Файл: Unit criminal justice grammar.docx

-      предъявить обвинение в совершении преступления;

-      схема содержания под стражей в Aкте о полицейских и уголовных доказательствах.

3.7.2. Explain the meanings of the following words and expressions.

-      the forensic science;

-      criminal records;

-      Interpol;

-      the Customs Service;

-      the Fraud Squad;

-      a warrant;

-      to be brought before a court;

-     “serious arrestable”;

-      a code of practice on detention;

-      liable to disciplinary proceedings;

-      to be charged with;  the detention scheme;

-      treatment.

3.7.3. Translate any of the three parts of text 3.5. in written form.

3.7.4. Translate the micro text on detention in written form.

As a practical means of developing public confidence in the treatment of people detained by the police; the Government is encouraging the establishment of schemes in England and Wales whereby lay visitors make random checks on the treatment of persons detained in police stations and the conditions in which they are held. Lay visitor schemes have been established in the majority of Greater London boroughs and more are being set up on other parts of the country. The schemes have helped improve relations between the police and the local community, particularly in inner city areas.

A draft Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order was published by the Government in July 1988; under the Order a number of major reforms would be made to the criminal law (as distinct from the emergency legislation); to bring it broadly in line with that adopted in England and Wales by the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984.

3.7.4 (1). Commentary and Notes to text 3.7.4.

1)  the Government is encouraging the establishment of schemes – правительство поощряет установление специальных схем;

2)  lay visitors – независимые посетители;

3)  random checks – незапланированные проверки;

4)  to improve relations – наладить (улучшить) отношения;

5)  inner city areas – внутригородские районы;

6)  as distinct from the emergency legislation – как отличие от законодательства по чрезвычайным обстоятельствам.

3.8. ORAL PRACTICE

3.8.1. Answer the questions on the texts “Common Services”, “Powers of Arrest”,

“Detention, Treatment and Questioning”.

1. 
   Which common services are there in England and Wales provided by central government and by arrangements between forces?
   
2. 
   In what way is centralized police training exercised in Scotland?
   
3. 
   What is meant by certain special services held throughout Britain?
   
4. 
   How are scientific aids and a national police computer used in all areas of police work?
   
5. 
   How may arrests be made in England and Wales?
   
6. 
   May the police arrest a person without a warrant? And if yes, in what way?
   
7. 
   What is known to you about the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984?
   
8. 
   Can arrest be made without a warrant for the protection of the public?
   
9. 
   What can you say about a code of practice on detention, treatment and questioning?
   
10. 
    What rights does an arrested person have in accordance with a statute?
    
11. 
    Which actions can the police take when a person has been arrested in connection with a serious arrestable offence, but has not yet been charged (with that offence)?
    
12. 
    May questions relating to an offence normally not be put to a person after he or she has been charged with that offence?
    
13. 
    What does the detention scheme in the Police and Criminal Evidence Act provide for?
    
14. 
    In what cases must a person under the detention scheme be released immediately?
    

3.8.2. Read the text “Charging” and make comments on it.

Charging

As soon as there is sufficient evidence to charge a person, the police must decide on an appropriate method of dealing with him or her. As an alternative to charging immediately, they can, for example, decide to defer charging, to caution, to deal with the matter by summons or to take no further action and release the person with or without bail. Where an immediate charge is appropriate the person may continue to be held in custody if the name or address furnished is considered suspect, if there are grounds for believing that detention is necessary for his or her own protection, to prevent harm to people or property, or if there is a risk that the person would otherwise fail to appear in court or could interfere with the administration of justice. When no such considerations apply, the person must be released with or without bail depending on the circumstances of the case. Where a person is detained after charge, there is provision in the Act for him or her to be brought before a magistrates’ court quickly. This will usually be no later than the following day.

---

Under the Prosecution of offences Act 1985 there is provision for statutory time limits on the period from arrest to the beginning of trial in England and Wales: time limits are in force in 13 English counties and throughout Wales and are to be phased in elsewhere with the aim of their being on force throughout England by the end of 1990. The limits are 56 days from first appearance before magistrates to summary trial or 70 days to committal for trial in the Crown Court. The limit is 112 days from committal to taking of the plea in the case of the Crown Court.

3.8.2 (1). Vocabulary Notes to text 3.8.2.

1)       an appropriate method of dealing with… – соответствующий метод отношений…;

2)       to defer charging – отсрочить обвинение;

3)       to caution – сделать предупреждение;

4)       to deal with the matter by summons – начать дело посредством послания судебной повестки;

5)       to release the person with or without bail – освободить лицо на поруки;

6)       to be held in custody – находиться под стражей;

7)       to prevent harm to people… – предупреждать нанесение ущерба людям…;

8)       to tail to appear in court –  уклониться от появления в суде;

9)       the administration of justice –  отправление правосудия;

10)  the circumstances of the case –  обстоятельства дела;

11)  the Prosecution of Offences Act 1985 –  Акт 1985 г. об обвинении правонарушителей;

12)  summary trial –  процесс, осуществляемый без участия присяжных;

13)  committal for trial in the Crown Court –  передача дела на рассмотрение Суда короны;

14)  taking of the plea in the case of the Crown Court – официальное (официальное принятие) заявление подсудимого по делу в Суде короны.

3.8.3. Read the text “Grant of Bail by the Court”. 

Discuss it in the form of a dialogue, using clichés, set expressions and phrases, given below (3.8.3(2)).

Grant of Bail by the Court

It is a basic principle of the British criminal justice system that accused people should not be remanded in custody except where strictly necessary. Under the Bail Act 1976, which applies to England and Wales, the court decides whether a defendant should be released on bail pending trial. Bail may only be withheld in certain specified circumstances, for instance, if the court has substantial grounds for believing that the accused person would abscond, commit an offence, interfere with witnesses, or otherwise obstruct the course of justice if released on bail. A court may also impose conditions before granting bail. If bail is refused, the defendant may apply to a High Court judge or to the Crown Court for bail, and application can be made to the Crown Court for conditions imposed by a magistrates’ court to be varied. The majority of people remanded by magistrates are given bail. There are 265 places in 16 bail hostels for people awaiting trial in England and Wales.

3.8.3 (1). Commentary and Notes to text 3.8.3.

1)  grand of bail – ходатайство о взятии на поруки;

2)  the Bail Act 1976 – Акт о поручительству 1967 г.;

3)  to be released on bail pending trial – освобождаться под залог до судебного процесса;

4)  bail may be withheld – в даче залога может быть отказано;

5)  the court has substantial grounds for believing – суд имеет существенные основания полагать;

6)  to obstruct the course of justice – препятствовать в отправлении правосудия.

---

3.8.3 (2). Clichés, set expressions and phrases.

It is important to say that it is a basic principle… – Важно сказать, что это базовый принцип…

It is necessary to note.. –  Необходимо отметить…

This fact deals with the Act.. – Этот факт связан с Актом…

I fully agree with the statement when the court… –  Я совершенно согласен с таким положением, когда суд…

I should like to draw your attention to… –  Я хотел бы привлечь ваше внимание к…

It is considered that bail may be… –  Считается, что в даче залога…

I can’t agree with you, as the accused… –  Я не могу согласиться с вами, так как обвиняемый…

I would ascertain that the court… – Я бы констатировал, что суд…

Summing it up… –  Подводя итог…

It is possible to say that… –  Можно (правомерно) сказать, что…

3.9. DEVELOPMENT

3.9.1. Read the additional text “Police Service in Scotland” for six minutes and think over its contents. Give the annotation of it in Russian.

