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Section C Pronunciation in conversation
Exercises
29. 1 Say these sentences aloud and cross out any letters representing ItI at the end of words that you
think are likely to be left out. |
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EXAMPLE NextMonday. |
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1 |
He wrote it. |
5 |
Take a left turn. |
9 We crossed over. |
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A published article. |
6 |
They kept quiet. |
10 |
I'll contact Ann. |
3 |
It's in first gear. |
7 It looked good. |
1 1 |
He finished first. |
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4 |
It was just him. |
8 |
We reached Berlin. |
12 |
I slept badly. |
B76 |
Now listen, check your answers and repeat. |
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29.2 Listen to these sentences and focus on the highlighted ItI sounds. Write the number of the sentence
B77 in the table below according to what happens to the ItI sound. |
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1 |
Almost there. |
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9 |
She stopped playing. |
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2 |
Have you passed your test? |
10 |
Next year. |
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3 |
I asked her to leave. |
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1 1 |
My left ankle hurts. |
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4 |
Just a bit. |
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12 |
I'll have a soft drink. |
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5 |
We must be nearly there. |
13 |
JUSt use your common sense. |
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6 |
Tell us what you did. |
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14 |
I've already dealt with it. |
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7 |
Most Europeans agree. |
15 |
I washed all my clothes. |
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8 |
I expect an answer soon. |
16 |
I can't wait. |
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A no change to ItI |
B ItI left out |
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C ItI replaced with |
D ItI + Ijl said ItJI |
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glottal stop |
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I |
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Check your answers in the Key. Then say the sentences aloud as they are said on the recording.
29.3 All the possible ItI sounds in this conversation are in green. Read the conversation and predict any likely omissions, replacements or changes to the ItI sounds, using the four categories (A, B, C and DJ
in |
exercise 29.2. |
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gotI |
there? |
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A: WhatDyou |
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A |
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B: |
Ih Don Simpson's latest novel. Have you read it? |
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A:Bought it just the other day.
B:I don't think it's as good as his first.
A:Don't you? But then that was really tremendous.
B78 |
Now listen and check your predictions. |
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Follow up: If you have internet access, find recordings of people with regional English accents (see Unit 4 for suggested websites). Can you find speakers who very frequently replace /t/ with a glottal stop?
English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |
65 |
:::
an old car, a bottle of water
Leaving out consonant sounds (2) : Idl, Ihl, 11/, Ivl
B79
""'''''
, Il1Apor·h:ut1· +or lis.f-Mit\<jj
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Leaving out Idl in consonant clusters |
with |
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/-When a |
word |
with |
a |
final consonant cluster ending |
Id! |
is followed by another word beginning |
a |
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9): |
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" |
An |
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sound, /dl |
is often left out |
(see |
also Unit |
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consonant |
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ola car. |
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I changea clothes. |
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Can you fina Mark? |
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Notice, however, that - |
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• we don't usually leave out Idl before vowel sounds or Ihl |
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Hand |
it over. |
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They served apple pie. |
She seemed happy. |
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•we don't usually leave out Idl before the sounds Ill, Iwl, Irl and Isl
Do you mind walking? (compare: Do you mina giving me a lift?)
Note: When a word ending with Idl is followed by a word beginning with /j/ ('y'), the Id/+/jl is usually pronounced Id31 (as in 'June'). This happens both in consonant clusters and when the word ends with the single consonant sound Id/:
B80
Il1Apor.f-at\.f +or lis.f-Mit\<j
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Had you met before? |
I'll |
lend you one. |
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Id31 |
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Id31 |
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Leaving out Ihl |
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I thought Re |
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Ihl |
atthe beginning of- |
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/We often leave out |
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the pronouns he, her, his, him |
Did you meet Rer? |
Ask Rim. |
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was. |
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the auxiliary verbs have, has, had |
Karen Rad already left. |
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The students Rave all left. |
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• the question word who |
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Can you describe the person wRo did it? |
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However, Ihl |
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is not left out if itisstressed or at the beginning of an utterance: |
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It's not mine, it's his. |
It's him! |
Has Ken arrived? |
Who did it? |
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, |
( |
li |
B81 |
Leaving |
out III after IJ:I |
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Il1Apor.f-at\.f +or lis.f-Mit\<j
B82
Il1Apor.f-at\.f :+or lis.f-Mit\<j ,
'/'/Many speakers leave out /I/ after the vowel /';,:1 in words such as:
a most |
akeady |
akight |
a so |
aHhough |
a ways |
Leaving out Idl in and and Ivl in of
"./Before consonant sounds, and is usually pronounced I nl Or 1nl and ofis pronounced I /:
red ana blue |
now ana then |
a bottle Of water |
a waste Of time |
Before vowel sounds, andis usually pronounced / nl or1nl but ofi s pronounced I v/:
pen ana ink |
Adam ana Eve |
a bag of apples |
a can of oil |
66 |
English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |
30. 1
B83
30.2
B84
30.3
B85
Section C Pronunciation in conversation
Exercises
Say these sentences aloud and cross out any letters representing Idl at the ends of words that you think are likely to be left out.
