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The top container is secured to the bottom container either by a bulkhead built into the car or through the use of inter-box connectors. In addition to the normal-type wagons there exist special freight cars for special kinds of goods. The example of a special-type car is a double-deck car used to carry automobiles. The transportation of automobiles by rail has turned out to be more economical than by road.
B+ is
B+ secured
[7.5.16.]
ВВОД
При помощи суффикса образуйте от выделенного глагола существительное так, чтобы на русском языке оно имело значение «изобретатель».
1. The very first freight cars were used in coal mines in England. They were open type wagons with wooden wheels drawn by horses along wooden rails. As time went the railways had to carry more and more freight, so bigger and better cars were invented for hauling different kinds of goods. Nowadays the railways have several classes of freight cars there being many varieties in each class. These kinds differ according to the loading capacity, body arrangement, the rail gauge and freight to be transported.
2. The box car is considered to be the most common type of covered wagon. It is a general purpose car intended for carriage all kinds of ordinary goods which must be protected from the weather. Another type of car is a tank car intended for liquid goods. It is a long metal cylinder mounted lengthwise on the car frames with two trucks. Coal, ore, gravel and other similar goods are known to be carried in open top cars, the principal types of which are gondola and hopper cars.
3. The simplest kind of a car is the flat car. It is used for transporting rails, beams, timber, heavy machines and if fitted with special devices it can also carry containers. Flatcars are used for cargo that is too large to load in enclosed cars such as boxcars. The container traffic has now come in wide use on all transport modes as it reduces the cost of loading goods and decreases the danger of breakage and pilferage.
4. A double-stack car is a type of rail car specially designed to carry containers used in intermodal freight transport. The top container is secured to the bottom container either by a bulkhead built into the car or through the use of inter-box connectors. In addition to the normal-type wagons there exist special freight cars for special kinds of goods. The example of a special-type car is a double-deck car used to carry automobiles. The transportation of automobiles by rail has turned out to be more economical than by road.
B+ inventor
[7.5.17.]
ВВОД
Впишите номер заголовка определяющего основную идею текста
1. Types of traction on railway
2. Types of locomotives
3. Development of locomotive traction
4. Motive power for locomotives
1. A locomotive is any type of self-propelled vehicle used by railways to pull or push other types of rolling stock and is not designated for carrying passengers or freight. Locomotives may generate their power from fuel or they take power from an outside source of electricity. Locomotives are usually classified according to their source of energy. The common ones include: steam locomotives, diesel locomotives, electric locomotives and hybrid locomotives.
2. Steam locomotives played a key role in the development of railways. Among important locomotives designed in the 20th century are the electric locomotive, which picks up electrical power from an overhead wire or a third rail laid beside the track, and the diesel-electric locomotive. Diesel locomotives use a diesel engine as the prime mover. Electro-diesel locomotives are built to run as diesels on sections that are not electrified and as an electric ones on electrified lines.
3. A transformer in the electric locomotive converts current and reduces it to low voltage. Electric locomotives are the cheapest to run and provide less noise and no local air pollution. However, they require high capital investments both for the catenary and the supporting infrastructure. Thus, electric traction is justified on lines with dense traffic and for high-speed rail. There are many reasons why the motive power for trains has been traditionally isolated in a locomotive, rather than in self-propelled vehicles.
4. If the locomotive breaks down it is easy to replace it with another one. Failure of the motive power unit does not mean taking the entire train out of service. Separate locomotives enable costly motive power assets to be moved around if needed. Large locomotives can substitute small locomotives where more power is required. Separating the power unit from payload-hauling cars enables one to be replaced without affecting the other.
В + 2
[7.5.18.]
ВВОД
Напишите цифрами номер предложения содержащего верную информацию.
1. Steam locomotives had no great significance in the history of railways.
2. Electric locomotive was invented last century.
3. If the locomotive breaks down the whole train takes out of service.
4. In the early period of railway development locomotives took their power from an outside source of electricity.
1. A locomotive is any type of self-propelled vehicle used by railways to pull or push other types of rolling stock and is not designated for carrying passengers or freight. Locomotives may generate their power from fuel or they take power from an outside source of electricity. Locomotives are usually classified according to their source of energy. The common ones include: steam locomotives, diesel locomotives, electric locomotives and hybrid locomotives.
