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(Greene)
§ 6. Object clauses perform the function of an object to the predicate-verb of the principal clause.
I don’t know what you are talking about. (Gow and D’Ussean)
An object clause may also refer to a non-finite form of the verb, to an adjective, or to a word belonging to the part of speech expressing state.
I formed the habit of calling in on him in the evening to discuss what I had
heard. (Leacock)
I ventured on asking why he was in such a hurry to get back to town.
(Collins)
Mr. Bruff folded up the will, and then looked my way apparently wondering
whether I did or did not mean to leave him alone with my aunt. (Collins)
Soames averted his eyes and became conscious that Winifred and he were
alone. (Galsworthy)
They were not sure what the morrow would bring forth. (Dreiser)
The poor girl is anxious that you should be at her wedding. (Trollope)
She was aware that someone else was there. (Eliot)
Object clauses are connected with the principal clause in the following ways:
(a) by means of the conjunctions that, if, whether.
You know quite well, Ariadne, that I have not an ounce of pettishness in my
disposition. (Shaw)
Jane... wondered if Brian and Margaret were really suited for one another.
(Lindsay)
Time will show whether I am right or wrong. (Collins)
(b) by means of the connectives who, which, what, whatever, whoever, whichever (conjunctive pronouns); where, when, how, why (conjunctive adverbs).
I’ll do just what I say. (Dreiser)
I half rose, and advanced my head to see how she was occupied. (Ch. Bronte)
He wondered why he should look back... (Wilson)
I don’t know where he developed his prose style, probably in the best of
schools, the open air. (Nichols)
(c) asyndetically.
He said there was nothing much the matter with me. (Maxwell)
An object clause may be introduced by a preposition.
I am always ready to listen to whatever you may wish to disclose. (Eliot)
I found it hard to keep my mind on what the colonel was saying. (Greene)
An object clause is sometimes preceded by the introductory object it.
I insist upon it that you tell me what you mean. (Trollope)
As a rule object clauses are not separated by a comma from the principal clause. A comma may or may not be used if the object clause precedes the principal clause.
What I used not to like, I long for now. (Eliot)
What happened then I do not know. (Conan Doyle)
If we have two or more homogeneous object clauses they are separated from each other by a comma.
I can’t tell you what tricks they performed, or how they did it. (Collins)
N o t e. — A sentence containing direct speech consists of two independent,
clauses.
“I don’t deserve to be mocked at,” she said in a stifled voice. (Lindsay)
“Well,” I thought, “at any rate, judging by the smell, the food must be good.”
(Mansfield)
§ 7. Attributive clauses serve as an attribute to a noun (pronoun) in the principal clause. This noun or pronoun is called the antecedent of the clause. According to their meaning and the way they are connected with the principal clause attributive clauses are divided into relative and appositive ones.
Attributive relative clauses qualify the antecedent, whereas attributive appositive clauses disclose its meaning.
The facts those men were so eager to know had been visible, tangible, open to
the senses. (Conrad) (ATTRIBUTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSE)
The fortunate fact that the rector’s letter did not require an immediate answer
would give him time to consider. (Hardy) (ATTRIBUTIVE APPOSITIVE
CLAUSE)
Attributive relative clauses are joined to the principal clause syndetically — by means of connectives, and asyndetically; attributive appositive clauses only syndetically — by means of conjunctions.
§ 8. Attributive relative clauses can be restrictive and non-restrictive or descriptive.
1. An attributive relative restrictive clause restricts the meaning of the antecedent. It cannot be removed without destroying the meaning of the sentence. It is not separated by a comma, from the principal clause because of its close connection with it. Attributive relative restrictive clauses are introduced by:
(a) relative pronouns (who, whose, which, that, as1 );
(b) relative adverbs (where, when);
(c) asyndetically.
1 As introduces attributive clauses when the demonstrative pronoun such is used in the principal clause.
You could not but feel sympathy for a man who took so much delight in
simple things. (Maugham)
...but there is no private life which has not been determined by a wider, public
life. (Eliot)
All that could be done had been done. (Dreiser)
He sang a loud song... such a song as the Spanish wagoneers sing in Algeria.
