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generate their power from fuel or they take power from an outside source of electricity. Locomotives are usually classified according to their source of energy. The common ones include: steam locomotives, diesel locomotives, electric locomotives and hybrid locomotives.
2. Steam locomotives played a key role in the development of railways. Among important locomotives designed in the 20th century are the electric locomotive, which picks up electrical power from an overhead wire or a third rail laid beside the track, and the diesel-electric locomotive. Diesel locomotives use a diesel engine as the prime mover. Electro-diesel locomotives are built to run as diesels on sections that are not electrified and as an electric ones on electrified lines.
3. A transformer in the electric locomotive converts current and reduces it to low voltage. Electric locomotives are the cheapest to run and provide less noise and no local air pollution. However, they require high capital investments both for the catenary and the supporting infrastructure. Thus, electric traction is justified on lines with dense traffic and for high-speed rail. There are many reasons why the motive power for trains has been traditionally isolated in a locomotive, rather than in self-propelled vehicles.
4. If the locomotive breaks down it is easy to replace it with another one. Failure of the motive power unit does not require taking the entire train out of service. Separate locomotives enable costly motive power assets to be moved around if needed. Large locomotives can substitute small locomotives where more power is required. Separating the power unit from payload-hauling cars enables one to be replaced without affecting the other.
В+ generation
[7.5.25.]
ВВОД
Впишите номер заголовка определяющего основную идею текста
1. Advantages of multiple unit trains
2. Locomotive-hauled trains versus multiple unit trains
3. Problems of multiple unit trains maintenance
4. Modern multiple unit trains
1. Multiple unit trains are trains without a locomotive and they are considered to be more efficient than locomotive trains. A modern passenger multiple unit train includes a number of inter-dependent cars which cannot operate unless all the vehicles are permanently coupled together in the correct position, only being uncoupled inside a workshop for regular maintenance. They are all simultaneously controlled by the driver in the leading car through wires running along the length of the train.
2. The facility for the electric traction system is spread out along the train and allows a number of small power units to be distributed under the floor of several cars in the train. Some operations require two or more multiple units to be coupled together to provide sufficient capacity for a particular service. This also allows trains to be lengthened or shortened whilst in service by adding or cutting units.
3. Multiple unit trains are mainly used for high density suburban traffic. Although in recent years long distance traffics have shown the same tendency and many railways all over the world have already adopted the multiple unit formation for these routes, for example – the French TGV, the Japanese Shinkansen, the Russian Sapsan, etc. The advantage of multiple units is that they are quick and simple to reverse at terminals. Locomotive changing is instantly eliminated, terminal space is released and trains can be turned round more quickly.
4. Multiple units have some disadvantages as compared to locomotive-hauled trains. It may be easier to maintain one locomotive than many self-propelled cars. If a locomotive fails, it can be easily replaced with minimal shunting movements. There would be no need for passengers to be evacuated from the train. Failure of a multiple unit will often require a whole new train and time consuming switching operations. Passengers would also be asked to evacuate the failed train and board another one.
В + 4
[7.5.26.]
ВВОД
Напишите цифрами номер предложения содержащего верную информацию.
1. All cars in a modern multiple unit train are independent.
2. Nowadays multiple unit rains are used in long distance traffic as well as in suburban.
3. Self-propelled vehicles are much easier in maintenance than locomotives.
4. The turn round time of a locomotive-hauled train is less compared to a multiple unit rain.
1. Multiple unit trains are trains without a locomotive and they are considered to be more efficient than locomotive trains. A modern passenger multiple unit train includes a number of inter-dependent cars which cannot operate unless all the vehicles are permanently coupled together in the correct position, only being uncoupled inside a workshop for regular maintenance. They are all simultaneously controlled by the driver in the leading car through wires running along the length of the train.
2. The facility for the electric traction system is spread out along the train and allows a number of small power units to be distributed under the floor of several cars in the train. Some operations require two or more multiple units to be coupled together to provide sufficient capacity for a particular service. This also allows trains to be lengthened or shortened whilst in service by adding or cutting units.
