Файл: Учебнометодическое пособие по английскому языку Медицинская терминология на английском языке для педиатров. Н. Новгород Издво Нижегородской государственной медицинской академии, 2016. 111 с.docx

issue [ˈɪʃu:] – здесь: проблема

gauze [ɡɔ:z] – марля

to soak [səuk] – смачивать, пропитывать

to encourage [ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ] – мотивировать

to eat away – разъедать

enamel [ɪˈnæməl] – эмаль

coating [ˈkəutɪŋ] – покрытие, оболочка

to rinse away – смывать, полоскать, вымывать

mouthwash – жидкость для полоскания рта

orthodontics [ˌɔːθə(ʊ)ˈdɒntɪks] – ортодонтия (изучение, исправление и предупреждение неправильного расположения зубов)

to implement ['ɪmplɪmənt] – внедрять, реализовывать. осуществлять

to maintain [meɪnˈteɪn] – поддерживать, сохранять

asthma [ˈæsmə] – астма

hay fever – сенная лихорадка, поллиноз.

It’s never too early to promote good dental oral health. There are many different things that contribute to teeth and mouth problems later on in life. What a child eats, his mouth and sucking habits as well as genetics are all important contributors to their overall dental health.

If a baby is born with neonatal teeth, he (she) needs to be seen be the dentist as soon as possible. Such a problem will require very early dental hygiene and the teeth may need to be removed by a dentist. Neonatal teeth also refer to teeth that develop in the first month of the child’s life.
Early Teeth

Most children begin teething between 6 and 24 months old. By the time the child is 3 years old, most or all of the baby teeth will have erupted. After the child is four years old, the spaces for the permanent teeth will begin to appear in the jaw, supporting the bone structure as facial bones begin to grow.
How early should a child be seen at the dentist?

Children should make their first visit to the dentist by the age of one year old. This will establish a long-term dental hygiene and professional dental cleaning plan. Dental sealants are used to protect the teeth from decay and are necessary as soon as teeth erupt. Parents should speak with their dentist regarding fluoride treatment. Fluoride is an important in the prevention of tooth decay and other dental issues. Too much fluoride can be an issue as well. That’s why it’s important

to discuss this question with a dentist.
Brushing

The baby teeth should be cleaned as soon as they erupt. They can be cleaned using a soft gauze or washcloth after each meal. After more than one tooth erupts, a child-size toothbrush can be soaked in warm water for use in

cleaning the child’s teeth.
Once a child has the correct coordination, he or she should be encouraged to brush their teeth on their own

Toothbrushes should be replaced every two to three months. Parents should also remember to brush their child’s teeth after the child has been given medicine. Some medicines can contain acids, which can eat away tooth enamel, which serves as a protective coating for the teeth. If such medicines are not rinsed away immediately, problems with teeth can occur.

Flossing

Begin assisting children with dental flossing when two or more teeth erupt next to each other.

Once the child has the ability to floss on his or her own, usually by age 6, the child should be able to do this on their own. Parents can have their children start using mouthwash by age 7. Orthodontics is typically implemented by age 7.

One of the major goals of pediatric dentistry is to maintain disease-free gums and teeth. If children don’t have proper dental care, they’ll be of greater risk to face possible oral decay and diseases. This can cause pain and complications later on in life. In fact, a dental infectious disease is five times more common in children than asthma and seven times more common than hay fever.