(Hichens)
And he is now come to that stage of life when a man like him should enter
into public affairs. (Eliot)
They spoke no more all the way back to the lodging where Fanny and her
uncle lived. (Dickens)
There was simply nothing else he could do. (Coppard)
I think my father is the best man I have ever known. (Shaw)
2. An attributive relative non-restrictive clause does not restrict the meaning of the antecedent; it gives some additional information about it. It can be left out without destroying the meaning of the sentence. As the connection between the principal clause and the attributive non-restrictive clause is loose, they are often separated by a comma.
Attributive relative non-restrictive clauses are in most cases introduced syndetically by means of:
(a) relative pronouns (who, which);
(b) relative adverbs (where, when).
Mr. Prusty, who kept no assistant, slowly got off his stool. (Cronin)
She uttered a wild scream, which in its heart-rending intensity seemed to echo
for miles. (Hardy)
He went in alone to the dining-room where the table was laid for one.
(Cronin)
The relative pronoun that is hardly ever used to introduce an attributive relative non-restrictive clause.
He had emotion, fire, longings, that were concealed behind a wall of reserve.
(Dreiser)
A variant of the attributive non-restrictive clause is the continuative clause, whose antecedent is not one word but a whole clause. Continuative clauses are always separated from the principal clause by a comma.
A continuative clause is introduced by the relative pronoun which, rendered in Russian by the pronoun что.
Mr. Manston was not indoors, which was a relief to her. (Hardy)
But to-day... he had slept only in snatches, which was worse than not sleeping
at all. (Cronin)
For this purpose they probably lowered the bridge, which can be done quite
noiselessly. (Conan Doyle)
N o t e. — The connection between the attributive continuative clause and the
principal clause is so loose that it is doubtful whether we have here a
subordinate or a coordinate clause; it may be considered a borderline case
between subordination and coordination.
§ 9. Attributive appositive clauses.
Attributive appositive clauses disclose the meaning of the antecedent, which is expressed by an abstract noun. An attributive appositive clause is not separated from the principal clause by a comma.
Appositive clauses are chiefly introduced by the conjunction that, occasionally by the conjunction whether or by the adverbs how and why. They are not joined to the principal clause asyndetically.
He stopped in the hope that she would speak. (Dickens)
And then she had a nightmare conviction that she’d lost her sense of direction
and was going the wrong way.
(Lindsay)
I have a presentiment that he is bringing trouble and misery with him into the
house. (Collins)
With his former doubt whether this dry hard personage were quite in earnest,
Clennam again turned his eyes attentively upon his face. (Dickens)
There was no reason why she should not read it (the book). (Hichens)
Thus to Cytherea and Owen Gray the question how their lives would end
seemed the deepest of possible enigmas. (Hardy)
§ 10. The use of relative pronouns in attributive relative clauses.
As has already been stated, attributive relative clauses are introduced by the following relative pronouns: who, which, that, as. In using these pronouns the following rules should be observed:
1. If the antecedent is a noun denoting a living being, who is mostly used.
Kate turned to the general, who was near her, his face expressionless, yet
alert. (Lawrence)
2. If the antecedent is a noun denoting an inanimate object, wwhich is mostly used.
In this room, which was never used, a light was burning. (Dickens)
The castle, which stood on the highest platform of the clustered hills, was
built of rough-hewn limestone. (Eliot)
3. The pronoun that may be used both when the antecedent is a noun denoting a living being and when it is a noun denoting an inanimate object. But it should be noted that the use of this pronoun in attributive clauses is limited; it is chiefly used in the following cases:
(a) if the antecedent is the pronoun all, everything or nothing.
All that she dreams comes true. (Dickens)
In a word, everything that goes to make life precious, that boy had. (Twain)
(b) if the antecedent is modified by an adjective in the superlative degree, by the adjective only, or by the indefinite pronoun any.
The door opened, and there entered to us, quietly, the most remarkable-l
ooking man that I had ever seen. (Collins)
The Moonstone was the only object that interested him in the smallest degree.
(Collins)
Any evil that people say of him is false. (Eliot)
N o t e. — In these cases (a, b) the attributive clause may be connected with
the principal clause asyndetically.
Time is all I want. (Dreiser)
Everything I could do to free myself came into my mind... (Eliot)
It was the worst Sunday he had spent in his life. (Dreiser)
I think she is the only really happy woman I have ever met with. (Collins)
4. If the antecedent is a noun modified by the demonstrative pronoun such the relative pronoun as is used.
For on the evening appointed for the Vauxhall party ... there came on such a
thunderstorm as only happens on Vauxhall nights, and as obliged the young
people, perforce, to remain at home. (Thackeray)
§11. Adverbial clauses.