3. Multiple unit trains are mainly used for high density suburban traffic. Although in recent years long distance traffics have shown the same tendency and many railways all over the world have already adopted the multiple unit formation for these routes, for example – the French TGV, the Japanese Shinkansen, the Russian Sapsan, etc. The advantage of multiple units is that they are quick and simple to reverse at terminals. Locomotive changing is instantly eliminated, terminal space is released and trains can be turned round more quickly.
4. Multiple units have some disadvantages as compared to locomotive-hauled trains. It may be easier to maintain one locomotive than many self-propelled cars. If a locomotive fails, it can be easily replaced with minimal shunting movements. There would be no need for passengers to be evacuated from the train. Failure of a multiple unit will often require a whole new train and time consuming switching operations. Passengers would also be asked to evacuate the failed train and board another one.
В + 2
[7.5.27.]
ВВОД
Напишите цифрами номер абзаца, которому соответствует следующая информация «A multiple-unit train has the same power components as a locomotive, but instead of the components being concentrated in one car body, they are spread out on each car that makes up the set»
1. Multiple unit trains are trains without a locomotive and they are considered to be more efficient than locomotive trains. A modern passenger multiple unit train includes a number of inter-dependent cars which cannot operate unless all the vehicles are permanently coupled together in the correct position, only being uncoupled inside a workshop for regular maintenance. They are all simultaneously controlled by the driver in the leading car through wires running along the length of the train.
2. The facility for the electric traction system is spread out along the train and allows a number of small power units to be distributed under the floor of several cars in the train. Some operations require two or more multiple units to be coupled together to provide sufficient capacity for a particular service. This also allows trains to be lengthened or shortened whilst in service by adding or cutting units.
3. Multiple unit trains are mainly used for high density suburban traffic. Although in recent years long distance traffics have shown the same tendency and many railways all over the world have already adopted the multiple unit formation for these routes, for example – the French TGV, the Japanese Shinkansen, the Russian Sapsan, etc. The advantage of multiple units is that they are quick and simple to reverse at terminals. Locomotive changing is instantly eliminated, terminal space is released and trains can be turned round more quickly.
4. Multiple units have some disadvantages as compared to locomotive-hauled trains. It may be easier to maintain one locomotive than many self-propelled cars. If a locomotive fails, it can be easily replaced with minimal shunting movements. There would be no need for passengers to be evacuated from the train. Failure of a multiple unit will often require a whole new train and time consuming switching operations. Passengers would also be asked to evacuate the failed train and board another one.
B+2
[7.5.28.]
ВВОД
Сформулируйте одним словом и напишите ответ на вопрос согласно тексту «What country operates the train TGV?»
1. Multiple unit trains are trains without a locomotive and they are considered to be more efficient than locomotive trains. A modern passenger multiple unit train includes a number of inter-dependent cars which cannot operate unless all the vehicles are permanently coupled together in the correct position, only being uncoupled inside a workshop for regular maintenance. They are all simultaneously controlled by the driver in the leading car through wires running along the length of the train.
2. The facility for the electric traction system is spread out along the train and allows a number of small power units to be distributed under the floor of several cars in the train. Some operations require two or more multiple units to be coupled together to provide sufficient capacity for a particular service. This also allows trains to be lengthened or shortened whilst in service by adding or cutting units.
3. Multiple unit trains are mainly used for high density suburban traffic. Although in recent years long distance traffics have shown the same tendency and many railways all over the world have already adopted the multiple unit formation for these routes, for example – the French TGV, the Japanese Shinkansen, the Russian Sapsan, etc. The advantage of multiple units is that they are quick and simple to reverse at terminals. Locomotive changing is instantly eliminated, terminal space is released and trains can be turned round more quickly.