2. Steam locomotives played a key role in the development of railways. Among important locomotives designed in the 20th century are the electric locomotive, which picks up electrical power from an overhead wire or a third rail laid beside the track, and the diesel-electric locomotive. Diesel locomotives use a diesel engine as the prime mover. Electro-diesel locomotives are built to run as diesels on sections that are not electrified and as an electric ones on electrified lines.
3. A transformer in the electric locomotive converts current and reduces it to low voltage. Electric locomotives are the cheapest to run and provide less noise and no local air pollution. However, they require high capital investments both for the catenary and the supporting infrastructure. Thus, electric traction is justified on lines with dense traffic and for high-speed rail. There are many reasons why the motive power for trains has been traditionally isolated in a locomotive, rather than in self-propelled vehicles.
4. If the locomotive breaks down it is easy to replace it with another one. Failure of the motive power unit does not mean taking the entire train out of service. Separate locomotives enable costly motive power assets to be moved around if needed. Large locomotives can substitute small locomotives where more power is required. Separating the power unit from payload-hauling cars enables one to be replaced without affecting the other.
В + 2
[7.5.19.]
ВВОД
Напишите цифрами номер абзаца, которому соответствует следующая информация «Electric locomotives are considered to be ecologically friendly compared to other ones»
1. A locomotive is any type of self-propelled vehicle used by railways to pull or push other types of rolling stock and is not designated for carrying passengers or freight. Locomotives may generate their power from fuel or they take power from an outside source of electricity. Locomotives are usually classified according to their source of energy. The common ones include: steam locomotives, diesel locomotives, electric locomotives and hybrid locomotives.
2. Steam locomotives played a key role in the development of railways. Among important locomotives designed in the 20th century are the electric locomotive, which picks up electrical power from an overhead wire or a third rail laid beside the track, and the diesel-electric locomotive. Diesel locomotives use a diesel engine as the prime mover. Electro-diesel locomotives are built to run as diesels on sections that are not electrified and as an electric ones on electrified lines.
3. A transformer in the electric locomotive converts current and reduces it to low voltage. Electric locomotives are the cheapest to run and provide less noise and no local air pollution. However, they require high capital investments both for the catenary and the supporting infrastructure. Thus, electric traction is justified on lines with dense traffic and for high-speed rail. There are many reasons why the motive power for trains has been traditionally isolated in a locomotive, rather than in self-propelled vehicles.
4. If the locomotive breaks down it is easy to replace it with another one. Failure of the motive power unit does not mean taking the entire train out of service. Separate locomotives enable costly motive power assets to be moved around if needed. Large locomotives can substitute small locomotives where more power is required. Separating the power unit from payload-hauling cars enables one to be replaced without affecting the other.
B+3
[7.5.20.]
ВВОД
Сформулируйте одним словом и напишите ответ на вопрос согласно тексту «In what type of locomotive is liquid organic fuel used?»
1. A locomotive is any type of self-propelled vehicle used by railways to pull or push other types of rolling stock and is not designated for carrying passengers or freight. Locomotives may generate their power from fuel or they take power from an outside source of electricity. Locomotives are usually classified according to their source of energy. The common ones include: steam locomotives, diesel locomotives, electric locomotives and hybrid locomotives.
2. Steam locomotives played a key role in the development of railways. Among important locomotives designed in the 20th century are the electric locomotive, which picks up electrical power from an overhead wire or a third rail laid beside the track, and the diesel-electric locomotive. Diesel locomotives use a diesel engine as the prime mover. Electro-diesel locomotives are built to run as diesels on sections that are not electrified and as an electric ones on electrified lines.
3. A transformer in the electric locomotive converts current and reduces it to low voltage. Electric locomotives are the cheapest to run and provide less noise and no local air pollution. However, they require high capital investments both for the catenary and the supporting infrastructure. Thus, electric traction is justified on lines with dense traffic and for high-speed rail. There are many reasons why the motive power for trains has been traditionally isolated in a locomotive, rather than in self-propelled vehicles.
4. If the locomotive breaks down it is easy to replace it with another one. Failure of the motive power unit does not require taking the entire train out of service. Separate locomotives enable costly motive power assets to be moved around if needed. Large locomotives can substitute small locomotives where more power is required. Separating the power unit from payload-hauling cars enables one to be replaced without affecting the other.
B+ diesel
[7.5.21.]
ВВОД
Напишите перевод выделенного слова.
1. A locomotive is any type of self-propelled vehicle used by railways to pull or push other types of rolling stock and is not designated for carrying passengers or freight. Locomotives may generate their power from fuel or they take power from an outside source of electricity. Locomotives are usually classified according to their source of energy. The common ones include: steam locomotives, diesel locomotives, electric locomotives and hybrid locomotives.