An adverbial clause performs the function of an adverbial modifier. It can modify a verb, an adjective or an adverb in the principal clause.
He stopped as Kravat came rushing out. (Heym)
He was getting on better than he’d expected. (Lindsay)
Frank... returned to the auction room as fast as his legs would carry him.
(Dreiser)
According to their meaning we distinguish the following kinds of adverbial clauses: adverbial clauses of time, place, cause (reason), purpose, condition, concession, result, manner, and comparison.
Adverbial clauses are joined to the principal clause by means of subordinating conjunctions; they are not joined to the principal clause asyndetically except sometimes adverbial clauses of condition.
An adverbial clause may precede the clause to which it is subordinated or follow it. In the first case it is separated from the principal clause by a comma, in the second, as a rule, no comma is used. An adverbial clause may also interrupt the principal clause, in which case a comma is used at the beginning and at the end of it.
When things are at the worst, they’re sure to mend. (Collins)
He was sipping the whisky and soda when she returned. (Cronin)
The first words, when we had taken our seats, were spoken by my lady.
(Collins)
If we have two or more homogeneous adverbial clauses they are separated from each other by a comma.
He (Oliver) was still the same gentle, attached, affectionate creature that he
had teen when pain and suffering had wasted his strength, and when he was
dependent for every slight attention and comfort on those who tended him.
(Dickens)
§ 12. Adverbial clauses of time.
An adverbial clause of time shows the time of the action expressed in the principal clause. Adverbial clauses of time are introduced by the following conjunctions: when, while, whenever (когда бы ни), as, till, until, as soon as, as long as, since, after, before, now that (теперь, когда).
My mother died when I was eight years old... (Eliot)
...we must strike while the iron’s hot. (Galsworthy)
I shall hope to visit you whenever I happen to be in London. (Collins)
There was still a gleam of sunset in the west as he strolled along. (Cronin)
Jan waved till the taxi disappeared round the bend in the road. (Cusack)
After this, they conversed on different subjects until they arrived at their
journey’s end. (Dickens)
But as soon as I saw Susan I stopped noticing my surroundings. (Braine)
You can stay here as long as you want. (Hemingway)
She (June) had given him nothing of her company for a long time past, not in
fact, since she had become engaged to Bosinney. (Galsworthy)
There was scarcely time for him to swallow a cup of tea in the refreshment
room before the southbound train was signalled. (Cronin)
This is the claim I make on you, now that we have found each other. (Eliot)
In some cases an adverbial clause of time introduced by the conjunction as has the meaning of the gradual development of a process.
As dark night drew on, the sea roughened. (Ch. Bronte)
Adverbial clauses in sentences of the following type are also clauses of time:
Scarcely had his hands touched her head, when she sighed deeply. (London)
Hardly had they entered the house, when a violent thunderstorm broke out.
No sooner had I wiped one salt drop from my cheek, than another followed.
(Ch. Bronte)
The peculiarity of such sentences is that the conjunctions when and than introducing adverbial clauses of time are correlated with the adverbs scarcely, hardly and no sooner in the principal clause.
N o t e 1. — The conjunction when introducing adverbial clauses of time
should not be confused with the adverb when introducing subject clauses,
predicative clauses, object clauses, and attributive relative clauses. Compare
the following examples:
And people love their homes, even when things are tough. (Gow and
D’Usseau) (ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF TIME)
The next thing to discover is when the paint was last seen without that smear.
(Collins) (PREDICATIVE CLAUSE)
Nothing told her when the eyes of her friend were for an instant fixed upon
her, when the mind of her friend for a moment wondered at the strange, new
look in her face. (Hichens) (OBJECT CLAUSE)
There were moments when I felt all the misery of my friendlessness, all the
peril of my dreadful responsibility. (Collins) (ATTRIBUTIVE RELATIVE
CLAUSE)
N o t e 2. — Adverbial clauses of time introduced by the subordinating
conjunction while should not be confused with independent clauses introduced
by the coordinating conjunction while.