4. Multiple units have some disadvantages as compared to locomotive-hauled trains. It may be easier to maintain one locomotive than many self-propelled cars. If a locomotive fails, it can be easily replaced with minimal shunting movements. There would be no need for passengers to be evacuated from the train. Failure of a multiple unit will often require a whole new train and time consuming switching operations. Passengers would also be asked to evacuate the failed train and board another one.
B+ France
[7.5.29.]
ВВОД
Напишите перевод выделенного слова.
1. Multiple unit trains are trains without a locomotive and they are considered to be more efficient than locomotive trains. A modern passenger multiple unit train includes a number of inter-dependent cars which cannot operate unless all the vehicles are permanently coupled together in the correct position, only being uncoupled inside a workshop for regular maintenance. They are all simultaneously controlled by the driver in the leading car through wires running along the length of the train.
2. The facility for the electric traction system is spread out along the train and allows a number of small power units to be distributed under the floor of several cars in the train. Some operations require two or more multiple units to be coupled together to provide sufficient capacity for a particular service. This also allows trains to be lengthened or shortened whilst in service by adding or cutting units.
3. Multiple unit trains are mainly used for high density suburban traffic. Although in recent years long distance traffics have shown the same tendency and many railways all over the world have already adopted the multiple unit formation for these routes, for example – the French TGV, the Japanese Shinkansen, the Russian Sapsan, etc. The advantage of multiple units is that they are quick and simple to reverse at terminals. Locomotive changing is instantly eliminated, terminal space is released and trains can be turned round more quickly.
4. Multiple units have some disadvantages as compared to locomotive-hauled trains. It may be easier to maintain one locomotive than many self-propelled cars. If a locomotive fails, it can be easily replaced with minimal shunting movements. There would be no need for passengers to be evacuated from the train. Failure of a multiple unit will often require a whole new train and time consuming switching operations. Passengers would also be asked to evacuate the failed train and board another one.
В+ тяга
[7.5.30.]
ВВОД
Напишите прилагательное, от которого образовано выделенное слово.
1. Multiple unit trains are trains without a locomotive and they are considered to be more efficient than locomotive trains. A modern passenger multiple unit train includes a number of inter-dependent cars which cannot operate unless all the vehicles are permanently coupled together in the correct position, only being uncoupled inside a workshop for regular maintenance. They are all simultaneously controlled by the driver in the leading car through wires running along the length of the train.
2. The facility for the electric traction system is spread out along the train and allows a number of small power units to be distributed under the floor of several cars in the train. Some operations require two or more multiple units to be coupled together to provide sufficient capacity for a particular service. This also allows trains to be lengthened or shortened whilst in service by adding or cutting units.
3. Multiple unit trains are mainly used for high density suburban traffic. Although in recent years long distance traffics have shown the same tendency and many railways all over the world have already adopted the multiple unit formation for these routes, for example – the French TGV, the Japanese Shinkansen, the Russian Sapsan, etc. The advantage of multiple units is that they are quick and simple to reverse at terminals. Locomotive changing is instantly eliminated, terminal space is released and trains can be turned round more quickly.
4. Multiple units have some disadvantages as compared to locomotive-hauled trains. It may be easier to maintain one locomotive than many self-propelled cars. If a locomotive fails, it can be easily replaced with minimal shunting movements. There would be no need for passengers to be evacuated from the train. Failure of a multiple unit will often require a whole new train and time consuming switching operations. Passengers would also be asked to evacuate the failed train and board another one.
В+ long
[7.5.31.]
ВВОД
Найдите и выпишите сказуемое из выделенного предложения.
1. Multiple unit trains are trains without a locomotive and they are considered to be more efficient than locomotive trains. A modern passenger multiple unit train includes a number of inter-dependent cars which cannot operate unless all the vehicles are permanently coupled together in the correct position, only being uncoupled inside a workshop for regular maintenance. They are all simultaneously controlled by the driver in the leading car through wires running along the length of the train.
2. The facility for the electric traction system is spread out along the train and allows a number of small power units to be distributed under the floor of several cars in the train. Some operations require two or more multiple units to be coupled together to provide sufficient capacity for a particular service. This also allows trains to be lengthened or shortened whilst in service by adding or cutting units.
