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deja vu, angst, tsunami
Foreign words in English
(ncc |
; |
j )tnj:l |
/fc:%; |
);D] |
;,·.:,:};til
Many English words have their origins in other languages. Some of these words are no longer thought of as 'foreign'; for example, bungalow (Hindi origin), caravan (Persian origin), tomato (Spanish origin). Others, however, are still associated with the language they are borrowed from either because they are recent borrowings or because they keep the appearance of a foreign word. This unit looks at the pronunciation of words in this second group.
Some of these words are said with a pronunciation that makes them sound like English words; others may also be said in a way that is close to their pronunciation in the original language (marked * below).
B43 |
French words used in English |
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I'm not really au fait with the rules of cricket. 1, u'feIl (= familiar with) |
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The negotiations have reached an impasse, with neither side wanting to back down. I'rempa:sl |
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or I'rempa:s/" a situation where progress is impossible) |
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The symbol - is(=put over a vowel when it is pronounced with a nasal sound. |
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Other examples: faux pas l,f u'pa:/, joie de vivre 1,3Wa:d 'vi:vr /, deja vu l,deI3a:'vu:/, |
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fait accompli l,felt 'kompli:1 or l,fet k5:m'pli:r:-. |
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You can find the meaning of these and other foreign words in this unit in the Key. |
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A number of French words in English are pronounced with a /(f:1 sound: |
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They show a lot of avant-garde films at the cinema. l,revo:IJ'ga:dI (= original and modern) |
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Other examples: carte blanche l,ka:t'blo:ntJI, entre nous l,ontr 'nu:1 or l,o:ntr 'nu:/\ |
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en route I,on'ru:tl or I,o:n'ru:t/", nuance I'nju:a:ntsl or I'nju:o:ns/" . |
B44 |
German words used in English |
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He went through a long period of angst during his teens. lreIJkstl (= worry and unhappiness |
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about personal problems) |
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Other examples: doppelganger l'dDp I,greIJ r/, realpolitik IreI'a:lpoiI,ti:kI, wanderlust |
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l'wond IAstl or I'va:nd lust/*. |
B45 |
Spanish words used in English |
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She's an aficionado of Spanish literature. 1 ,fIJi n'a:d ul or lre,flej 'na:d u/" |
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(= very interested and enthusiastic about the subject) |
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Other examples: incommunicado I,mk ,mju:m'ka:d u/, manana Imren'ja:n /, El Nino (or El |
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Nino) lel'ni:nj u/. |
B46 |
Italian words used in English |
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He complained that he couldn't go anywhere without being followed by the paparazzi. |
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I,prep r'retsil (= photographers who follow famous people to get pictures for newspapers) |
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Other examples: cognoscente l,konj u'Jentil, prima donna l,pri:m 'don /. |
B47 |
Japanese words used in English |
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The tsunami killed over a million people. Itsu'na:mil or Isu'na:mil (= a huge wave) |
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Other examples: bonsai I'bonsm/, kimono /kI'm un u/, origami I,on'ga:mil. |
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B4 |
Chinese words used in English |
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He does an hour of t'ai chi every morning. l,tm'tJi:1 (= a form of exercise originally from China) |
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Other examples: feng shui l,feIJ'Ju:iI or l,fAIJ'JweI/", lychee 1,laI'tJi:/, typhoon ItaI'fu:nI.
56 |
English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |
Section 8 Stress in words and phrases
Exercises
2 5. 1 |
Listen and repeat these foreign words used i n English. What language do you think each word comes |
B49 |
from: French, Chinese, Italian, German, Japanese or Spanish? If you are not sure, use the examples on |
the page opposite and try to notice similar spellings or sounds. |
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denouement |
diva |
ersatz |
haiku |
macho |
nInJa |
nouvelle cuisine |
gmseng |
schadenfreude |
sotto voce |
kumquat |
pronto |
Check your answers in the Key, where you can also find the meaning of the words.
2 5.2 |
Listen and repeat the French words in column A. Then try to match them with the brief definition in |
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column B. Use the example sentences below the table to help you. |
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A |
B |
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1 |
bet, nOire |
a describing something you must have or do to appear fashionable |
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cause celebrre |
b a false name used by a writer |
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3 |
de rigueur; \ c an embarrassing small disagreement |
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4 |
clientele |
d a person or thing that particularly annoys you or that you dislike |
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contretemps |
e being able to do or say the right thing in any situation |
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en suite |
f the customers or clients of a business |
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7 |
nom de plume |
g a controversial event that attracts a lot of public attention |
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savoir-faire |
h describing a connected bathroom and bedroom |
1My particular bete noire is people who use mobile phones when they are driving.