2. Steam locomotives played a key role in the development of railways. Among important locomotives designed in the 20th century are the electric locomotive, which picks up electrical power from an overhead wire or a third rail laid beside the track, and the diesel-electric locomotive. Diesel locomotives use a diesel engine as the prime mover. Electro-diesel locomotives are built to run as diesels on sections that are not electrified and as an electric ones on electrified lines.
3. A transformer in the electric locomotive converts current and reduces it to low voltage. Electric locomotives are the cheapest to run and provide less noise and no local air pollution. However, they require high capital investments both for the catenary and the supporting infrastructure. Thus, electric traction is justified on lines with dense traffic and for high-speed rail. There are many reasons why the motive power for trains has been traditionally isolated in a locomotive, rather than in self-propelled vehicles.
4. If the locomotive breaks down it is easy to replace it with another one. Failure of the motive power unit does not require taking the entire train out of service. Separate locomotives enable costly motive power assets to be moved around if needed. Large locomotives can substitute small locomotives where more power is required. Separating the power unit from payload-hauling cars enables one to be replaced without affecting the other.
В+ напряжение
[7.5.22.]
ВВОД
Напишите глагол, от которого образовано выделенное слово.
1. A locomotive is any type of self-propelled vehicle used by railways to pull or push other types of rolling stock and is not designated for carrying passengers or freight. Locomotives may generate their power from fuel or they take power from an outside source of electricity. Locomotives are usually classified according to their source of energy. The common ones include: steam locomotives, diesel locomotives, electric locomotives and hybrid locomotives.
2. Steam locomotives played a key role in the development of railways. Among important locomotives designed in the 20th century are the electric locomotive, which picks up electrical power from an overhead wire or a third rail laid beside the track, and the diesel-electric locomotive. Diesel locomotives use a diesel engine as the prime mover. Electro-diesel locomotives are built to run as diesels on sections that are not electrified and as an electric ones on electrified lines.
3. A transformer in the electric locomotive converts current and reduces it to low voltage. Electric locomotives are the cheapest to run and provide less noise and no local air pollution. However, they require high capital investments both for the catenary and the supporting infrastructure. Thus, electric traction is justified on lines with dense traffic and for high-speed rail. There are many reasons why the motive power for trains has been traditionally isolated in a locomotive, rather than in self-propelled vehicles.
4. If the locomotive breaks down it is easy to replace it with another one. Failure of the motive power unit does not require taking the entire train out of service. Separate locomotives enable costly motive power assets to be moved around if needed. Large locomotives can substitute small locomotives where more power is required. Separating the power unit from payload-hauling cars enables one to be replaced without affecting the other.
В+ fail
[7.5.23.]
ВВОД
Найдите и выпишите сказуемое из выделенного предложения.
1. A locomotive is any type of self-propelled vehicle used by railways to pull or push other types of rolling stock and is not designated for carrying passengers or freight. Locomotives may generate their power from fuel or they take power from an outside source of electricity. Locomotives are usually classified according to their source of energy. The common ones include: steam locomotives, diesel locomotives, electric locomotives and hybrid locomotives.
2. Steam locomotives played a key role in the development of railways. Among important locomotives designed in the 20th century are the electric locomotive, which picks up electrical power from an overhead wire or a third rail laid beside the track, and the diesel-electric locomotive. Diesel locomotives use a diesel engine as the prime mover. Electro-diesel locomotives are built to run as diesels on sections that are not electrified and as an electric ones on electrified lines.
3. A transformer in the electric locomotive converts current and reduces it to low voltage. Electric locomotives are the cheapest to run and provide less noise and no local air pollution. However, they require high capital investments both for the catenary and the supporting infrastructure. Thus, electric traction is justified on lines with dense traffic and for high-speed rail. There are many reasons why the motive power for trains has been traditionally isolated in a locomotive, rather than in self-propelled vehicles.
4. If the locomotive breaks down it is easy to replace it with another one. Failure of the motive power unit does not require taking the entire train out of service. Separate locomotives enable costly motive power assets to be moved around if needed. Large locomotives can substitute small locomotives where more power is required. Separating the power unit from payload-hauling cars enables one to be replaced without affecting the other.
В+ enables
[7.5.24.]
ВВОД
При помощи суффикса образуйте от выделенного глагола существительное так, чтобы на русском языке оно имело значение «выработка».