3. Multiple unit trains are mainly used for high density suburban traffic. Although in recent years long distance traffics have shown the same tendency and many railways all over the world have already adopted the multiple unit formation for these routes, for example – the French TGV, the Japanese Shinkansen, the Russian Sapsan, etc. The advantage of multiple units is that they are quick and simple to reverse at terminals. Locomotive changing is instantly eliminated, terminal space is released and trains can be turned round more quickly.
4. Multiple units have some disadvantages as compared to locomotive-hauled trains. It may be easier to maintain one locomotive than many self-propelled cars. If a locomotive fails, it can be easily replaced with minimal shunting movements. There would be no need for passengers to be evacuated from the train. Failure of a multiple unit will often require a whole new train and time consuming switching operations. Passengers would also be asked to evacuate the failed train and board another one.
В+ are
B+ controlled
[7.5.32.]
ВВОД
При помощи суффикса образуйте от выделенного глагола существительное так
, чтобы на русском языке оно имело значение «требование».
1. Multiple unit trains are trains without a locomotive and they are considered to be more efficient than locomotive trains. A modern passenger multiple unit train includes a number of inter-dependent cars which cannot operate unless all the vehicles are permanently coupled together in the correct position, only being uncoupled inside a workshop for regular maintenance. They are all simultaneously controlled by the driver in the leading car through wires running along the length of the train.
2. The facility for the electric traction system is spread out along the train and allows a number of small power units to be distributed under the floor of several cars in the train. Some operations require two or more multiple units to be coupled together to provide sufficient capacity for a particular service. This also allows trains to be lengthened or shortened whilst in service by adding or cutting units.
3. Multiple unit trains are mainly used for high density suburban traffic. Although in recent years long distance traffics have shown the same tendency and many railways all over the world have already adopted the multiple unit formation for these routes, for example – the French TGV, the Japanese Shinkansen, the Russian Sapsan, etc. The advantage of multiple units is that they are quick and simple to reverse at terminals. Locomotive changing is instantly eliminated, terminal space is released and trains can be turned round more quickly.
4. Multiple units have some disadvantages as compared to locomotive-hauled trains. It may be easier to maintain one locomotive than many self-propelled cars. If a locomotive fails, it can be easily replaced with minimal shunting movements. There would be no need for passengers to be evacuated from the train. Failure of a multiple unit will often require a whole new train and time consuming switching operations. Passengers would also be asked to evacuate the failed train and board another one.
B+ requirement
[7.5.33.]
ВВОД
Впишите номер заголовка определяющего основную идею текста
1. Business communication
2. Arbitration court
3. Settlement of disputes
4. Causes of company’s inefficiency
1. Sometimes in business communication people start arguing and stand on their point especially in terms of executing contracts that are important documents signed by business partners where rights and obligations are defined. Disputes between buyers and sellers can arise no matter how efficient a company tries to be. There may be disputes about goods to be supplied as they may be delivered too late, some parts may be damaged or missed.
2. As a rule most of the disputes are settled amicably but when it is impossible to settle a matter in a friendly way it is referred to Arbitration or other courts. The award of Arbitration court is usually final and binding upon both parties. In case when agreement is breached a sufferer can make a claim to the party which fails to fulfil its contract obligations. The most often cases that are the buyers make a claim on the seller but the seller can also make a claim on the buyer if there is a default in payment.
3. Very often causes of complaints are delays, breakage or damage due to inadequate packing, pilferage, unsatisfactory condition of goods, incorrect labelling and others. The examples of disputes may also be cases when defects are discovered after the equipment has been already put into operation. In such situations a letter of complaint with supporting documents may be sent to the seller with request to replace the faulty goods.
4. In response to complaints the companies of sellers often write letters that are called adjustments. These letters require under all circumstances diplomacy, patience and tact as the main goal of these letters not to lose customers. If disputes last longer than two months as a rule it leads to cancelation of agreements. The disruption of production or supply caused by company’s inefficiency can have serious effects as buyers may be forced to supply their needs from another manufacturers or sellers.