2The trial of the two teenagers became an international cause celebre.
3 Where I work, smart suits are de rigueur for the women.
4The restaurant has a clientele that includes film stars and famous sportspeople.
5There was a contretemps between the neighbours over the fence dividing their gardens.
6 All the rooms in the hotel are en suite.
7 She writes under the nom de plume of Cathy Kay. 8 I really envy him for his savoir-faire.
Check your answers in the Key, then read the sentences aloud, paying particular attention to the pronunciation of the foreign words.
2 5.3 |
Here are some Russian words used in English. First, try reading them aloud. Then listen and compare |
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BSt |
your pronunciation with the recording. You can find the meaning of the words in the Key. |
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glasnost |
intelligentsia |
politburo |
samovar |
troika |
Follow up: Do you know any (other) words from your first language that are used in English? How does the pronunciation of the words in the first language and in English differ? Check the English pronunciation in a dictionary.
English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |
57 |
one evening. stop now. go away. etc. |
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Linking sounds
lt1.tpOr1-?ltt '
.+or lis1-e,ttittq
B52
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sound at the end of |
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ne word is linked to(see |
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sound at |
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Glossary) |
are usually said without a |
break. |
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A ln fluent speech, words within a speech unit |
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Section E4 |
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between |
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the beginning of the next so that |
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is a |
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smooth connection |
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them. |
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A consonant sound at the end of a word is linked smoothly to a vowel sound at the beginning of the next:
= .,:: . ; m J |
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on eventng |
a seri()us accident |
the exact ()pposite |
B53 |
When a word ending with a consonant sound is followed by a word beginning with another |
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consonant sound there is no break between them, although the first consonant sound may |
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change its pronunciation a little to make it easier to move to the next consonant sound: |
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a warm hreeze |
I've seen it |
startil Olnorrow |
Notice also that when a word ending with one of the consonants Ipl, fbi,It!, Id!, 1kI, 19/, is followed by a word beginning with a different one of these (or Imf or 1nl), no air is released at the end of the first consonant and there is a smooth change to the second:
st()p now |
heard tell |
make hread |
B54 When a word ending with a consonant sound is followed by a word beginning with the same consonant sound, one lengthened consonant sound is made:
t i l ) B55
(l) B56
some milk glori()us sllnshine it's halCfull
A vowel sound at the end of a word is linked to a vowel sound at the beginning of the next by an inserted Iwl or Ijl ('y') sound:
wh() is it? |
g() away |
can you sec it? |
it's completely empty |
M |
M |
W |
W |
The choice of either Iwl or Ijl depends on the vowel sound that ends the first word. If the vowel is produced with the highest part of the tongue close to the front of the mouth (li:/, lerl, larl, hr/) then the linking sound will be Ij/. If the vowel is produced with the highest part of the tongue close to the back of the mouth (lu:/, lau/, I;m/) then the linking sound will be Iw/.
Words ending with the letters -y or -ye have a final vowel sound: e.g. car /1(0:/, more Im':):/, fir 1£3:1, other l'Ao;}/, fear Ifr;}/, hair /he;}/, pure Ipju;}/. When a word like this is followed by a word beginning with a vowel, a Irl sound is inserted:
car cngllle |
my other lIncle |
pur.:.;)xygen |
M |
M |
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In some dictionaries this Irl before a vowel is shown with the symbol r.
For example: /ko:rl (car) l'Ao;}rl (other) Ipju;}rl (pure)
&Note: In many other accents of English (e.g. Scottish, Irish and most North American accents) words ending in -r or -re always have a final /r/ sound: car /ko:r/, more /m':):r/, etc.
Less commonly, a Irl sound is inserted when the word ends in one of the vowels la:/, h:/, /3:/, I;}/, Ir;}/, le;}1 or lu;}1 but is not spelt with the letters -y or -re:
China and Japan |
the area is flooded |
IfI |
IfI |
However, some native speakers of British English think this is incorrect pronunciation.
When sounds merge or a sound changes at the end of a word, it may sound like another word, but usually any misunderstanding is resolved by context. For example, 'talk Danish' might sound like 'taught Danish', but these are unlikely to be confused in context.
58 |
English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |
2 6. 1
B57
Section C Pronunciation in conversation
Exercises
First match A's questions with B's answers in this conversation. Then look at the B parts and decide whether the links marked are /w/ links (write /wll or /j/ links (write /jll.
