Файл: Учебнометодическое пособие по английскому языку Медицинская терминология на английском языке для педиатров. Н. Новгород Издво Нижегородской государственной медицинской академии, 2016. 111 с.docx

5. Find the sentences with APC in the text. Analyze them and translate them into Russian according to the rules of APC translation.
Lesson 5

Progress Test

1. Functional gastrointestinal disorders …….

1. 
   occur in children more often than in adults
   
2. 
   occur only in children and adults who don’t have a healthy diet
   
3. 
   occur in children at a rate similar to adults
   
4. 
   in children and in adults occur very seldom
   
5. 
   occur in adults more often than in children
   

2. Впредложении «Children with reflux can often aspirate the refluxed stomach contents, causing cough and pneumonia» есть ……..

1. 
   самостоятельный причастный оборот
   
2. 
   простой причастный оборот
   
3. 
   придаточное определительное предложение
   
4. 
   сложное дополнение
   
5. 
   герундий
   

3. Впредложении « Prompt identification with an ultrasound or a CT scan and surgical correction are necessary to avoid long-term complications, a ruptured appendix or an abscess being among them» есть ……. .

1. 
   самостоятельный причастный оборот
   
2. 
   простой причастный оборот
   
3. 
   придаточное определительное предложение
   
4. 
   сложное дополнение
   
5. 
   время Present Continuous
   

4. Constipation is ……. .

1. 
   the lack of water in the organism
   
2. 
   a state of the bowels in which the evacuations are infrequent and difficult
   
3. 
   the abdominal pain
   
4. 
   the inflammation of the appendix
   
5. 
   a condition in which the sufferer has frequent bowel movements and watery stools
   

5. Gastroenteritis is …… .

1. 
   a symptom, not a disease
   
2. 
   the inflammation of the mucous membranes of the stomach and intestine caused by an infection
   
3. 
   the excessive amount of gases in the intestines
   
4. 
   the pain around the belly button, which then moves to the right lower quadrant of the abdomen
   
5. 
   an anatomical abnormality
   

6. ….. is a chronic symptom of mucosal damage caused by stomach acid coming up from the stomach into the esophagus.

1. 
   diarrhea
   
2. 
   bloating
   
3. 
   esophageal reflux
   
4. 
   gastroenteritis
   
5. 
   appendicitis
   

7. Functional gastrointestinal conditions often present with …… .

1. 
   unexplained abdominal pain
   
2. 
   bloating
   
3. 
   nausea and vomiting
   
4. 
   passage of gas and belching
   
5. 
   all the conditions above
   

8. …… can help maintain bowel regularity in children.

1. 
   diet modification
   
2. 
   over-the-counter laxatives
   
3. 
   bulk-forming agents
   
4. 
   diet modification, over-the-counter laxatives and bulk-forming agents
   
5. 
   anti-reflux medicines
   

9. Treatment of children with reflux includes …… .

1. 
   anti-reflux medicines
   
2. 
   special diet
   
3. 
   tube feeding
   
4. 
   surgery
   
5. 
   all the statements above
   

10. A long-term complication of appendicitis is ….. .

1. 
   pain around the belly button
   
2. 
   a ruptured appendix or an abscess
   
3. 
   fever
   
4. 
   vomiting
   
5. 
   loss of appetite
   

Lesson 5

Common Pediatric Cardiovascular Disorders

Vocabulary

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Cardiovascular [ˌkɑːdɪəu'væskjulə] – сердечно-сосудистый