1. A locomotive is any type of self-propelled vehicle used by railways to pull or push other types of rolling stock and is not designated for carrying passengers or freight. Locomotives may
B+ is
B+ secured
[7.5.16.]
ВВОД
При помощи суффикса образуйте от выделенного глагола существительное так, чтобы на русском языке оно имело значение «изобретатель».
1. The very first freight cars were used in coal mines in England. They were open type wagons with wooden wheels drawn by horses along wooden rails. As time went the railways had to carry more and more freight, so bigger and better cars were invented for hauling different kinds of goods. Nowadays the railways have several classes of freight cars there being many varieties in each class. These kinds differ according to the loading capacity, body arrangement, the rail gauge and freight to be transported.
2. The box car is considered to be the most common type of covered wagon. It is a general purpose car intended for carriage all kinds of ordinary goods which must be protected from the weather. Another type of car is a tank car intended for liquid goods. It is a long metal cylinder mounted lengthwise on the car frames with two trucks. Coal, ore, gravel and other similar goods are known to be carried in open top cars, the principal types of which are gondola and hopper cars.
3. The simplest kind of a car is the flat car. It is used for transporting rails, beams, timber, heavy machines and if fitted with special devices it can also carry containers. Flatcars are used for cargo that is too large to load in enclosed cars such as boxcars. The container traffic has now come in wide use on all transport modes as it reduces the cost of loading goods and decreases the danger of breakage and pilferage.
4. A double-stack car is a type of rail car specially designed to carry containers used in intermodal freight transport. The top container is secured to the bottom container either by a bulkhead built into the car or through the use of inter-box connectors. In addition to the normal-type wagons there exist special freight cars for special kinds of goods. The example of a special-type car is a double-deck car used to carry automobiles. The transportation of automobiles by rail has turned out to be more economical than by road.
B+ inventor
[7.5.17.]
ВВОД
Впишите номер заголовка определяющего основную идею текста
1. Types of traction on railway
2. Types of locomotives
3. Development of locomotive traction
4. Motive power for locomotives
1. A locomotive is any type of self-propelled vehicle used by railways to pull or push other types of rolling stock and is not designated for carrying passengers or freight. Locomotives may generate their power from fuel or they take power from an outside source of electricity. Locomotives are usually classified according to their source of energy. The common ones include: steam locomotives, diesel locomotives, electric locomotives and hybrid locomotives.
2. Steam locomotives played a key role in the development of railways. Among important locomotives designed in the 20th century are the electric locomotive, which picks up electrical power from an overhead wire or a third rail laid beside the track, and the diesel-electric locomotive. Diesel locomotives use a diesel engine as the prime mover. Electro-diesel locomotives are built to run as diesels on sections that are not electrified and as an electric ones on electrified lines.
3. A transformer in the electric locomotive converts current and reduces it to low voltage. Electric locomotives are the cheapest to run and provide less noise and no local air pollution. However, they require high capital investments both for the catenary and the supporting infrastructure. Thus, electric traction is justified on lines with dense traffic and for high-speed rail. There are many reasons why the motive power for trains has been traditionally isolated in a locomotive, rather than in self-propelled vehicles.
4. If the locomotive breaks down it is easy to replace it with another one. Failure of the motive power unit does not mean taking the entire train out of service. Separate locomotives enable costly motive power assets to be moved around if needed. Large locomotives can substitute small locomotives where more power is required. Separating the power unit from payload-hauling cars enables one to be replaced without affecting the other.
В + 2
[7.5.18.]
ВВОД
Напишите цифрами номер предложения содержащего верную информацию.
1. Steam locomotives had no great significance in the history of railways.
2. Electric locomotive was invented last century.
3. If the locomotive breaks down the whole train takes out of service.
4. In the early period of railway development locomotives took their power from an outside source of electricity.
1. A locomotive is any type of self-propelled vehicle used by railways to pull or push other types of rolling stock and is not designated for carrying passengers or freight. Locomotives may generate their power from fuel or they take power from an outside source of electricity. Locomotives are usually classified according to their source of energy. The common ones include: steam locomotives, diesel locomotives, electric locomotives and hybrid locomotives.
2. Steam locomotives played a key role in the development of railways. Among important locomotives designed in the 20th century are the electric locomotive, which picks up electrical power from an overhead wire or a third rail laid beside the track, and the diesel-electric locomotive. Diesel locomotives use a diesel engine as the prime mover. Electro-diesel locomotives are built to run as diesels on sections that are not electrified and as an electric ones on electrified lines.