1 |
A: Where are you going? |
.... B: By air. |
2 |
A: When? |
B: Yes, I grew up there. |
3 |
A: Why? |
.. B: Yes, a new umbrella. |
4 |
A: Who is he? |
.. . .... B: He asked me for one. |
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A: Have you got cousins there, too? |
........... B: Tomorrow afternoon. |
6 |
A: How will you get there? |
.... B: I'll stay a week. |
7 |
A: How long will it take? |
....1 ... B: To Austria. /w/ |
8 |
A: Have you been there before? |
B: No, they all live in France. |
9 |
A: How long will you be there? |
.. ........ B: It's too expensive. |
10 |
A: Why don't you stay longer? |
... B: To see Adam. |
11 |
A: Will you take Adam a present? |
........ B: A few hours. |
12 |
A: Why an umbrella? |
.... B: My uncle. |
Now listen and check your answers. Press 'pause' before each B part and read it aloud. Then press 'play' again and compare your pronunciation with what follows.
26.2 Mark all the possible /r/ links in these sentences containing idiomatic phrases. Say the sentences B58 aloud and then listen and check your answers. (Check any idioms you don't know in a dictionary or
in the Key.)
EXAMPLE I bought it on the spur f the moment.
1 He's got a finger in every pie.
2 It's in the nature of things.
3 She's without a care in the world.
4 It's as clear as mud.
S It's the law of the jungle.
6 Let's focus on the matter in hand.
7 Is that your idea of a joke?
8 He's a creature of habit.
9 Pride comes before a fall.
10 Get your act together!
2 6.3 |
Listen and underline which of the words you hear in each sentence. As the pairs of words could be |
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B59 |
pronounced in a similar way in the sentences, you will need to use the context to help you choose. |
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EXAMPLE held / helped |
let / led |
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(She held my hand as she led me up the hill.) |
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lock / lot |
back / bat |
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2 play / played |
park / part |
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3 |
hit / hid |
trick / trip |
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like / light |
planned / plan |
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right / ride |
road / robe |
Now check your answers in the Key. Then listen again and repeat the sentences.
Follow up: My oid English teacher, Mr Brookes, didn't like us to ,use /f/ links except after words spelt with -r or -re. Which of the links you have marked in exercise 26.2 would Mr Brookes have disapproved of? Do you think Mr Brookes was right in his view of the use of /f/ links?
English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |
S9 |
". .... d\C;). ' . '.1
.... . . . . J!f!JI'll get it. These 're mine
Contracted forms
A number of function words (see Unit 21) have contracted forms, written with a n apostrophe:
contracted |
function |
pronunciation |
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word |
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'd |
had, would |
Idl aftervowels: I'd a l ready seen it. |
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l';Jdl after consonants: It'd be wonderful. |
's |
is, has |
Isl after Ip,t,k,f,9/: It's interesting. |
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IzI after other sounds: She's left. |
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will |
11/: I'll get it. |
've |
have |
Ivl after vowels: You've got a letter. |
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i' vl after consonants: I could've gone. |
're |
are |
l';Jrl before a vowel: We're all right. |
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I';JI before a consonant: We're winning. |
n't |
not |
Int/: I haven't got any. |
&
:" i; i; F;. mJ B61
&
:>t;;;!:''i;;:; 'itiJ B62
!I\\por·h;:u\+ +or I;S+e.tt;ttq
We don't use these contracted forms (except n't) at the end of a sentence: I'm sure he will. (not: . . . fte!U.)
Note: am is contracted in I'm and us is contracted in let's.
In speech, we often use these contracted forms after -
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wh- words |
Who'll be there? |
Why's he doing that? |
• |
nouns |
The Smiths've gone away. |
Now'd be a good time. |
• this, that, these, those |
These're mine. |
This'll be fine. |
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there |
There're some over here. |
There'll be rain later. |
Note: did is sometimes contracted to 'd after whwords:
Why'd you do that? (= Why did you do that?)
Note: These contracted forms are less common in writing.
/"Aospeech, we sometimes contract two consecutive words:
would/will + have l'II've finished it by tomorrow. He'd've loved to have been there.
not + have She couldn't've known about it. I wouldn't've minded doing it.
riI've finished
Note: These contracted forms are very uncommon in writing.
1 :: :>: : 7 au B63
!I\\por+ tt+ ,+or I;S+e.tt;ttq
. /.:>Anbetterinformaland havespeech,gottheto contractionsalso Uliit'd(had) and 've (have) are sometimes left out in the verbs had |
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You |
('d) |
better |
(see |
28): |
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apologise to her. |
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You ('ve) gotta |
(= got to) be joking. |
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60 |
English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |