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16
6.
Одна из важных функций управляющего любого уровня - это
принятие решений.
7.
Нужно уметь проанализировать проблему и выбрать
правильный путь ее решения.
8.
Хороший менеджер должен найти для каждой должности
подходящего служащего.
What have you learnt about management from the text?
Economic Systems
An economic system is the way in which a country uses its available
resources (land, workers, natural resources, machinery) to satisfy the
demands of its inhabitants for goods and services. There are three main
economic systems: planned economics, market economics, and mixed
economics.
Planned economies
are economies with large amount of central planning
and direction, when the government takes all the directions, the
government decides production and consumption, the government owns all
the major productive resources. Changes in demand are difficult to predict,
that's why some products are overproduced, and other ones are
underproduced. Delays and queues are typical features of planned
economics. The former USSR and some other eastern bloc countries are
examples of the countries where government decisions were dominant.
In a true market economy the government plays no role in the management
of the economy. The system is based on private enterprise with private
ownership of the means of production and private supplies of the capital.
Workers are paid wages by employers according to how skilled they are
and how many firms wish to employ them. Consumers spend more on the
products and services which they like. In the market economy it is the
consumers who decide what is to be produced. Consumers pay high prices
for the products they like. The economy adjusts automatically to meet the
changing demands.
A mixed economy contains elements of both the market and planned
economies. It lies between the two extremes of the command and market
economies. In mixed economies some resources are controlled by the
government while others are used in response to the demands of
consumers. Practically, all the economies of the world are mixed. For
example, Hong Kong has some state-controlled industry, while Cuba has
some privately owned and controlled firms. In a mixed economy the
government and the private sector interact in solving economic problems.
The U.K. is a mixed economy: some services are provided by the state
(health care and defense) while a number of privately owned offer other
goods and services.
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Vocabulary
inhabitants
to own
natural resources
a large amount
central planning and direction
consumption
to consume
demand
to predict
changes
to overproduce
to underproduce
delays and queues
private enterprise
ownership
private supplies of the capital
wage
to adjust automatically
to meet the demands
to contain
to interact
to provide
to offer
жители, население
владеть
природные ресурсы
большой объем
центральное планирование и
руководство
потребление
потреблять
спрос
предсказывать
изменения
перепроизводить
недопроизводить
зд. перебои (с товарами) и очереди
частное предпринимательство
собственность
частный капитал
заработная плата
автоматически приспосабливаться,
удовлетворять требования (спрос)
содержать, вмещать
взаимодействовать
обеспечивать, снабжать
предлагать
Answer the questions
1.
What is an economic system?
2.
What is a planned economy?
3.
What are its main features?
4.
What is a market economy?
5.
What is the main difference between a market economy and a planned
economy?
6.
Are there really examples of pure planned and market economies in the
world?
7.
What's a mixed economy?
8.
What type of economy is the UK? Is Russia now?
Translate into English.
1.
Государство владеет заводами, землей, ресурсами.
18
2.
В плановой экономике государство контролирует производство и
потребление товаров.
3.
Трудно предсказать изменение моды, поэтому промышленность
часто выпускает старомодные товары.
4.
В рыночной экономике правительство не играет роли в управлении
экономикой.
5. Рыночная экономика основана на частном предпринимательстве и
частной собственности на средства производства.
6.
Именно потребители решают, что должно производиться.
7.
В
реальной
действительности
экономические
системы
располагаются где-то между рыночной и плановой экономикой.
8.
В смешанной экономике правительство и частный сектор
взаимодействуют в решении экономических проблем.
Speak on the topic
Types of Proprietorship
From the legal point of view there are three basic kinds of business firms:
1) sole proprietorships, 2) partnerships and 3) corporations. A sole
proprietorship is simply a one owner firm. The proprietor is responsible for
all personal and business debts and losses; he provides the capital and
executes the total management. To start the business of this kind it is
necessary to obtain licenses required by the law.