2. Steam locomotives played a key role in the development of railways. Among important locomotives designed in the 20th century are the electric locomotive, which picks up electrical power from an overhead wire or a third rail laid beside the track, and the diesel-electric locomotive. Diesel locomotives use a diesel engine as the prime mover. Electro-diesel locomotives are built to run as diesels on sections that are not electrified and as an electric ones on electrified lines.
3. A transformer in the electric locomotive converts current and reduces it to low voltage. Electric locomotives are the cheapest to run and provide less noise and no local air pollution. However, they require high capital investments both for the catenary and the supporting infrastructure. Thus, electric traction is justified on lines with dense traffic and for high-speed rail. There are many reasons why the motive power for trains has been traditionally isolated in a locomotive, rather than in self-propelled vehicles.
4. If the locomotive breaks down it is easy to replace it with another one. Failure of the motive power unit does not require taking the entire train out of service. Separate locomotives enable costly motive power assets to be moved around if needed. Large locomotives can substitute small locomotives where more power is required. Separating the power unit from payload-hauling cars enables one to be replaced without affecting the other.
В+ generation
[7.5.25.]
ВВОД
Впишите номер заголовка определяющего основную идею текста
1. Advantages of multiple unit trains
2. Locomotive-hauled trains versus multiple unit trains
3. Problems of multiple unit trains maintenance
4. Modern multiple unit trains
1. Multiple unit trains are trains without a locomotive and they are considered to be more efficient than locomotive trains. A modern passenger multiple unit train includes a number of inter-dependent cars which cannot operate unless all the vehicles are permanently coupled together in the correct position, only being uncoupled inside a workshop for regular maintenance. They are all simultaneously controlled by the driver in the leading car through wires running along the length of the train.
2. The facility for the electric traction system is spread out along the train and allows a number of small power units to be distributed under the floor of several cars in the train. Some operations require two or more multiple units to be coupled together to provide sufficient capacity for a particular service. This also allows trains to be lengthened or shortened whilst in service by adding or cutting units.
3. Multiple unit trains are mainly used for high density suburban traffic. Although in recent years long distance traffics have shown the same tendency and many railways all over the world have already adopted the multiple unit formation for these routes, for example – the French TGV, the Japanese Shinkansen, the Russian Sapsan, etc. The advantage of multiple units is that they are quick and simple to reverse at terminals. Locomotive changing is instantly eliminated, terminal space is released and trains can be turned round more quickly.
4. Multiple units have some disadvantages as compared to locomotive-hauled trains. It may be easier to maintain one locomotive than many self-propelled cars. If a locomotive fails, it can be easily replaced with minimal shunting movements. There would be no need for passengers to be evacuated from the train. Failure of a multiple unit will often require a whole new train and time consuming switching operations. Passengers would also be asked to evacuate the failed train and board another one.
В + 4
[7.5.26.]
ВВОД
Напишите цифрами номер предложения содержащего верную информацию.
1. All cars in a modern multiple unit train are independent.
2. Nowadays multiple unit rains are used in long distance traffic as well as in suburban.
3. Self-propelled vehicles are much easier in maintenance than locomotives.
4. The turn round time of a locomotive-hauled train is less compared to a multiple unit rain.
1. Multiple unit trains are trains without a locomotive and they are considered to be more efficient than locomotive trains. A modern passenger multiple unit train includes a number of inter-dependent cars which cannot operate unless all the vehicles are permanently coupled together in the correct position, only being uncoupled inside a workshop for regular maintenance. They are all simultaneously controlled by the driver in the leading car through wires running along the length of the train.
2. The facility for the electric traction system is spread out along the train and allows a number of small power units to be distributed under the floor of several cars in the train. Some operations require two or more multiple units to be coupled together to provide sufficient capacity for a particular service. This also allows trains to be lengthened or shortened whilst in service by adding or cutting units.