Disturbance [dɪ'stɜːb(ə)n(t)s] – нарушение

Newborn [ˈnju:bɔ:n] – новорожденный

Related [rɪˈleɪt] – иметь отношение

Primarily [ˈpraɪmərɪlɪ] – прежде всего, главным образом, в первую очередь

Congenital [kənˈdʒenɪtl] – врожденный

Malformation [ˈmælfɔ:ˈmeɪʃən] – дефект, порок

Obvious [ˈɔbvɪəs] – очевидный, явный

Incompatible [ˌɪnkəmˈpætəbl] – несовместимый

Chromosome [ˈkrəʊməsəʊm] – хромосома

Lesion [ˈli:ʒən] – повреждение, поражение

Murmur [ˈmə:mə] – шум

Stethoscope [ˈsteθəskəup] – стетоскоп

Ventricle [ˈventrɪkl] – желудочек

Ventricular [ven'trɪkjələ] – желудочковый, вентрикулярный

Septal – септальный, имеющий отношение к перегородке

Chamber ['ʧeɪmbə] – полость, камера

Echocardiography [ˌekəukɑ:dɪˈɔɡrəfɪ]] – эхокардиография

Life-threatening ['θret(ə)nɪŋ] – угрожающий жизни

Ductus arteriosus – артериальный проток

Artery [ˈɑ:tərɪ] – артерия

Descending [dɪ'sendɪŋ] – спускающийся, убывающий

Aorta [eɪ'ɔːtə] – аорта

Congestion [kənˈdʒestʃən] – скопление, перегрузка, затор

Atherosclerosis [ˌæθərəusklə'rəusɪs] – атеросклероз

Cholesterol [kə'lest(ə)rɔl] – холестерин

Plaque [plɑ:k] – бляшка, атеросклеротическое повреждение тканей

Obesity [əuˈbi:sɪtɪ] – ожирение, тучность

Diabetes [ˌdaɪəˈbi:ti:z] – диабет

Hypertension [ˈhaɪpə:ˈtenʃən] – гипертония, повышенное кровяное давление

Arrhythmia [ə'rɪðmɪə] – аритмия

Tachycardia [ˌtækɪ'kɑːdɪə] – тахикардия, учащенное сердцебиение

Bradycardia [ˌbrædɪˈkɑ:dɪə] – брадикардия, замедленное сердцебиение

Fatigue [fəˈti:ɡ] – усталость, утомляемость

Hypertension [ˈhaɪpə:ˈtenʃən] – гипертония

Polycythaemia [ˈpɔlɪsaɪˈθ i:mɪə] – эритроцитоз

Excess [ɪk'ses] – избыточный

Clot [klɔt] – сгусток, тромб

Stroke [strəuk] – инсульт

Kidney [ˈkɪdnɪ] – почка

Supplemental [ˌsʌplɪˈmentl] – дополнительный

Phlebotomy [flɪˈbɔtəmɪ] – флеботомия, удаление вен(ы)

Whooshing [ˈwuʃɪŋ] – свистящий

Valve [vælv] – клапан

Harmless [ˈhɑ:mlɪs] – безопасный, безвредный

Anemia [ə'niːmɪə] – анемия, малокровие

Innocent [ˈɪnəsənt] – здесь: младенческий

To resolve [rɪ'zɔlv] – решать, разрешать

Pericarditis [ˌperɪkɑː'daɪtɪs] – перикардит

Pericardium [ˌperɪˈkɑ:djəm] – перикард(ий), околосердечная сумка — наружная соединительнотканная оболочка сердца

Sac [sæk] – мешочек

Connective [kəˈnektɪv] tissue [ˈtɪʃu:] – соединительная ткань

Lupus [ˈlu:pəs] – волчанка

Severity [sɪˈverɪtɪ] – серьёзность

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Overall ['əuvərɔːl] – в целом, в общем

Strep throat [θrəut] – фарингит

Myocarditis [ˌmaɪəukɑ:ˈdaɪtɪs] - миокардит

Cardiovascular disturbances in the newborn are known to relate primarily to congenital malformations that affect about seven out of every 1,000 infants. They vary from those that are incompatible with life to those that cause no illness and require no treatment. Sometimes the cause is obvious because of an association with a chromosomal disorder (e.g., Down's or Turner's syndrome); in a few the cause is maternal rubella infection. The lesions arise early in fetal development, and the result is usually either an obstruction of normal blood flow or an abnormal communication between different parts of the heart (congenital heart disease) or the circulation.

When the structural abnormality causes severe disturbance, heart failure results. The baby with a heart disease often doesn`t gain weight properly and may present such symptoms as a blue complexion (cyanosis), breathlessness, or feeding difficulties. Most congenital heart defects are associated with heart murmurs that can be heard with a stethoscope. The most common congenital lesion is a ventricular septal defect, which is a hole between the two lower chambers of the heart (the left and right ventricles). Many of these close spontaneously without treatment.

Diagnosis of an infant with suspected congenital heart disease has been made more accurate and easier with the development of echocardiography. Most of the disorders that cause illness can be corrected by surgery, unless the defect is immediately life-threatening.

  A specific cardiovascular problem is patent (open) ductus arteriosus, which is the persistence of an essential feature of fetal circulation. The ductus arteriosus is a fetal blood vessel that connects the descending aorta and the pulmonary artery. It shunts blood from the lungs (which are nonfunctional in the fetus), channeling it toward the placenta (where oxygenation takes place).

Normally, the ductus closes shortly after birth. When it remains patent (open) after birth, it functions as a shunt in the opposite direction, diverting blood from the aorta to the lungs. Thus, too much blood is delivered to the lungs, and the subsequent pulmonary congestion causes breathing difficulties. Drugs can be given to encourage the ductus to close. If drug treatment proves to be ineffective, the ductus may be closed surgically.