The proprietorship form has several advantages, such as simplicity of
organization, freedom to make all decisions, tax advantages etc. Among
disadvantages the following are worth mentioning: possible lack of ability
and experience, difficulty in raising the capital.
Partnerships are firms owned jointly by two or more persons who are co-
owners of business. Partnerships are based on agreement among the
partners. Advantages of the partnership may be combined talents,
judgments, skills as well as larger capital and tax advantages.
Disadvantages of this form are divided authority, danger of disagreement
etc.
Corporation is a firm owned by a group of people, called stockholders, and
given rights, privileges and liabilities by law. Advantages of the
corporation are variety of skills, abilities and ideas, ease of expansion.
Disadvantages of this form of ownership may be as follows: government
regulation, profit sharing, taxes.
Corporation has the right to conduct business as if it were one person.
Vocabulary
legal
юридический
19
a sole proprietorship
a partnership
a corporation
to be responsible for
a debt
to provide capital
losses
to obtain license
co-owners
to be based on law
agreement
disagreement
a skill
a privilege
to share
profit
simplicity
a disadvantage
tax
an advantage
to raise capital
law
частная собственность
партнерство
корпорация
быть ответственным за
долг
обеспечивать капитал
убытки
получить лицензию
совладельцы
основываться на законе
соглашение
несогласие
мастерство, умение
привилегия, преимущество
делить
прибыль
простота
недостаток
налог
достоинство
увеличивать капитал
закон
Answer the questions
1. How many basic kinds of business firms do you know? What are they?
2. Who is responsible for debts and losses in a sole proprietorship?
3. What are other responsibilities of the proprietor?
4. What is it necessary to do to start the sole proprietorship?
5. Enumerate the advantages of the proprietorship.
6. What are its disadvantages?
7. What kind of business form is called partnership?
8. What is it based on?
9. Do you know any advantages and disadvantages of the partnership?
10. Can you give an example of a corporation? What are its organization
peculiarities?
11. Speak on its advantages and disadvantages.
Sum up the text in 10-15 short sentences
Economist
I'm a student of the Economic Faculty of the Moscow State University. In
the near future I’ll graduate from the University and become a professional
20
economist. I'm sure that the profession of an economist is one of the most
important nowadays in view of the situation in our country.
What makes a good economist? Whatever he does, an economist should
have a thorough training in economic theory, mathematics and statistic and
our University offers such training. At the University we are taught various
general and special subjects, such as Macroeconomics, Microeconomics,
Management, Accounting. Marketing, Advertising, Money and Banking,
Economic Theory, Econometrics, Statistics, computer Science, Philosophy,
Business Ethics, Foreign Languages, etc.
The profession of an economist is quite diversified. The graduates of our
faculty work at educational institutions, various research centers and
laboratories, in industry, business, banks, etc. You may continue your
studies at the Postgraduate Courses or Doctorate if you have a desire and
ability to become a scientist or a professor. Scientists in the field of
Economics create new theories and models, test their hypotheses and carry
out economic researches.
Being employed in industry and business, our graduates work as managers,
executive managers, sales managers, financial managers. Some of us work
as accountants. An accountant is one of the most prestigious and widely
required profession of an economist in any society. You shouldn't mix an
accountant with a book-keeper. While a book-keeper is mostly involved in
calculations, like balance sheets, income statements, invoices, an
accountant is responsible for designing the financial policy of a company.
He should be able to analyze the economic situation in and out the
enterprise and make recommendations to the management.
Some of us work at the banks, at the Stock Exchange as brokers, others
work for the government or are employed by various agencies and by
military services.
Vocabulary:
faculty
to graduate from
in view of
thorough
diversified
research
Postgraduate courses
Doctorate
desire
ability
scientist
факультет
окончить (высшее учебное
заведение)
в свете чего-либо
тщательный, глубокий
разнообразный
исследование
аспирантура
докторантура
желание
способность
ученый