to inaugurate sb (as president / governor / mayor) [transitive] to introduce a new person into an important job, such as that of president, by holding a special ceremony (торжественно) вводитьвдолжность:The new President will be inaugurated in January. | In 1959 De Gaulle was inaugurated as First President of the Republic. | The new Assembly was due to be inaugurated on June 1.

inauguration [uncountable; countable] (торжественное)вступлениевдолжность, инаугурация:the inauguration of the new Governor | an inauguration ceremony | his long inauguration speech

to rig / fix / falsify [transitive] to arrange or influence something such as an election in a dishonest way in order to produce a particular result подтасовывать / фальсифицироватьрезультаты (выборов), фальсифицировать (выборы)

to rig / fix an election / a by-election / the vote / the ballot: Some international observers claim the election was rigged / fixed. | Previous elections in the country have been rigged by the ruling party. | There was no rigging of the election and no attempt by the hard-liners to reverse the results after the vote. | The senator resigned after accusations that the vote had been rigged.

to rig / fix / falsify (election) results / returns: All major opposition parties boycotted local elections because they believed that the results would be rigged. | He was accused of trying to falsify election returns.

32. 
    ballot / vote / election rigging / fixing / fraud | voter / electoral fraud [uncountable] the practice of cheating in an election by producing a false record of the number of votes подтасовка / фальсификациярезультатовголосования / выборов:Rumours of ballot-rigging discouraged many from voting. | The poll was widely discredited after allegations of ballot rigging / vote fixing. | The EU decided to tighten its sanctions against those in his government it blames for the ballot fraud. | The election results were nullified because of voter fraud. | Accusations of election fraud, from ballots cast for dead people to double-voting, are as old as democracy itself.
    
33. 
    fix [singular] a dishonest arrangement intended to produce a particular result: People think the election was a fix.
    
34. 
    threshold | hurdle | barrier [countable] the level at which something starts to happen or have an effect порог, барьер; пороговаявеличина:In a two-round poll, with a 10% threshold in the first round, a three-way contest between the Socialists, the National Front and the centre-right could end up favouring the far right. | The 5% Duma barrier was designed to weed out the just-for-fun contenders.
    

a high / low threshold / barrier (for sth)

to set a threshold (for sth) устанавливатьпорог:Another proposal would combat political fragmentation by setting a threshold of 2% of the vote for a party to win seats in Congress.

to raise / lower the threshold / barrier (for sth):To keep the opposition out of parliament, the Kremlin raised the threshold for seats to 7%, and banned small parties from forming coalitions to meet this requirement.

to reach a threshold:No other parties succeeded in reaching the 5 percent threshold required to win representation.

to cross / pass a threshold (for sth) | to clear / get over a hurdle | to overcome a hurdle / barrier

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преодолеватьбарьер: Just six of those parties managed to cross the 5 percent threshold necessary for official status in the Duma. | Without them, say Yabloko leaders, their party would have cleared the 5% hurdle.

35. 
    close | hotly contested won by only a small amount or distance: a close election / vote | A second count of votes was done because the result was very close. | Both sides expect a close vote. | The result is going to be / is too close to call. (= so close that it is impossible to know who will win) | Our candidate came a close second (= nearly won).
    

close / hotly contested election напряженные выборы; выборы, на которых разрыв между кандидатами незначительный; выборы, в которых кандидаты имеют почти равные шансы

36. 
    neck and neck (with sb) (informal) | nip and tuck (esp. AmE) (informal) if two competitors or groups are neck and neck / nip and tuck in a competition or race, they are level with each other ноздрявноздрю, вравномположении, неотставая:He and Yeltsin are neck and neck in the polls. | Du Pont and others are neck and neck with us. | Opinion polls show the two main parties are running neck and neck. | They are running neck and neck with Mrs Clinton. | In 1960 Kennedy and Nixon ran neck and neck in seventy-one of northeast Texas' seventy-two counties. | Abstention and New Labour came in almost neck and neck: 29 per cent for the former, 31 per cent for the latter. | The presidential contest is nip and tuck.
    

3. Voting

1. 
   to vote [intransitive; transitive] to show by marking a paper, raising your hand etc which person you want to elect or whether you support a particular plan голосовать:voting irregularities | to tamper with voting lists | The minimum voting age is lowered to eighteen.
   

to vote:In 1918 British women got the right to vote. | They voted by a show of hands. | All adults enjoy the right to vote in free general elections. | Participation is measured using voter turnout, or the percentage of the eligible voters who actually voted in national elections.

to vote for / in favour of // against sb / sth:They voted for of the Maastricht treaty. | The vast majority of people voted in favour of closer links with Europe. | Four years ago, when Ohio voted against incumbent Bush, the jobless rate in the state stood at 7 percent.

to vote Labour / Conservative / Tory / Liberal / Democrat(ic) / Republican / Socialist:I voted Labour at the last election. | He used to vote Conservative, but he switched to Labour in 1997. | Then they voted Democrat in 1992 and 1996. | I have voted Republican my entire life.

to vote to do sth:Congress voted to increase foreign aid by 10%. | The committee voted to approve the report.

to vote on sth:The committee voted on the proposal, and accepted it unanimously. | The people were given a chance to vote on the issue.

to vote somebody into / out of office / power / parliament | to vote sb in / out | to vote sb onto a committee / council to elect or dismiss someone by voting:The Republican Party was voted into office. | They cannot join forces to vote her out of office. | The members of the national assembly will vote in a prime minister by a simple majority. | With policies like that, he'll be voted out in the next election. | It was the younger members who voted Smith onto the committee.

to vote sth through to approve a plan, law etc by voting провести (предложение)

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путем / врезультатеголосования:The committee voted through a proposal to cut the defence budget.

to vote sb / sth down | to defeat sth to reject sb or a plan, law etc by voting провалить / отвергнуть (предложение) путем / врезультатеголосования:If he demands too much, the unions will vote him down | The Congress voted down a motion to change the union's structure.| The proposal was defeated on April 2 by 767 votes to 121.