3. Multiple unit trains are mainly used for high density suburban traffic. Although in recent years long distance traffics have shown the same tendency and many railways all over the world have already adopted the multiple unit formation for these routes, for example – the French TGV, the Japanese Shinkansen, the Russian Sapsan, etc. The advantage of multiple units is that they are quick and simple to reverse at terminals. Locomotive changing is instantly eliminated, terminal space is released and trains can be turned round more quickly.
4. Multiple units have some disadvantages as compared to locomotive-hauled trains. It may be easier to maintain one locomotive than many self-propelled cars. If a locomotive fails, it can be easily replaced with minimal shunting movements. There would be no need for passengers to be evacuated from the train. Failure of a multiple unit will often require a whole new train and time consuming switching operations. Passengers would also be asked to evacuate the failed train and board another one.
В + 2
[7.5.27.]
ВВОД
Напишите цифрами номер абзаца, которому соответствует следующая информация «A multiple-unit train has the same power components as a locomotive, but instead of the components being concentrated in one car body, they are spread out on each car that makes up the set»
1. Multiple unit trains are trains without a locomotive and they are considered to be more efficient than locomotive trains. A modern passenger multiple unit train includes a number of inter-dependent cars which cannot operate unless all the vehicles are permanently coupled together in the correct position, only being uncoupled inside a workshop for regular maintenance. They are all simultaneously controlled by the driver in the leading car through wires running along the length of the train.
2. The facility for the electric traction system is spread out along the train and allows a number of small power units to be distributed under the floor of several cars in the train. Some operations require two or more multiple units to be coupled together to provide sufficient capacity for a particular service. This also allows trains to be lengthened or shortened whilst in service by adding or cutting units.
3. Multiple unit trains are mainly used for high density suburban traffic. Although in recent years long distance traffics have shown the same tendency and many railways all over the world have already adopted the multiple unit formation for these routes, for example – the French TGV, the Japanese Shinkansen, the Russian Sapsan, etc. The advantage of multiple units is that they are quick and simple to reverse at terminals. Locomotive changing is instantly eliminated, terminal space is released and trains can be turned round more quickly.
4. Multiple units have some disadvantages as compared to locomotive-hauled trains. It may be easier to maintain one locomotive than many self-propelled cars. If a locomotive fails, it can be easily replaced with minimal shunting movements. There would be no need for passengers to be evacuated from the train. Failure of a multiple unit will often require a whole new train and time consuming switching operations. Passengers would also be asked to evacuate the failed train and board another one.
B+2
[7.5.28.]
ВВОД
Сформулируйте одним словом и напишите ответ на вопрос согласно тексту «What country operates the train TGV?»
1. Multiple unit trains are trains without a locomotive and they are considered to be more efficient than locomotive trains. A modern passenger multiple unit train includes a number of inter-dependent cars which cannot operate unless all the vehicles are permanently coupled together in the correct position, only being uncoupled inside a workshop for regular maintenance. They are all simultaneously controlled by the driver in the leading car through wires running along the length of the train.
2. The facility for the electric traction system is spread out along the train and allows a number of small power units to be distributed under the floor of several cars in the train. Some operations require two or more multiple units to be coupled together to provide sufficient capacity for a particular service. This also allows trains to be lengthened or shortened whilst in service by adding or cutting units.
3. Multiple unit trains are mainly used for high density suburban traffic. Although in recent years long distance traffics have shown the same tendency and many railways all over the world have already adopted the multiple unit formation for these routes, for example – the French TGV, the Japanese Shinkansen, the Russian Sapsan, etc. The advantage of multiple units is that they are quick and simple to reverse at terminals. Locomotive changing is instantly eliminated, terminal space is released and trains can be turned round more quickly.
4. Multiple units have some disadvantages as compared to locomotive-hauled trains. It may be easier to maintain one locomotive than many self-propelled cars. If a locomotive fails, it can be easily replaced with minimal shunting movements. There would be no need for passengers to be evacuated from the train. Failure of a multiple unit will often require a whole new train and time consuming switching operations. Passengers would also be asked to evacuate the failed train and board another one.