Exercises

1. 
   Answer the questions:
   

1. 
   What are the important contributors to children’s overall dental health?
   
2. 
   When do most children begin teething?
   
3. 
   By what age will most or all of the baby teeth have erupted?
   
4. 
   When do the spaces for the permanent teeth begin to appear in the jaw?
   
5. 
   At what age should children make their first visit to the dentist? Why?
   
6. 
   Why is it important for parents to discuss the question of fluoride treatment with a child’s dentist?
   
7. 
   When should parents begin to clean their baby’s teeth?
   
8. 
   In what way and how often the first teeth should be cleaned?
   
9. 
   What changes in baby’s teeth cleaning should be made later?
   
10. 
    How often is it necessary to replace baby’s toothbrushes?
    
11. 
    When is it reasonable to begin dental flossing and using mouthwash?
    
12. 
    What is one of the major goals of pediatric dentistry? Why?
    

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2. 
   Insert a missed word (phrase):
   

1. 
   It’s never too early to promote good ……. ……. ……. .
   
2. 
   Babies who are born with ……. teeth are the only babies who need to see the ……. immediately.
   
3. 
   Such a problem will require very early ……. ……. and the teeth may need to ……. by a dentist.
   
4. 
   By the time the child is 3 years old, most or all of the baby teeth will have ……..
   
5. 
   ……. is an important in the prevention of tooth ……. and other dental …...
   
6. 
   They can be cleaned using a soft ……. or ……. after each meal.
   
7. 
   After more than one tooth ……., a child-size ……. can be ……. in warm water for use in cleaning the child’s teeth.
   
8. 
   Some ……. can contain ……., which can ……. ……. tooth ……., which serves as a protective ……. for the teeth.
   
9. 
   Such medicines must be ……. ……. immediately.
   
10. 
    ……. is typically ……. by age 7.
    
11. 
    One of the major goals of ……. ……. is to maintain disease-free ……. and teeth.
    
12. 
    Without proper ……. ……., children may face possible ……. ……. and diseases.
    

3. 
   Match the words (phrases) with their definitions:
   

   oral health neonatal teeth dental hygiene fluoride treatment tooth decay toothbrush tooth enamel flossing mouthwash gums

   is the delivery of fluoride to the teeth, topically or systemically, to prevent dental caries (cavities); is damage that occurs when germs (bacteria) in your mouth make acids that eat away at a tooth (also known as dental caries); is removing food and dental plaque from between teeth in areas a toothbrush is unable to reach with a help of floss; are teeth that are present above the gumline (have already erupted) at birth, or emerge (появляются) through the gingiva (десна) during the first month of life; is the thin, hard material that covers the dentin [ˈdentiːn], or main body of your teeth, and protects it from harsh (критических) temperatures and daily wear and tear (здесь: откалывание); mouth rinse or mouth bath is a liquid used to enhance oral hygiene. It is held in the mouth passively or swilled (полоскать, промывать) around the mouth; are the mucosal tissue that lies over the alveolar bone. They are also called gingiva. They surround the teeth and provide a seal around them; is keeping your teeth and mouth healthy for a lifetime; is an oral hygiene instrument used to clean the teeth and gums that consists of a head of tightly clustered bristles (щетинки, ворсинки) mounted on a handle; is the prevention and management of oral diseases through preventive, educational and treatment services.

4. 
   Build the words from the letters:
   

1) n e t d l a; 2) e n i g h e y; 3) r f u l i o e d; 4) w j a; 5) c s t h o o r t o d n i.

5. 
   Find conditional sentences in the text. Define their type and translate
   

Lesson 7

Progress Test

1. If a baby is born with ……., parents need to take him (her) to the dentist as soon as possible.

1. 
   caries
   
2. 
   allergy
   
3. 
   neonatal teeth
   
4. 
   permanent teeth
   
5. 
   rash
   

2. Предложение «If he had taken proper care of his teeth, he wouldn’t have had such serious problems now»является …….

1. 
   условным предложением 2-го типа
   
2. 
   сложноподчинённым предложением с придаточным причины
   
3. 
   условным предложением 1-го типа
   
4. 
   условным предложением смешанного типа
   
5. 
   условным предложением 3-го типа
   

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3. Предложение «If children don’t visit a dentist regularly, they’ll be of greater risk of oral decay and diseases later on in life»является …..