3. A transformer in the electric locomotive converts current and reduces it to low voltage. Electric locomotives are the cheapest to run and provide less noise and no local air pollution. However, they require high capital investments both for the catenary and the supporting infrastructure. Thus, electric traction is justified on lines with dense traffic and for high-speed rail. There are many reasons why the motive power for trains has been traditionally isolated in a locomotive, rather than in self-propelled vehicles.
4. If the locomotive breaks down it is easy to replace it with another one. Failure of the motive power unit does not mean taking the entire train out of service. Separate locomotives enable costly motive power assets to be moved around if needed. Large locomotives can substitute small locomotives where more power is required. Separating the power unit from payload-hauling cars enables one to be replaced without affecting the other.
В + 2
[7.5.19.]
ВВОД
Напишите цифрами номер абзаца, которому соответствует следующая информация «Electric locomotives are considered to be ecologically friendly compared to other ones»
1. A locomotive is any type of self-propelled vehicle used by railways to pull or push other types of rolling stock and is not designated for carrying passengers or freight. Locomotives may generate their power from fuel or they take power from an outside source of electricity. Locomotives are usually classified according to their source of energy. The common ones include: steam locomotives, diesel locomotives, electric locomotives and hybrid locomotives.
2. Steam locomotives played a key role in the development of railways. Among important locomotives designed in the 20th century are the electric locomotive, which picks up electrical power from an overhead wire or a third rail laid beside the track, and the diesel-electric locomotive. Diesel locomotives use a diesel engine as the prime mover. Electro-diesel locomotives are built to run as diesels on sections that are not electrified and as an electric ones on electrified lines.
3. A transformer in the electric locomotive converts current and reduces it to low voltage. Electric locomotives are the cheapest to run and provide less noise and no local air pollution. However, they require high capital investments both for the catenary and the supporting infrastructure. Thus, electric traction is justified on lines with dense traffic and for high-speed rail. There are many reasons why the motive power for trains has been traditionally isolated in a locomotive, rather than in self-propelled vehicles.
4. If the locomotive breaks down it is easy to replace it with another one. Failure of the motive power unit does not mean taking the entire train out of service. Separate locomotives enable costly motive power assets to be moved around if needed. Large locomotives can substitute small locomotives where more power is required. Separating the power unit from payload-hauling cars enables one to be replaced without affecting the other.
B+3
[7.5.20.]
ВВОД
Сформулируйте одним словом и напишите ответ на вопрос согласно тексту «In what type of locomotive is liquid organic fuel used?»
1. A locomotive is any type of self-propelled vehicle used by railways to pull or push other types of rolling stock and is not designated for carrying passengers or freight. Locomotives may generate their power from fuel or they take power from an outside source of electricity. Locomotives are usually classified according to their source of energy. The common ones include: steam locomotives, diesel locomotives, electric locomotives and hybrid locomotives.
2. Steam locomotives played a key role in the development of railways. Among important locomotives designed in the 20th century are the electric locomotive, which picks up electrical power from an overhead wire or a third rail laid beside the track, and the diesel-electric locomotive. Diesel locomotives use a diesel engine as the prime mover. Electro-diesel locomotives are built to run as diesels on sections that are not electrified and as an electric ones on electrified lines.
3. A transformer in the electric locomotive converts current and reduces it to low voltage. Electric locomotives are the cheapest to run and provide less noise and no local air pollution. However, they require high capital investments both for the catenary and the supporting infrastructure. Thus, electric traction is justified on lines with dense traffic and for high-speed rail. There are many reasons why the motive power for trains has been traditionally isolated in a locomotive, rather than in self-propelled vehicles.
4. If the locomotive breaks down it is easy to replace it with another one. Failure of the motive power unit does not require taking the entire train out of service. Separate locomotives enable costly motive power assets to be moved around if needed. Large locomotives can substitute small locomotives where more power is required. Separating the power unit from payload-hauling cars enables one to be replaced without affecting the other.
B+ diesel
[7.5.21.]
ВВОД
Напишите перевод выделенного слова.
1. A locomotive is any type of self-propelled vehicle used by railways to pull or push other types of rolling stock and is not designated for carrying passengers or freight. Locomotives may generate their power from fuel or they take power from an outside source of electricity. Locomotives are usually classified according to their source of energy. The common ones include: steam locomotives, diesel locomotives, electric locomotives and hybrid locomotives.