Atherosclerosis is the term used to describe the build-up of fat and cholesterol-filled plaques inside the arteries. Typically, it takes many years for atherosclerosis to develop, so it’s unusual for children or teenagers to suffer from it. However, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and other health issues are proved to put children today at higher risk than they used to be. Treatment typically involves lifestyle changes like increased exercise and dietary modifications.

An arrhythmia is an abnormal rhythm of the heart, which can cause the heart to pump less efficiently. Many different types of arrhythmias may occur in children, including: a fast heart rate (tachycardia), a slow heart rate (bradycardia) and others. Symptoms may include: weakness, fatigue, dizziness, fainting, difficulty of feeding. Treatments depend on the type of arrhythmia and how it’s affecting the child’s health.

A heart murmur is a “whooshing” sound made by blood circulating through the heart’s chambers or valves, or through blood vessels near the heart. Sometimes it’s harmless, but other times it may signal an underlying cardiovascular problem. Heart murmurs may be caused by congenital heart defects, fever, or anemia. If a doctor hears a heart murmur in a child, typically they’ll perform additional tests to be sure the heart is healthy. “Innocent” heart murmurs usually resolve by themselves, but others may require additional treatment.

Pericarditis occurs when the pericardium (the thin sac or membrane that surrounds the heart) becomes inflamed or infected. The amount of fluid between its two layers increases, impairing the heart’s ability to pump blood like it should. Pericarditis may occur after surgery to repair a congenital heart defect, or may be caused by infections, chest traumas, or connective tissue disorders like lupus. Treatments depend on the severity of the disease, the child’s age, and their overall health.

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The streptococcus bacteria that cause strep throat and scarlet fever can also cause rheumatic heart disease. This disease can seriously and permanently damage the heart muscle (myocarditis) and the heart valves. Most of the time, rheumatic fever occurs in children ages (5 to 15), but usually the symptoms of rheumatic heart disease don’t show up for 10 to 20 years after the original illness. This disease can be prevented by promptly treating strep throat with antibiotics.

Viral infections of the heart are rare and may show few symptoms. Viruses, in addition to causing respiratory illness or the flu, can also affect heart health. Viral infections can cause heart muscle inflammation (myocarditis), which may affect the heart’s ability to pump blood throughout the body. When symptoms do appear, they’re similar to flu-like symptoms, including fatigue, shortness of breath, and chest discomfort. Treatment involves medications and treatments for the symptoms of myocarditis.

Exercises

1. 
   Answer the questions:
   

1. 
   When do the first heart lesions begin to arise?
   
2. 
   What is congenital heart disease?
   
3. 
   When does the doctor usually suspect a heart problem in a baby?
   
4. 
   What is ventricular septal defect?
   
5. 
   How does the child’s blood circulate in case of patent (open) ductus arteriosus? How is this disease treated?
   
6. 
   What is atherosclerosis? How is it treated?
   
7. 
   What are the types and treatment of arrhythmia?
   
8. 
   What is a heart murmur? What causes may it have?
   
9. 
   What are the clinical picture and the causes of pericarditis?
   
10. 
    What heart diseases can be caused by bacteria and viruses? How are they treated?
    

2. 
   Insert a missed word (phrase):
   

1. 
   ……. disturbances vary from those that are ……. with life to those that cause no illness and require no treatment.
   
2. 
   When the structural abnormality causes severe disturbance, ……. ……. results.
   
3. 
   Most ……. heart defects are associated with heart ……. that can be heard with a ……. .
   
4. 
   The most common congenital ……. is a ……. ……. defect, which is a hole between the two lower ……. of the heart (the left and right …….).
   
5. 
   Diagnosis of an infant with suspected ……. ……. disease has been made more accurate and easier with the development of ……. .
   
6. 
   The ……. ……. is a fetal blood vessel that connects the descending ……. and the pulmonary ……. .
   
7. 
   ……. is the term used to describe the build-up of fat and …….-filled ……. inside the ……. .
   
8. 
   An ……. is an abnormal rhythm of the heart, which can cause the heart ……. less efficiently.
   
9. 
   ……. occurs when the ……. (the thin sac or ……. that surrounds the heart) becomes inflamed or infected.
   
10. 
    Viral infections can cause heart muscle inflammation (…….), which may affect the heart’s ability to pump blood throughout the body.
    