Police Service in Scotland

In Scotland the police may detain and question a suspected person for a period of up to six hours. Thereafter the person must either be released or charged. An arrest must be accompanied by a criminal charge. Once a person has been charged only voluntary statements will normally be allowed in evidence at the trial. The court will reject statements unless satisfied that they have been fairly obtained. Anyone arrested must be brought before a court with the least possible delay (generally not later than the first day after being taken into custody), or – in less serious cases – liberated by the police, often on a written undertaking is to attend court on a specified date. Where a prosecution on indictment is intended (that is, where an accusation of a more serious offence is to be made), the accused is brought before the sheriff to be committed, either for further examination or until liberated in due course of law. A judicial examination may take place. Eight days may elapse between commitment for further examination and commitment until liberated in due course of law. The latter – which is also described as ‘full committal – is commitment for trial. No evidence needs to be presented to the sheriff for such commitment. Anyone accused of a crime, except murder or treason, is entitled to apply for release on bail. Even in cases of murder or treason, bail may be granted at the discretion of the Lord Advocate or a quorum of the High Court. Money bail has been virtually abolished and the courts, or the Lord Advocate, may release an accused person on conditions.

Breach of any of the conditions without reasonable excuse is a separate offence. There is a right of appeal to the High Court by the accused person against the refusal of bail, or by the prosecutor against the granting of bail, or by either party against the conditions imposed. The writ of habeas corpus does not apply in Scotland but if a person is to be prosecuted on indictment and has been kept in custody pending trial, the trial must begin within 110 days of the date of full committal. The trial of a person charged with a summary offence and held in custody must begin within 40 days of the date of first appearance in court.

3.9.1 (1). Vocabulary Notes to text 3.9.1.

1)       to detain and question – задержать и допросить;

2)       voluntary statements – сознательные показания;

3)       to reject statements – отклонять показания;

4)       the least possible delay – наименьшая возможная задержка;

5)       a written undertaking to attend court – письменное обязательство явиться в суд;

6)       indictment – обвинительный акт;

---

7)       to be committed – быть вверенным попечению;

8)       further examination – дальнейшее рассмотрение дела;

9)       (in) due course of law – надлежащая правовая процедура;

10)     a judicial examination – судебное следствие;

11)     ’full committal’ – полное рассмотрение;

12)      commitment for trial – предание дела суду;

13)      accused of a crime – обвиняемый в совершении преступления;

14)      treason – измена;

15)      bail may be granted at the discretion of.. – залог может быть разрешен по усмотрению…;

16)      breach of any of the conditions – нарушение любого из условий;

17)      a right of appeal – право апелляции;

18)      prosecutor – обвинитель;

19)      to be charged with a summary offence – быть обвиненным без суда присяжных.

UNIT 4 CRIMINAL COURTS (PART I) 

4.1. GRAMMAR 

4.1.1. Look through the table, paying attention to the Absolute Participle Construction, its place and the ways of translating it.



4.1.2. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES, PAYING ATTENTION TO THE ABSO-

LUTE PARTICIPLE CONSTRUCTION.

1. 
   The weather being fine, we went for a walk.
   
2. 
   The work done, they went home.
   
3. 
   We investigated the case, with the data being collected.
   
4. 
   The play being boring, the audience left the house.
   
5. 
   The scene being horrifying, we left the place at once.
   
6. 
   The decision to prosecute being generally delegated to the Chief Crown Prosecutors, some cases are dealt with by the headquarters of the Service.
   
7. 
   The police and other law enforcement agencies investigate crimes and offences, with the procurator fiscal deciding whether or not to prosecute, subject to the directions of Crown Counsel.
   
8. 
   The day being fine, we decided to go swimming.
   

 

4.2. FIRST READING OF THE TEXT  

“CRIMINAL COURTS” (SKIMMING READING) (TEXT 4.5) 

4.2.1.      Read the text quickly and try to understand what it is about and what information is already known to you.

4.2.2.      Write down the law terms, known to you, in Russian.

4.2.3.      Write a list of international words, used in the text. Use your dictionary to check their exact meaning.

4.2.4.      Find in the text the sentence about establishing a government department in

the “Serious Fraud Office”. 