EXAMPLE Hole..tight. |
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1 |
She's world champion. |
5 |
I was pleased with it. |
9 |
We climbed over. |
2 |
We sailed slowly. |
6 |
She arrived there. |
10 |
It moved towards us. |
3 |
She changed clothes. |
7 Can you hold it? |
11 |
They're second-hand. |
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I'll send Lucy. |
8 |
I understand that. |
12 |
He turned round. |
Now listen, check your answers and repeat.
The Ihl sounds at the beginnings of words are highlighted in these conversations. Cross them out if you think they are likely to be left out in fast speech.
EXAMPLE A: Is that +tim over there? B: Who?
A: The man ......took+toyour bag.
1 A: He wasn't at home. |
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A: How's Tom these days? |
B: No, I think he's on holiday. |
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B: Haven't you heard about his heart attack? |
2 A: It says here, the President's coming. |
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A: Kate says she left her handbag here. |
B: Where? |
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Have you seen it? |
A: Here. |
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B: This one? But Judy says it's hers. |
B: I really hope we'll get to see her. |
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Now listen and check your answers. Then repeat each line of the conversations.
Make sure you have studied both Units 29 and 30 before doing this exercise. You will hear a conversation in which two students are talking about their teachers. Listen as many times as you need. Focus on the words in bold and -
(i) cross out any letters representing sounds that are missed out; (iil write ? above any ItI sounds replaced by a glottal stop;
(iiil note any other changes to sounds at the end of the highlighted words.
?.
A:Have you got much work on Justnow?
B:Dr Thomas has given us a very hard essay, but I mustn't get a low mark this time.
A:I had an argument with my tutor last week.
B:What happened?
A:Well, I couldn't find my coursework, so I asked for a couple of days extra. She got really annoyed with me and complained I was always late for lectures. Anyway, I told her I thought her course was a waste of time.
B:Did you? Well, at least Dr Thomas doesn't shout at us, although I'm not very confident that I'll pass his exam.
Now check your answers in the Key.
English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |
67 |
average, novelist, happening
Words that lose a syl lable
B86
InApor.h:u\-!-
+or lis-!-e....iq...
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_;Jln somewords, vowels tend to be left out in conversation. When this happens, theword loses an
. unstressed syllable:
av rage nov list happ ning
Some dictionariesshowthat thevowel /:;')jcan be left out using the symbol :;): |
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Irev:;)fld3/ |
/nDv:;)lIst/ |
Ihrep:;)nrol |
It is not necessary to leave these vowels out in your own speech in order to be understood, but leaving them out can make your speech sound more fluent and natural, and being aware of these changes can help you understand rapid speech.
B87
InApor-!- ...-!-
+or lis-!-e.ttiq...
Before /r/ - |
out in this way |
come |
before Ir/. /1/ or 1nl. |
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J/Most vowels left |
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consid rable |
directery |
batt ry |
dictionary |
conf rence |
favet:trite |
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favet:trable |
histery |
discov ry |
imaginary |
diff rence |
int rest |
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mi rable |
pref rable |
myst ry |
secondary |
ref rence |
restat+rant |
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Before 11/ - |
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Before /n/ - |
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accidentally |
carefttlly |
famtly |
educattenal |
deaf ning |
deftnite |
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especffilly |
dreadfttlly |
marv llous |
nattenal |
fright ning |
prisener |
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partffilly |
thankfttlly |
specffilist |
persenal |
gard ning |
tradittenal |
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&Note: Some other words with these endings rarely lose a syllable (e.g. theory, cookery, formally), and some words with these endings almost always lose a syllable (e.g. historicelly, po/iticelly, technicelly).
B88
InApor-!- ...-! +or lis-!-e.tti...q
B89
InApor-!- ...-!- .
+or lis-!-e.ttiq...