B+ France
[7.5.29.]
ВВОД
Напишите перевод выделенного слова.
1. Multiple unit trains are trains without a locomotive and they are considered to be more efficient than locomotive trains. A modern passenger multiple unit train includes a number of inter-dependent cars which cannot operate unless all the vehicles are permanently coupled together in the correct position, only being uncoupled inside a workshop for regular maintenance. They are all simultaneously controlled by the driver in the leading car through wires running along the length of the train.
2. The facility for the electric traction system is spread out along the train and allows a number of small power units to be distributed under the floor of several cars in the train. Some operations require two or more multiple units to be coupled together to provide sufficient capacity for a particular service. This also allows trains to be lengthened or shortened whilst in service by adding or cutting units.
3. Multiple unit trains are mainly used for high density suburban traffic. Although in recent years long distance traffics have shown the same tendency and many railways all over the world have already adopted the multiple unit formation for these routes, for example – the French TGV, the Japanese Shinkansen, the Russian Sapsan, etc. The advantage of multiple units is that they are quick and simple to reverse at terminals. Locomotive changing is instantly eliminated, terminal space is released and trains can be turned round more quickly.
4. Multiple units have some disadvantages as compared to locomotive-hauled trains. It may be easier to maintain one locomotive than many self-propelled cars. If a locomotive fails, it can be easily replaced with minimal shunting movements. There would be no need for passengers to be evacuated from the train. Failure of a multiple unit will often require a whole new train and time consuming switching operations. Passengers would also be asked to evacuate the failed train and board another one.
В+ тяга
[7.5.30.]
ВВОД
Напишите прилагательное, от которого образовано выделенное слово.
1. Multiple unit trains are trains without a locomotive and they are considered to be more efficient than locomotive trains. A modern passenger multiple unit train includes a number of inter-dependent cars which cannot operate unless all the vehicles are permanently coupled together in the correct position, only being uncoupled inside a workshop for regular maintenance. They are all simultaneously controlled by the driver in the leading car through wires running along the length of the train.
2. The facility for the electric traction system is spread out along the train and allows a number of small power units to be distributed under the floor of several cars in the train. Some operations require two or more multiple units to be coupled together to provide sufficient capacity for a particular service. This also allows trains to be lengthened or shortened whilst in service by adding or cutting units.
3. Multiple unit trains are mainly used for high density suburban traffic. Although in recent years long distance traffics have shown the same tendency and many railways all over the world have already adopted the multiple unit formation for these routes, for example – the French TGV, the Japanese Shinkansen, the Russian Sapsan, etc. The advantage of multiple units is that they are quick and simple to reverse at terminals. Locomotive changing is instantly eliminated, terminal space is released and trains can be turned round more quickly.
4. Multiple units have some disadvantages as compared to locomotive-hauled trains. It may be easier to maintain one locomotive than many self-propelled cars. If a locomotive fails, it can be easily replaced with minimal shunting movements. There would be no need for passengers to be evacuated from the train. Failure of a multiple unit will often require a whole new train and time consuming switching operations. Passengers would also be asked to evacuate the failed train and board another one.
В+ long
[7.5.31.]
ВВОД
Найдите и выпишите сказуемое из выделенного предложения.
1. Multiple unit trains are trains without a locomotive and they are considered to be more efficient than locomotive trains. A modern passenger multiple unit train includes a number of inter-dependent cars which cannot operate unless all the vehicles are permanently coupled together in the correct position, only being uncoupled inside a workshop for regular maintenance. They are all simultaneously controlled by the driver in the leading car through wires running along the length of the train.
2. The facility for the electric traction system is spread out along the train and allows a number of small power units to be distributed under the floor of several cars in the train. Some operations require two or more multiple units to be coupled together to provide sufficient capacity for a particular service. This also allows trains to be lengthened or shortened whilst in service by adding or cutting units.