There was a pause while he raised his cup and drank some tea. (Cronin)
§ 6. Object clauses perform the function of an object to the predicate-verb of the principal clause.
I don’t know what you are talking about. (Gow and D’Ussean)
An object clause may also refer to a non-finite form of the verb, to an adjective, or to a word belonging to the part of speech expressing state.
I formed the habit of calling in on him in the evening to discuss what I had
heard. (Leacock)
I ventured on asking why he was in such a hurry to get back to town.
(Collins)
Mr. Bruff folded up the will, and then looked my way apparently wondering
whether I did or did not mean to leave him alone with my aunt. (Collins)
Soames averted his eyes and became conscious that Winifred and he were
alone. (Galsworthy)
They were not sure what the morrow would bring forth. (Dreiser)
The poor girl is anxious that you should be at her wedding. (Trollope)
She was aware that someone else was there. (Eliot)
Object clauses are connected with the principal clause in the following ways:
(a) by means of the conjunctions that, if, whether.
You know quite well, Ariadne, that I have not an ounce of pettishness in my
disposition. (Shaw)
Jane... wondered if Brian and Margaret were really suited for one another.
(Lindsay)
Time will show whether I am right or wrong. (Collins)
(b) by means of the connectives who, which, what, whatever, whoever, whichever (conjunctive pronouns); where, when, how, why (conjunctive adverbs).
I’ll do just what I say. (Dreiser)
I half rose, and advanced my head to see how she was occupied. (Ch. Bronte)
He wondered why he should look back... (Wilson)
I don’t know where he developed his prose style, probably in the best of
schools, the open air. (Nichols)
(c) asyndetically.
He said there was nothing much the matter with me. (Maxwell)
An object clause may be introduced by a preposition.
I am always ready to listen to whatever you may wish to disclose. (Eliot)
I found it hard to keep my mind on what the colonel was saying. (Greene)
An object clause is sometimes preceded by the introductory object it.
I insist upon it that you tell me what you mean. (Trollope)
As a rule object clauses are not separated by a comma from the principal clause. A comma may or may not be used if the object clause precedes the principal clause.
What I used not to like, I long for now. (Eliot)
What happened then I do not know. (Conan Doyle)
If we have two or more homogeneous object clauses they are separated from each other by a comma.
I can’t tell you what tricks they performed, or how they did it. (Collins)
N o t e. — A sentence containing direct speech consists of two independent,
clauses.
“I don’t deserve to be mocked at,” she said in a stifled voice. (Lindsay)
“Well,” I thought, “at any rate, judging by the smell, the food must be good.”
(Mansfield)
§ 7. Attributive clauses serve as an attribute to a noun (pronoun) in the principal clause. This noun or pronoun is called the antecedent of the clause. According to their meaning and the way they are connected with the principal clause attributive clauses are divided into relative and appositive ones.
Attributive relative clauses qualify the antecedent, whereas attributive appositive clauses disclose its meaning.
The facts those men were so eager to know had been visible, tangible, open to
the senses. (Conrad) (ATTRIBUTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSE)
The fortunate fact that the rector’s letter did not require an immediate answer
would give him time to consider. (Hardy) (ATTRIBUTIVE APPOSITIVE
CLAUSE)
Attributive relative clauses are joined to the principal clause syndetically — by means of connectives, and asyndetically; attributive appositive clauses only syndetically — by means of conjunctions.
§ 8. Attributive relative clauses can be restrictive and non-restrictive or descriptive.
1. An attributive relative restrictive clause restricts the meaning of the antecedent. It cannot be removed without destroying the meaning of the sentence. It is not separated by a comma, from the principal clause because of its close connection with it. Attributive relative restrictive clauses are introduced by:
(a) relative pronouns (who, whose, which, that, as1 );
(b) relative adverbs (where, when);
(c) asyndetically.
1 As introduces attributive clauses when the demonstrative pronoun such is used in the principal clause.
You could not but feel sympathy for a man who took so much delight in
simple things. (Maugham)
...but there is no private life which has not been determined by a wider, public
life. (Eliot)
All that could be done had been done. (Dreiser)
He sang a loud song... such a song as the Spanish wagoneers sing in Algeria.