2. 
   to go to the polls to vote in an election идтинавыборы, приниматьучастиеввыборах / голосовании, голосовать: We're trying to encourage young people to go to the polls. | Voters are due to go to the polls on Sunday to elect a new president.
   
3. 
   to poll | to take [transitive] to get a particular number or percentage of votes in an election получать / собиратьголоса:The Labour candidate polled 52% of the votes. | The winner polled over 16,000 votes. | The Labour Party took 45 per cent of the votes.
   
4. 
   to ballot (1) [transitive] to ask people to vote in order to decide an issue проводить (тайное) голосование; баллотировать; решатьвопросголосованием
   

to ballot sb (on / over sth): The union decided to ballot its members on the issue. | The union will now ballot its members on whether to go ahead with strike action.

(2) [intransitive] to vote for something голосовать

to ballot for sth: Staff balloted for strike action yesterday.

5. 
   to outvote [transitive] to defeat a person or an idea by winning more votes than them нанестипоражениепутем / врезультатеголосования, иметьперевесголосов, забаллотировать: Waddington's proposal was outvoted in the Senate. | France was outvoted on that issue. | They feared that the numerous poor might outvote the few rich.
   
6. 
   to stay away from the polls not to vote in an election не ходить на выборы, не принимать участия в голосовании, не голосовать
   
7. 
   to abstain (from sth / doing sth) / (in the vote) [intransitive] to choose not to vote for or against something in an election; to choose not to vote in an election or meeting воздержаться (приголосовании); неучаствоватьвголосовании / выборах:The leaders asked their workers to abstain from voting. | Three Conservative MPs abstained in the vote on the second reading of the Railways Bill. | But 26 million voters, or 69 % of the electorate, abstained.
   
8. 
   to turn out (for sth / to do sth) [intransitive] to go somewhere in order to be present at an event or take part in an activity приниматьучастие; являться: About 70% of the population turned out for the election. | Only 62% of the electorate turned out to vote. | The highest turnout rate in the past 60 years came in the 1960 Kennedy-Nixon race when 62.8 percent turned out.
   
9. 
   vote (1) [countable] a choice or decision that you make by voting in an election or meeting голос (навыборах): We have enough votes to carry the state. | Mr Reynolds was re-elected by 102 votes to 60. | The proposal was rejected by 19 votes to 7. | Bush initially won Florida by 2,000 votes.
   

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vote for / in favour // against (sb / sth):There were 402 votes for Mr Williams, and 372 against. | The House of Representatives approved the budget, with 52 votes in favour, 16 against and 12 abstentions.

to cast a vote (for / in favour of // against sb / sth) to mark a piece of paper to show who you are voting for подаватьголос (навыборах), голосовать (навыборах):In Britain many people cast their votes at local schools. | She cast her vote for the Communist Party.

to win / gain / get / receive / garner / take votes получатьголоса (навыборах):Harkin won 74 percent of the votes cast. | He got an overwhelming majority of the votes. | He received 52 votes while the Communist candidate got only 33 votes. | In order to win the office of President, the candidate must garner at least 270 of these votes. | The party garnered 70 percent of the vote. | The Labour Party took 45 per cent of the votes.

to lose votes потерятьголоса

to cost / lose sb votes стоитькому-л. голосовизбирателей:This policy will cost her thousands of votes. | Defence, which lost Labour so many votes in 1983 and 1987, is especially important.

the casting / deciding vote / ballot the vote given by the person in charge of an official meeting to decide an issue when votes on each side are equal решающийголос:The Chair has the casting vote in the case of a tie. | The chairman gave his casting vote in favour.| The vote was tied and a local union leader used his casting vote in favour of the return to work. | The chairperson always has the deciding vote.

to count votes считать / подсчитыватьголоса:Party members were up all night counting the votes.

count of votes подсчетголосов

recount of votes a second count of votes that happens in an election because the result was very close пересчет / повторныйподсчетголосов:Opponents demanded a manual recount. | I am still trying to get them to do the recount.

(2) [countable; usually singular] an occasion when a group of people vote in order to decide something or choose a representative голосование; баллотировка; волеизъявление: a close / lopsided / solid / unanimous vote | The result(s) of the vote will be announced tomorrow. | The mass media can influence / swing the vote (in our favour). | Both sides expect a close vote. | The Senate passed the treaty by a vote of eighty-two to one.

to have / take / hold a vote (on sth / to do sth) | to hold a ballot (of sb) проводить(тайное) голосование:We called a meeting in order to have / take / hold a vote on the issue. | I think we should take a vote on whether or not to accept their offer. | They decided to hold a ballot. | It was decided to hold a ballot of all party members.

to put sth to the / a vote / the ballot поставитьнаголосование:The proposal was read out and then put to the vote. | When the matter was put to a vote, the staff voted overwhelmingly not to go on strike. | This seems to be an area of disagreement, so let's put it to the ballot.

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direct / secret / open vote / ballot прямое / тайное / открытоеголосование:Fifty of its members will be elected by direct ballot. | The party leader is elected by secret ballot. | Voting will be by secret ballot. | The President would be elected on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot for a five-year term.

(3) [singular] poll (BrE) | ballot the total number of votes or voters in an election, or the number of votes received or cast by a particular group итогиголосования; (общее) число / количество (поданных) голосов; голосаизбирателей:The Republicans increased their share of the vote. | Their policies are designed to win / capture the African-American vote. | The vote was overwhelmingly in favour of the Democratic Party.

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