1. 
   условным предложением 2-го типа
   
2. 
   сложноподчинённым предложением с придаточным причины
   
3. 
   условным предложением 1-го типа
   
4. 
   условным предложением смешанного типа
   
5. 
   условным предложением 3-го типа
   

4. Begin assisting children with ……. when two or more teeth …… next to each other.

1. 
   taking care of teeth; fall
   
2. 
   dental flossing; erupt
   
3. 
   orthodontics; ache
   
4. 
   fluoride treatment; decay
   
5. 
   using mouthwash; fall
   

5. Предложение «I wouldn't go to the dentist if I didn't have such a terrible toothache»является …….

1. 
   условным предложением 2-го типа
   
2. 
   сложноподчинённым предложением с придаточным причины
   
3. 
   условным предложением 1-го типа
   
4. 
   условным предложением смешанного типа
   
5. 
   условным предложением 3-го типа
   

6. Children should make their first visit to the dentist …….

1. 
   by the age of three year old
   
2. 
   when the first teeth erupt
   
3. 
   when all teeth erupt
   
4. 
   by the age of one year old
   
5. 
   when they have a tooth decay
   

7. Neonatal teeth will require very early dental hygiene and the teeth may need …...

1. 
   to be brushed
   
2. 
   to be flossed
   
3. 
   to be treated with fluoride
   
4. 
   to be removed by a dentist
   
5. 
   to be observed
   

8. ….. is a damage that occurs when germs in your mouth make acids that eat away at a tooth.

1. 
   flossing
   
2. 
   tooth decay
   
3. 
   tooth enamel
   
4. 
   neonatal teeth
   
5. 
   eruption
   

9. ….. is a thin, hard material that covers the dentin, or main body of your teeth, and protects it from harsh temperatures and daily wear and tear.

1. 
   tooth enamel
   
2. 
   gum tissue
   
3. 
   cement
   
4. 
   root
   
5. 
   crown
   

10. One of the major goals of pediatric dentistry is ….. .

1. 
   a dental flossing
   
2. 
   to have proper dental care
   
3. 
   to maintain disease-free gums and teeth
   
4. 
   to avoid tooth decay
   
5. 
   to protect tooth enamel
   

Lesson 7

Obesity in children

Vocabulary

obesity [əuˈbi:sɪtɪ] – ожирение, тучность

overweight [əuvə'weɪt] – избыточный вес, грузный

kilojoule [ˌkɪloʊˈdʒuːl]– килоджоуль

to store [stɔ:] – запасать, сохранять

sedentary [ˈsedntərɪ] pursuit [pəˈsju:t] – занятие чем-либо в сидячем положении

pastime [ˈpɑ:staɪm] – времяпрепровождение

steroid [stəˈrɔɪd] - стероид

antidepressant [æntɪdɪˈpresnt] - антидепрессант

thyroid [ˈθaɪrɔɪd] – щитовидная железа

polycystic [ˈpɔlɪsɪstɪk] – поликистозный

ovary [ˈəʊvərɪ] – яичник, имеющий отношение к яичнику

susceptible [səˈseptəbl] – восприимчивый

to be aware of smth. – быть в курсе чего-либо, знать

to contribute [kənˈtrɪbju:t] – способствовать, вносить вклад

energy-dense – высокоэнергетический

two-income family – семья, где оба супруга зарабатывают деньги

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obvious [ˈɔbvɪəs] – очевидный, понятный

diabetes [ˌdaɪəˈbi:ti:z] – диабет

bulimia [bju:ˈlɪmɪə] – булимия, постоянный голод, поглощение большого количества пищи (как правило, после еды человек вызывает у себя рвоту, чтобы не набрать вес)

binge eating – переедание, обжорство

orthopaedic [ˌɔ:θəuˈpi:dɪk] – ортопедический

fatty liver – ожирение печени

restriction [rɪsˈtrɪkʃən] - ограничение

sleep apnoea [æpˈniːə] – временная остановка дыхания во время сна

to snore [snɔ:] – храпеть

cardiomyopathy [ˌkɑːdɪə(ʊ)maɪˈɒpəθɪ] – кардиомиопатия, заболевания миокарда, при которых сердечная мышца структурно и функционально изменена в отсутствие патологии коронарных артерий, артериальной гипертензии и поражения клапанного аппарата;

to be predisposed [ˈpri:dɪsˈpəuz] to smth. – быть предрасположенным к чему-либо

to tease [ti:z] – дразнить

peer [pɪə] – ровесник

self-esteem – самооценка

commitment [kəˈmɪtmənt] – здесь: активность, ответственность

More and more children are becoming overweight and obese. Causes of obesity in children include unhealthy food choices, lack of physical activity and family eating habits.