3. 
   Match the words (phrases) with their definitions:
   

congenital heart disease heart failure cyanosis ventricular septal defect tachycardia bradycardia a heart murmur rheumatic heart disease pericarditis myocarditis

is a hole between the two lower chambers of the heart (the left and right ventricles); a blue discolouration of the skin due to the circulation of blood low in oxygen; a slow heart rate; is a “whooshing” sound made by blood circulating through the heart’s chambers or valves, or through blood vessels near the heart; an inflammatory disease that can involve the heart, joints, skin, and brain. The disease typically develops two to four weeks after a throat infection; inflammation of heart muscle; a condition when the pericardium (the thin sac or membrane that surrounds the heart) becomes inflamed or infected; a fast heart rate; an obstruction of normal blood flow or an abnormal communication between different parts of the heart; a condition when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs.

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4. 
   Build the words from the letters:
   

1) a t h r e; 2) a v l e v; 3) e l c i r n t v e; 4) r y a e r t; 5) r o t a a.

5. 
   Pay attention to the underlined sentences in the text. Define the construction and translate them into Russian.
   

Lesson 6

Progress Test

1. Cardiovascular disturbances in the newborn are known ……. primarily to congenital malformations that affect about seven out of every 1,000 infants. occur in children more often than in adults.

1. 
   relate
   
2. 
   to be related
   
3. 
   to have related
   
4. 
   to relate
   
5. 
   relating
   

2. A ……. is a hole between the two lower chambers of the heart (the left and right ventricles).

1. 
   heart murmur
   
2. 
   ventricular septal defect
   
3. 
   patent (open) ductus arteriosus
   
4. 
   rheumatic heart disease
   
5. 
   viral infection of the heart
   

3. We know ….. to occur because of a viral infection of the heart.

1. 
   cyanosis
   
2. 
   rheumatic heart disease
   
3. 
   myocarditis
   
4. 
   tachycardia
   
5. 
   bradycardia
   

4. …… is the condition when the pericardium becomes inflamed or infected.

1. 
   pericarditis
   
2. 
   arrhythmia
   
3. 
   myocarditis
   
4. 
   atherosclerosis
   
5. 
   a heart murmur
   

5. When the structural abnormality causes severe disturbance, …… results.

1. 
   congenital heart disease
   
2. 
   arrhythmia
   
3. 
   myocarditis
   
4. 
   heart failure
   
5. 
   ventricular septal defect
   

6. ….. is an obstruction of normal blood flow or an abnormal communication between different parts of the heart.

1. 
   congenital heart disease
   
2. 
   ventricular septal defect
   
3. 
   heart failure
   
4. 
   rheumatic heart disease
   
5. 
   myocarditis
   

7. The term used to describe the build-up of fat and cholesterol-filled plaques inside the arteries is ….. .

1. 
   tachycardia
   
2. 
   atherosclerosis
   
3. 
   arrhythmia
   
4. 
   a heart murmur
   
5. 
   myocarditis
   

8. ….. is an abnormal rhythm of the heart, which can cause the heart to pump less efficiently.

1. 
   myocarditis
   
2. 
   pericarditis
   
3. 
   a heart murmur
   
4. 
   cyanosis
   
5. 
   arrhythmia
   

9. A “whooshing” sound made by blood circulating through the heart’s chambers or valves, or through blood vessels near the heart is ….. .

1. 
   a heart murmur
   
2. 
   heart failure
   
3. 
   ventricular septal defect
   
4. 
   arrhythmia
   
5. 
   tachycardia
   

10. An inflammatory disease that can involve the heart, joints, skin, and brain and typically develops two to four weeks after a throat infection is ….. .

1. 
   myocarditis
   
2. 
   congenital heart disease
   
3. 
   bradycardia
   
4. 
   rheumatic heart disease
   
5. 
   heart failure
   

Lesson 6

Pediatric Dentistry

Vocabulary

to promote [prəˈməut] – поддерживать, стимулировать, способствовать

sucking [ˈsʌkɪŋ] habits [’hæbɪts] – привычки, связанные с грудным вскармливанием

neonatal [ˌniːə'neɪt(ə)l] teeth – неонатальные зубы (молочные зубы, которые прорезались у ребёнка еще до рождения)

hygiene [ˈhaɪdʒi:n] – гигиена

to erupt [ɪˈrʌpt] – здесь: прорезаться

permanent [ˈpə:mənənt] teeth – постоянные зубы

sealant ['siːlənt] – пломба

decay [dɪˈkeɪ] – гниение

regarding [rɪˈɡɑ:dɪŋ] – относительно

fluoride [ˈflʊəraɪd] – фтор

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