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goveFRment |
medtcine |
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Ir/. /1I and 1nl. |
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example: |
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/In a few words. left-outvowels come before sounds other than |
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For |
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// speechIn a fewso that the wordwordsis saidwithwithstressonlyononethesyllable:second |
syllable, |
the first |
vowel |
is often left out in rapid |
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two-syllable |
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I don't Iieve you. /bli:v/ |
What's the cerrect answer7 /krekt/ |
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It's the pelice. /pli:s/ |
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I Sttppose so. /sp uz/ |
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'.•:: @] B90
InApor-!- t\-! · +or lis-!-e.tti...q
'7A few words lose their first syllable completely in rapid speech:
About five o'clock.
I bought it cause it was cheap. I've invited everyone t'*cept Jack.
When these wordsare written to representspeech (for example. in novels) this pronunciation is
sometimes indicated: 'bout, 'cause, 'cept
68 |
English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |
Section C Pronunciation in conversation
Exercises
1 . 1
B91
Complete these sentences using the pairs of words below. (Notice that you may need to change the order of the words.)
frightening - discovery |
considerable - difference |
thankfully - battery |
feS al:tftlfi - fa...ol:tfi e |
mystery - prisoner |
deafening - accidentally |
interest - traditional |
carefully - directory |
secondary - miserable |
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Chinese medicine. |
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J.g.v.9..I:f.r:i± |
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.. .u • |
. .c .S.±0.fIC011,±. . . . u |
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EXAMPLE Carlo's |
is my |
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.. . . .. .... Italian |
• • ••....•u.. . u .u ... |
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When she lived in Shanghai she developed an . |
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The two cars seem identical, but there is a . |
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..... in how |
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much they cost. |
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time in ." |
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u. |
••••• |
•• • u . u. school. |
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3 |
I had a u. . . . ... . |
. ... . ... ..... |
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•••• •u |
u u u • • |
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4 |
When he opened the door he made a . |
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..u •• u•• u |
.u .u .u u |
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The . |
.... . . ... .. ............ escaped and |
where he's gone is a complete ....... |
.....u•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • |
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6 |
I checked ." |
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.. |
.... in the |
.. u•• u. u•• u•• |
•• u•• •• u. u••u . , but couldn't find his number. |
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7 The torch didn't work, but |
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. .... ......... .....u.. |
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I had a spare ..... |
u•••u•••••••u•••u••u•••u••u•••u•••••••u•••u•••• in the |
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kitchen. |
u•• ••• •• u•• |
•• u •• •• u. |
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8 |
When I |
pressed the button |
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there was a .............................................................. |
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bang. |
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Now listen and check your answers. Then read aloud the sentences making sure you pronounce the words you have written with the appropriate vowels left out.
1 .2 Listen to the words in the box said slowly and carefully |
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B92 |
and write the number of syllables you hear (some of these are on the opposite page): |
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memory |
formally |
loyally |
suppose |
anmversary |
police |
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machinery |
technically |
delivery |
medicine |
geometrically |
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perhaps |
historically |
nursery |
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1 .3 |
Listen to the words from exercise 3 1 .2 used in sentences. Again, write the number of syllables you |
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B93 |
hear. Is this the same number as in exercise 3 1 .2 (write S) or a different number (write D)? ' |
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EXAMPLES I must be losing my memory. 2. |
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He was dressed formally. ;3 S |
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He supported her loyally. |
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There's a special delivery for you. |
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2 |
I suppose not. |
8 |
I'm taking cough medicine. |
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3 |
It's our wedding anniversary. |
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9 |
It was geometrically patterned. |
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4 |
The police arrived. |
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10 |
Perhaps you're right. |
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The machinery broke down. |
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The play is historically accurate. |
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6 |
It's technically very advanced. |
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12 |
She goes to a nursery. |
Now check your answers in the Key. Then say the sentences aloud, leaving out syllables where appropriate.
1Here are some extracts from books. Read aloud the quoted speech as it is written.
'Well, no one's making any calls, and no one's sending no taxes either, so I guess you'll just have to start thinking 'bout being poor. So there ! !'
,. " I jus' felt I had to warn you, 'cause it don't looktoo healthy, y'unnersan'?...'
"He tried once or twice;' saidthe boy dismissively,"but he couldn't see well enough to teach anything'cept what was in his head. . . ,"
Fol low up: If someone said 'scuseme' to you, what might they want you to do?
English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |
69 |