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Risk factors for childhood obesity

Your body stores unused energy (kilojoules) as body fat. To maintain a healthy weight, you need to use (or ‘burn’) the energy from the foods you eat. If you eat more than you use, your body will store the extra energy as fat.
Factors that may cause children to become overweight and obese include:

• 
  Food choices – these include choosing high fat and sugary foods instead of healthier options .
  
• 
  Lack of physical activity – nowadays children are less active than they were in the past.
  
• 
  Spending a lot of time on sedentary pursuits – Australian children watch, on average, around 2½ hours of television a day, as well as spending time using computers and other electronic games. These pastimes seem to replace active ones.
  
• 
  Overweight parents – a family’s eating patterns can have a major influence on whether a child maintains a healthy weight. Some overweight parents may be less concerned about their children also being overweight than parents who have a healthy weight.
  
• 
  Genetics – some rare gene disorders cause severe childhood obesity. In many other people, particular genes acting together probably make some children more susceptible to obesity. If there is a family tendency to become overweight, parents need to be even more aware of making healthy food choices for the whole family.
  
• 
  Medications – chronic common steroids, some classes of antidepressants and other drugs may also contribute (in a tiny way) to pediatric weight problems.
  
• 
  Diseases – thyroid thickness, polycystic ovary disease and other diseases are contributors to obesity as well.
  

Society has contributed to obesity

As overweight and obesity have become more common, there have been some major changes in how we live. These changes have led to people either eating more or becoming less active, all of which has contributed to an increase in overweight and obesity. For example:

• 
  The overall cost of food has gone down.
  
• 
  More food is prepared away from home.
  
• 
  Energy-dense foods and drinks are more readily available.
  
• 
  Portion sizes have increased.
  
• 
  Marketing of energy-dense foods and drinks has increased.
  
• 
  The use of cars has increased.
  
• 
  The number of two-income families has increased.
  
• 
  The time spent in paid employment has increased.
  
• 
  The role of physical education in the school curriculum has reduced.
  

Health problems associated with obesity

Most of the health problems associated with obesity will become obvious in adulthood. Early signs of these later problems are commonly found in children.
Potential health problems for obese children include:

• 
  type 2 diabetes – while this condition is most commonly seen in adults, it is now also being diagnosed in children;
  
• 
  eating disorders such as bulimia or binge eating;
  
• 
  orthopedic disorders – problems with foot structure;
  
• 
  liver problems, including fatty liver;
  
• 
  respiratory disorders, such as blocked airways and restrictions in the chest wall, which cause breathlessness during exercise;
  
• 
  sleep apnoea – this is a condition that causes difficulty with breathing when sleeping. It also causes snoring, waking often and poor sleep. It makes people feel tired and contributes to poor concentration during the day;
  
• 
  cardiomyopathy – a problem with the heart muscle, caused when extra effort is needed to pump blood.
  

Remember:

1. 
   Overweight children are very likely to become overweight adults. And overweight adults are more predisposed to oncological and other diseases.
   
2. 
   Overweight children are more likely to be teased by their peers and/ to develop low self-esteem or body image problems.
   
3. 
   Once children are overweight, it requires a lot of effort and commitment for them to return to a healthy weight.
   
4. 
   Control your child’s weight, diet and physical activity. If your child is becoming overweight, you should consult all necessary specialists as soon as possible to prevent the further development of obesity.
   

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