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2-52 The Audio Spectrum

Zverev, A. 1.: Handbook of Filter Synthesis, Wiley, New York, N.Y., 1967.

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Spectral Changes and Linear Distortion

3-1

Section

3

Architectural Acoustic Principles and

Design Techniques

Each person relates to sound in a unique way that depends not only on the individual’s perception
but also on the context of the sound. Audiences seek the best sound quality available. Those out-
side the audience often find that other people’s sound is noise. Thus there is a need for quality
sound as well as for isolation from another sound. A general introduction to the concepts is given
in this section.

As with other engineering applications, the objective is to assess the potential acoustical prob-

lems in advance and engineer accordingly. Acoustical solutions that are applied after the fact are
compromises at best, limited mostly by cost. Doing the job right the first time is less expensive
and avoids loss of revenue during retrofit. For example, selecting the correct floor construction
for preventing sound from traveling to an adjacent floor will avoid the difficult application of
sound-barrier construction to the floor or ceiling soon after the building has been commissioned.

This section serves as a useful introduction to architectural acoustics, encouraging further

reading. For those who do not require extensive knowledge in this field, this section will help
communication with architects, engineers, and acoustical consultants.

If assistance is needed in acoustical design, various resources are available. Sales representa-

tives for building materials may be able to help, but one should be prepared for narrow and occa-
sionally inappropriate advice on single-product application. More extensive help may be
obtained from active members of related professional societies, such as the Audio Engineering
Society or the Acoustical Society of America. Eight years of experience specifically with noise
control and a rigorous examination are requisites for membership in the Institute of Noise Con-
trol Engineering. There is also a professional group, the National Council of Acoustical Consult-
ants, that can provide a directory of members.

In This Section:

Chapter 3.1: The Physical Nature of Sound

3-5

Introduction

3-5

The Hearing Process

3-5

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Source: Standard Handbook of Audio and Radio Engineering

3-2 Section Three

Computer Design of Acoustic Systems

3-5

Sound Characteristics

3-6

Sound Spectrum

3-7

Propagation

3-7

Sound Power

3-8

Directivity

3-8

Sound Buildup Within a Space

3-9

Frictional Absorbers

3-11

Resonant Panels

3-11

Cavity Resonators

3-12

Reverberation

3-12

Combination of Direct and Reverberant Sound

3-13

Composite Transmission Loss

3-16

Sound Transmission Class

3-17

Diffraction

3-20

References

3-21

Chapter 3.2: Criteria for Acceptability of Acoustical Performance

3-23

Introduction

3-23

Reverberation Time

3-23

Background Noise

3-24

Maximum Levels

3-26

Interference of Speech Communication

3-27

Exterior Noise

3-27

Mechanical Systems

3-27

Sound Generation by Fans

3-27

Turbulent Noise in Ducts

3-28

Attenuation of Noise by Ducts

3-30

Duct Silencers

3-33

Calculating Resultant Sound Levels

3-34

References

3-34

Chapter 3.3: Sound Isolation

3-35

Introduction

3-35

Sound Barriers

3-35

Partial Walls and Barriers

3-36

Doors

3-36

Ceilings and Floors

3-37

Floating Rooms

3-37

Windows

3-37

Duct Break-In Break-Out

3-37

Site Selection

3-38

Vibration

3-39

Driving Frequency

3-39

Vibration Transmission

3-40

Vibration Isolation

3-41

Interior Acoustics

3-41

Design Concerns of Spaces

3-45

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Architectural Acoustic Principles and Design Techniques

Architectural Acoustic Principles and Design Techniques 3-3

Small Rooms

3-46

Masking

3-47

Annoyance

3-48

References

3-49

Bibliography

3-49

Reference Documents for this Section:

ANSI: American National Standard.for Rating Noise with Respect to Speech Interference, ANSI

S3.14-1977, American National Standards Institute, New York, N.Y., 1977.

ANSI: Method for the Measurement of Monosyllabic Word Intelligibility, ANSI S3.2-1960, rev.

1977, American National Standards Institute, New York, N.Y., 1976.

ASA Standards Index 2, Acoustical Society of America, New York, N.Y., 1980.

ASHRAE: ASHRAE Handbook—1984 Systems, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and

Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, Ga., 1984.7.

Beranek, L. L.: Acoustics, McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y., 1954.

Beranek, L. L.: Noise and Vibration Control, McGraw-Hill. New York, N.Y., 1971.

Catalogue of STC and IIC Ratings for Wall and Floor/Ceiling Assemblies, Office of Noise Con-

trol, Berkeley, Calif.

Egan, M. D.: Concepts in Architectural Acoustics, McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y., 1972.

Huntington, W. C., R. A. Mickadeit, and W. Cavanaugh: Building Construction Materials, 5th

ed., Wiley, New York, N.Y., 1981.

Jones, Robert S.: Noise and Vibration Control in Buildings, McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y.,

1980.

Kryter, K. D.: The Effects of Noise on Man, Academic, New York, N.Y., 1985.

Lyon R. H., and R. G. Cann: Acoustical Scale Modeling, Grozier Technical Systems, Inc.,

Brookline, Mass.

Marris, Cyril M.: Handbook of Noise Control, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y., 1979.

Marshall, Harold, and M. Barron: “SpatiaI Impression Due to Early Lateral Reflections in Con-

cert Halls: The Derivation of the Physical Measure,” JSV, vol.77, no. 2, pp. 211–232, 1981.

Morse, P. M.: Vibration and Sound, American Institute of Physics, New York, N.Y., 1981.

Siebein, Gary W.: Prolect Design Phase Analysis Techniques for Predicting the Acoustical Qual-

ities of Buildings, research report to the National Science Foundation, grant CEE8307948,
Florida Architecture and Building Research Center, Gainesville, Fla., 1986.

Talaske, Richard H., Ewart A. Wetherill, and William J. Cavanaugh (eds.): Halls for Music Per-

formance Two Decades of Experience, 1962-1982, American Institute of Physics for the
Acoustical Society of America, New York, N.Y., 1982.

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Architectural Acoustic Principles and Design Techniques

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Architectural Acoustic Principles and Design Techniques