(Hichens)
And he is now come to that stage of life when a man like him should enter
into public affairs. (Eliot)
They spoke no more all the way back to the lodging where Fanny and her
uncle lived. (Dickens)
There was simply nothing else he could do. (Coppard)
I think my father is the best man I have ever known. (Shaw)
2. An attributive relative non-restrictive clause does not restrict the meaning of the antecedent; it gives some additional information about it. It can be left out without destroying the meaning of the sentence. As the connection between the principal clause and the attributive non-restrictive clause is loose, they are often separated by a comma.
Attributive relative non-restrictive clauses are in most cases introduced syndetically by means of:
(a) relative pronouns (who, which);
(b) relative adverbs (where, when).
Mr. Prusty, who kept no assistant, slowly got off his stool. (Cronin)
She uttered a wild scream, which in its heart-rending intensity seemed to echo
for miles. (Hardy)
He went in alone to the dining-room where the table was laid for one.
(Cronin)
The relative pronoun that is hardly ever used to introduce an attributive relative non-restrictive clause.
He had emotion, fire, longings, that were concealed behind a wall of reserve.
(Dreiser)
A variant of the attributive non-restrictive clause is the continuative clause, whose antecedent is not one word but a whole clause. Continuative clauses are always separated from the principal clause by a comma.
A continuative clause is introduced by the relative pronoun which, rendered in Russian by the pronoun что.
Mr. Manston was not indoors, which was a relief to her. (Hardy)
But to-day... he had slept only in snatches, which was worse than not sleeping
at all. (Cronin)
For this purpose they probably lowered the bridge, which can be done quite
noiselessly. (Conan Doyle)
N o t e. — The connection between the attributive continuative clause and the
principal clause is so loose that it is doubtful whether we have here a
subordinate or a coordinate clause; it may be considered a borderline case
between subordination and coordination.
§ 9. Attributive appositive clauses.
Attributive appositive clauses disclose the meaning of the antecedent, which is expressed by an abstract noun. An attributive appositive clause is not separated from the principal clause by a comma.
Appositive clauses are chiefly introduced by the conjunction that, occasionally by the conjunction whether or by the adverbs how and why. They are not joined to the principal clause asyndetically.
He stopped in the hope that she would speak. (Dickens)
And then she had a nightmare conviction that she’d lost her sense of direction
and was going the wrong way.
(Lindsay)
I have a presentiment that he is bringing trouble and misery with him into the
house. (Collins)
With his former doubt whether this dry hard personage were quite in earnest,
Clennam again turned his eyes attentively upon his face. (Dickens)
There was no reason why she should not read it (the book). (Hichens)
Thus to Cytherea and Owen Gray the question how their lives would end
seemed the deepest of possible enigmas. (Hardy)
§ 10. The use of relative pronouns in attributive relative clauses.
As has already been stated, attributive relative clauses are introduced by the following relative pronouns: who, which, that, as. In using these pronouns the following rules should be observed:
1. If the antecedent is a noun denoting a living being, who is mostly used.
Kate turned to the general, who was near her, his face expressionless, yet
alert. (Lawrence)
2. If the antecedent is a noun denoting an inanimate object, wwhich is mostly used.
In this room, which was never used, a light was burning. (Dickens)
The castle, which stood on the highest platform of the clustered hills, was
built of rough-hewn limestone. (Eliot)
3. The pronoun that may be used both when the antecedent is a noun denoting a living being and when it is a noun denoting an inanimate object. But it should be noted that the use of this pronoun in attributive clauses is limited; it is chiefly used in the following cases:
(a) if the antecedent is the pronoun all, everything or nothing.
All that she dreams comes true. (Dickens)
In a word, everything that goes to make life precious, that boy had. (Twain)
(b) if the antecedent is modified by an adjective in the superlative degree, by the adjective only, or by the indefinite pronoun any.
The door opened, and there entered to us, quietly, the most remarkable-l
ooking man that I had ever seen. (Collins)
The Moonstone was the only object that interested him in the smallest degree.
(Collins)
Any evil that people say of him is false. (Eliot)
N o t e. — In these cases (a, b) the attributive clause may be connected with
the principal clause asyndetically.
Time is all I want. (Dreiser)
Everything I could do to free myself came into my mind... (Eliot)
It was the worst Sunday he had spent in his life. (Dreiser)
I think she is the only really happy woman I have ever met with. (Collins)
4. If the antecedent is a noun modified by the demonstrative pronoun such the relative pronoun as is used.
For on the evening appointed for the Vauxhall party ... there came on such a
thunderstorm as only happens on Vauxhall nights, and as obliged the young
people, perforce, to remain at home. (Thackeray)
§11. Adverbial clauses.