3. Multiple unit trains are mainly used for high density suburban traffic. Although in recent years long distance traffics have shown the same tendency and many railways all over the world have already adopted the multiple unit formation for these routes, for example – the French TGV, the Japanese Shinkansen, the Russian Sapsan, etc. The advantage of multiple units is that they are quick and simple to reverse at terminals. Locomotive changing is instantly eliminated, terminal space is released and trains can be turned round more quickly.
4. Multiple units have some disadvantages as compared to locomotive-hauled trains. It may be easier to maintain one locomotive than many self-propelled cars. If a locomotive fails, it can be easily replaced with minimal shunting movements. There would be no need for passengers to be evacuated from the train. Failure of a multiple unit will often require a whole new train and time consuming switching operations. Passengers would also be asked to evacuate the failed train and board another one.
В+ are
B+ controlled
[7.5.32.]
ВВОД
При помощи суффикса образуйте от выделенного глагола существительное так
, чтобы на русском языке оно имело значение «требование».
1. Multiple unit trains are trains without a locomotive and they are considered to be more efficient than locomotive trains. A modern passenger multiple unit train includes a number of inter-dependent cars which cannot operate unless all the vehicles are permanently coupled together in the correct position, only being uncoupled inside a workshop for regular maintenance. They are all simultaneously controlled by the driver in the leading car through wires running along the length of the train.
2. The facility for the electric traction system is spread out along the train and allows a number of small power units to be distributed under the floor of several cars in the train. Some operations require two or more multiple units to be coupled together to provide sufficient capacity for a particular service. This also allows trains to be lengthened or shortened whilst in service by adding or cutting units.
3. Multiple unit trains are mainly used for high density suburban traffic. Although in recent years long distance traffics have shown the same tendency and many railways all over the world have already adopted the multiple unit formation for these routes, for example – the French TGV, the Japanese Shinkansen, the Russian Sapsan, etc. The advantage of multiple units is that they are quick and simple to reverse at terminals. Locomotive changing is instantly eliminated, terminal space is released and trains can be turned round more quickly.
4. Multiple units have some disadvantages as compared to locomotive-hauled trains. It may be easier to maintain one locomotive than many self-propelled cars. If a locomotive fails, it can be easily replaced with minimal shunting movements. There would be no need for passengers to be evacuated from the train. Failure of a multiple unit will often require a whole new train and time consuming switching operations. Passengers would also be asked to evacuate the failed train and board another one.
B+ requirement
[7.5.33.]
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1. Business communication
2. Arbitration court
3. Settlement of disputes
4. Causes of company’s inefficiency
1. Sometimes in business communication people start arguing and stand on their point especially in terms of executing contracts that are important documents signed by business partners where rights and obligations are defined. Disputes between buyers and sellers can arise no matter how efficient a company tries to be. There may be disputes about goods to be supplied as they may be delivered too late, some parts may be damaged or missed.
2. As a rule most of the disputes are settled amicably but when it is impossible to settle a matter in a friendly way it is referred to Arbitration or other courts. The award of Arbitration court is usually final and binding upon both parties. In case when agreement is breached a sufferer can make a claim to the party which fails to fulfil its contract obligations. The most often cases that are the buyers make a claim on the seller but the seller can also make a claim on the buyer if there is a default in payment.
3. Very often causes of complaints are delays, breakage or damage due to inadequate packing, pilferage, unsatisfactory condition of goods, incorrect labelling and others. The examples of disputes may also be cases when defects are discovered after the equipment has been already put into operation. In such situations a letter of complaint with supporting documents may be sent to the seller with request to replace the faulty goods.
4. In response to complaints the companies of sellers often write letters that are called adjustments. These letters require under all circumstances diplomacy, patience and tact as the main goal of these letters not to lose customers. If disputes last longer than two months as a rule it leads to cancelation of agreements. The disruption of production or supply caused by company’s inefficiency can have serious effects as buyers may be forced to supply their needs from another manufacturers or sellers.