2. Steam locomotives played a key role in the development of railways. Among important locomotives designed in the 20th century are the electric locomotive, which picks up electrical power from an overhead wire or a third rail laid beside the track, and the diesel-electric locomotive. Diesel locomotives use a diesel engine as the prime mover. Electro-diesel locomotives are built to run as diesels on sections that are not electrified and as an electric ones on electrified lines.
3. A transformer in the electric locomotive converts current and reduces it to low voltage. Electric locomotives are the cheapest to run and provide less noise and no local air pollution. However, they require high capital investments both for the catenary and the supporting infrastructure. Thus, electric traction is justified on lines with dense traffic and for high-speed rail. There are many reasons why the motive power for trains has been traditionally isolated in a locomotive, rather than in self-propelled vehicles.
4. If the locomotive breaks down it is easy to replace it with another one. Failure of the motive power unit does not require taking the entire train out of service. Separate locomotives enable costly motive power assets to be moved around if needed. Large locomotives can substitute small locomotives where more power is required. Separating the power unit from payload-hauling cars enables one to be replaced without affecting the other.
В+ напряжение
[7.5.22.]
ВВОД
Напишите глагол, от которого образовано выделенное слово.
1. A locomotive is any type of self-propelled vehicle used by railways to pull or push other types of rolling stock and is not designated for carrying passengers or freight. Locomotives may generate their power from fuel or they take power from an outside source of electricity. Locomotives are usually classified according to their source of energy. The common ones include: steam locomotives, diesel locomotives, electric locomotives and hybrid locomotives.
2. Steam locomotives played a key role in the development of railways. Among important locomotives designed in the 20th century are the electric locomotive, which picks up electrical power from an overhead wire or a third rail laid beside the track, and the diesel-electric locomotive. Diesel locomotives use a diesel engine as the prime mover. Electro-diesel locomotives are built to run as diesels on sections that are not electrified and as an electric ones on electrified lines.
3. A transformer in the electric locomotive converts current and reduces it to low voltage. Electric locomotives are the cheapest to run and provide less noise and no local air pollution. However, they require high capital investments both for the catenary and the supporting infrastructure. Thus, electric traction is justified on lines with dense traffic and for high-speed rail. There are many reasons why the motive power for trains has been traditionally isolated in a locomotive, rather than in self-propelled vehicles.
4. If the locomotive breaks down it is easy to replace it with another one. Failure of the motive power unit does not require taking the entire train out of service. Separate locomotives enable costly motive power assets to be moved around if needed. Large locomotives can substitute small locomotives where more power is required. Separating the power unit from payload-hauling cars enables one to be replaced without affecting the other.
В+ fail
[7.5.23.]
ВВОД
Найдите и выпишите сказуемое из выделенного предложения.
1. A locomotive is any type of self-propelled vehicle used by railways to pull or push other types of rolling stock and is not designated for carrying passengers or freight. Locomotives may generate their power from fuel or they take power from an outside source of electricity. Locomotives are usually classified according to their source of energy. The common ones include: steam locomotives, diesel locomotives, electric locomotives and hybrid locomotives.
2. Steam locomotives played a key role in the development of railways. Among important locomotives designed in the 20th century are the electric locomotive, which picks up electrical power from an overhead wire or a third rail laid beside the track, and the diesel-electric locomotive. Diesel locomotives use a diesel engine as the prime mover. Electro-diesel locomotives are built to run as diesels on sections that are not electrified and as an electric ones on electrified lines.
3. A transformer in the electric locomotive converts current and reduces it to low voltage. Electric locomotives are the cheapest to run and provide less noise and no local air pollution. However, they require high capital investments both for the catenary and the supporting infrastructure. Thus, electric traction is justified on lines with dense traffic and for high-speed rail. There are many reasons why the motive power for trains has been traditionally isolated in a locomotive, rather than in self-propelled vehicles.
4. If the locomotive breaks down it is easy to replace it with another one. Failure of the motive power unit does not require taking the entire train out of service. Separate locomotives enable costly motive power assets to be moved around if needed. Large locomotives can substitute small locomotives where more power is required. Separating the power unit from payload-hauling cars enables one to be replaced without affecting the other.
В+ enables
[7.5.24.]
ВВОД
При помощи суффикса образуйте от выделенного глагола существительное так, чтобы на русском языке оно имело значение «выработка».
1. A locomotive is any type of self-propelled vehicle used by railways to pull or push other types of rolling stock and is not designated for carrying passengers or freight. Locomotives may