An adverbial clause performs the function of an adverbial modifier. It can modify a verb, an adjective or an adverb in the principal clause.
He stopped as Kravat came rushing out. (Heym)
He was getting on better than he’d expected. (Lindsay)
Frank... returned to the auction room as fast as his legs would carry him.
(Dreiser)
According to their meaning we distinguish the following kinds of adverbial clauses: adverbial clauses of time, place, cause (reason), purpose, condition, concession, result, manner, and comparison.
Adverbial clauses are joined to the principal clause by means of subordinating conjunctions; they are not joined to the principal clause asyndetically except sometimes adverbial clauses of condition.
An adverbial clause may precede the clause to which it is subordinated or follow it. In the first case it is separated from the principal clause by a comma, in the second, as a rule, no comma is used. An adverbial clause may also interrupt the principal clause, in which case a comma is used at the beginning and at the end of it.
When things are at the worst, they’re sure to mend. (Collins)
He was sipping the whisky and soda when she returned. (Cronin)
The first words, when we had taken our seats, were spoken by my lady.
(Collins)
If we have two or more homogeneous adverbial clauses they are separated from each other by a comma.
He (Oliver) was still the same gentle, attached, affectionate creature that he
had teen when pain and suffering had wasted his strength, and when he was
dependent for every slight attention and comfort on those who tended him.
(Dickens)
§ 12. Adverbial clauses of time.
An adverbial clause of time shows the time of the action expressed in the principal clause. Adverbial clauses of time are introduced by the following conjunctions: when, while, whenever (когда бы ни), as, till, until, as soon as, as long as, since, after, before, now that (теперь, когда).
My mother died when I was eight years old... (Eliot)
...we must strike while the iron’s hot. (Galsworthy)
I shall hope to visit you whenever I happen to be in London. (Collins)
There was still a gleam of sunset in the west as he strolled along. (Cronin)
Jan waved till the taxi disappeared round the bend in the road. (Cusack)
After this, they conversed on different subjects until they arrived at their
journey’s end. (Dickens)
But as soon as I saw Susan I stopped noticing my surroundings. (Braine)
You can stay here as long as you want. (Hemingway)
She (June) had given him nothing of her company for a long time past, not in
fact, since she had become engaged to Bosinney. (Galsworthy)
There was scarcely time for him to swallow a cup of tea in the refreshment
room before the southbound train was signalled. (Cronin)
This is the claim I make on you, now that we have found each other. (Eliot)
In some cases an adverbial clause of time introduced by the conjunction as has the meaning of the gradual development of a process.
As dark night drew on, the sea roughened. (Ch. Bronte)
Adverbial clauses in sentences of the following type are also clauses of time:
Scarcely had his hands touched her head, when she sighed deeply. (London)
Hardly had they entered the house, when a violent thunderstorm broke out.
No sooner had I wiped one salt drop from my cheek, than another followed.
(Ch. Bronte)
The peculiarity of such sentences is that the conjunctions when and than introducing adverbial clauses of time are correlated with the adverbs scarcely, hardly and no sooner in the principal clause.
N o t e 1. — The conjunction when introducing adverbial clauses of time
should not be confused with the adverb when introducing subject clauses,
predicative clauses, object clauses, and attributive relative clauses. Compare
the following examples:
And people love their homes, even when things are tough. (Gow and
D’Usseau) (ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF TIME)
The next thing to discover is when the paint was last seen without that smear.
(Collins) (PREDICATIVE CLAUSE)
Nothing told her when the eyes of her friend were for an instant fixed upon
her, when the mind of her friend for a moment wondered at the strange, new
look in her face. (Hichens) (OBJECT CLAUSE)
There were moments when I felt all the misery of my friendlessness, all the
peril of my dreadful responsibility. (Collins) (ATTRIBUTIVE RELATIVE
CLAUSE)
N o t e 2. — Adverbial clauses of time introduced by the subordinating
conjunction while should not be confused with independent clauses introduced
by the coordinating conjunction while.
There was a pause while he raised his cup and drank some tea. (Cronin)