a gas molecule to get bound to any one site is independent of whether or not the neighbouring sites are occupied. Additionally, it is also assumed that dynamic equilibrium exists between adsorbed and non adsorbed gas molecules.

Following principles can be obtained from Langmuir adsorption isotherm 

• 
  The gas adsorbed behaves ideally in a vapour phase.
  
• 
  Only monolayer adsorption takes place.
  
• 
  The surface of the solid is homogeneous.
  
• 
  There is no lateral interactive force between the adsorbate molecule.
  
• 
  The adsorbed gas molecules are localized.
  

BET theory (after Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller)

The BET theory was proposed by Brunauer, Emmett and Teller in the year 1938. This theory explains the formation of multilayer adsorption during physisorption. This theory also talks about the uniformity in the sites of adsorption of solid surfaces. It assumes that when adsorption occurs at one site it will not affect adsorption at neighbouring sites.[7]

2. 
   Comparison with other sorption processes
   

Adsorption/Absorption

Because of their similarity in spelling, the two terms; adsorption and absorption, are often used interchangeably by lay people. However, there are significant differences between them.

Gas absorption is an operation in which a gas mixture is brought into contact with a liquid for the purpose of dissolving one or more components of the mixture into the liquid. Absorption, therefore, is a bulk phenomenon, and the extent of separation is limited by the solubilities of the gases involved. In contrast, adsorption is a surface phenomenon, and the extent of adsorption is limited by the relevant adsorption isotherm relationship.

Absorption may be carried out by passing the gas and liquid streams through a packed column concurrently or counter-currently. The operation consists of two moving phases (gas and liquid) and a stationary phase (column packing), which provides the interfacial area for liquid/gas contact. In fixed-bed adsorption, the fluid to be treated passes through a bed packed with adsorbent.

The process involves two phases, a moving fluid and a stationary solid phase of adsorbents. Absorption, therefore, may be treated as a steady-state process, while adsorption in a fixed-bed operation is an inherently nonsteady state. As a result, the computational effort required for the design of fixed-bed adsorption is more extensive than that of absorption.[1]

Adsorption/Distillation

Distillation, like adsorption and absorption, also belongs to the equilibration-diffusion category of separation processes, and is used for the separation of homogeneous liquid mixtures. However, unlike adsorption or absorption, separation by distillation is effected by using energy instead of material as an agent of separation.

Distillation is perhaps the most widely used separation process in processing engineering and operates on the principle of the difference in volatilities of substances to be separated. To separate light gas mixtures, adsorption was found to be preferential to cryogenic distillation, even when the relative volatility is high[1]

Adsorption/Deep-fed filtration

Deep-bed filtration is a process designed for the removal of fine particles from diluted fluid suspensions. Its operation is carried out by passing the suspension to be treated through a column packed with granular or fibrous substances (filter media). Generally speaking, deep-bed filtration and fixed-bed adsorption share many common features, such as equipment configuration and modes of operation. Because of their similarities, the words ‘adsorption’ and ‘filtration’ are often used interchangeably.

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