4.3. SCANNING READING 4.3.1. Read the text “Criminal Courts” again.

4.3.2.      Pick out an idea or a phrase, which you think is most informative or most interesting, from each part of text 4.5.

4.3.3.      Pick out the law terms from the text, which you do not know. Refer to a dictionary or the glossary if necessary.

4.4. VOCABULARY AND WORD STUDY 

4.4.1. READ AND MEMORIZE THE ACTIVE VOCABULARY TO THE TEXT “CRIMINAL COURTS” AND TRANSLATE THE GIVEN SENTENCES.

1. prosecution –

1) судебное преследование;

Failure to pay your taxes will make you liable to prosecution. 

2)  предъявление иска;

There have been several successful prosecutions for drug smuggling recently. 

3)  обвинение;

Mr. Smith acted as counsel for the prosecution. 

The prosecution based their case on the evidence of two witnesses.

to appear for the prosecution – выступать от лица истца или быть свидетелем обвинения.

---

1.procurator fiscal (in Scotland) – судообвинитель, судоисполнитель.

Procurator fiscal is  public official whose job is to decide whether he or she suspected of crime should be prosecuted.

2. institute – начинать, устанавливать. to institute legal proceedings against sb. 

Police have instituted inquiries into the matter.

3. warn – предупреждать, предостерегать.

They warned her that if she did it again she would be sent to prison. I had been warned what to expect.

4. brief – поручать (адвокату) ведение дела в суде. The company has briefed a top lower to defend it.

5. barrister (in English law) – адвокат, барристер.

Barrister is a lawyer who has the right to speak and argue as an advocate in higher lawcourts.

6. avoid – 1) избегать, сторониться; 2) уклоняться; 3) отменять, аннулировать. I think he is avoiding me. Try to avoid accidents.

7. breach – нарушение (закона, обязательства); breach of justice – несправедливость; breach of prison – бегство из тюрьмы; breach of privilege – нарушение  прав парламента; breach of the peace – нарушение общественного порядка. There was a breach of confidence. a breach of loyalty, trust, protocol.

There was a breach of diplomatic relations between two countries. to breach v – нарушать.

8. conspiracy (to sth / to do sth) – 1) конспирация; 2) заговор, тайный сговор; 3) тайная подпольная организация.

He was accused of conspiracy to marder. There was a conspiracy to overthrow the Government. One couldn’t breach a conspiracy of silence.

conspire – устраивать заговор, тайно замышлять, сговариваться. They conspired with others against the leader.

9. discharge – 1) зд. выполнять (обязанности).

She undertook to discharge all the responsibilities of a Minister;

2)  освобождать (заключённого). The accused man was found not guilty and discharged; 

3)  увольнять, давать расчёт. The members of the jury were discharged; 

4)  реабилитировать, восстанавливать в правах. He is a discharged bankrupt..

10. adviser ( also esp. US – advisor) n (to sb)(on sth) – советник;  He serves as special adviser to the President.

advice n – совет.

11. penalty – наказание,  взыскание, штраф.

The maximum penalty for this crime is 10 years imprisonment.

12. alleged – подозреваемый. He was an alleged culprit. allege – 1) ссылаться на оправдание, в доказательство; 2) утверждать (без основа-

ния).

The prisoner alleges that he was at home on the night of the crime. He alleged illness as the reason for his absence.

4.4.2. Commentary and Notes to text 4.5.

1) criminal proceedings – уголовное судопроизводство;

2) the Crown Prosecution Service – Служба королевского преследования;

3) public prosecutors (procurators fiscal) – государственные обвинители (судебные исполнители);

4) a Director of Public Prosecutions – директор публичных преследований;

5)  to issue cautions – вынести предупреждение

---