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Section C Pronunciation in conversation |
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Exercises |
2 7 . 1 |
First listen and repeat just the A parts, focusing o n the contracted forms. Then match the A parts |
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with the B parts. |
1A: He's leaving now.
2A: We're arriving at ten.
3A: I haven't got any money on me.
4 A: Do you think it'd be okay to camp here?
5A: You should've taken the job.
6 A: I suppose you've heard Kathy's idea?
7 A: I'm starving.
........... B: Let's ask the farmer.
.....!..... B: I thought he'd gone already.
........... B: Yes, I think it's ridiculous.
........... B: It'll be good to see you.
........... B: Well, let's eat now.
........... B: Don't worry. I've got my credit card.
........... B: You're right. I should.
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Now listen and check your answers. Press 'pause' before each B part and read it aloud. Then press |
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'play' again and compare your pronunciation with what follows. |
27 .2 Underline words which could be contracted in these sentences. Then read the sentences aloud with
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contracted forms. |
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EXAMPLE Those are too big, but these will fit. |
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My feet will get wet because my shoes have got holes in. |
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There is no butter, but this will do instead. |
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I am sure Ann would help if she could. |
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How did they know we would be there? |
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Adam has phoned to say he is not ready to go yet, but |
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he will call again when he is. |
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There have been four parcels delivered for you while |
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you have been away. |
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7 What will you do if Tom has already gone? |
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Now listen and check your answers. |
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2 7.3 |
Listen. Write what you hear in each space. Use contracted forms, but also think about what the non |
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contracted forms would be. |
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1 |
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bought some more coffee if |
....................... known |
.... ........ .... run out. |
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....... ....!'.d. : ... ........ |
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The film |
.............. started yet, so . ...... . . . . .. |
. .. .. . .. . got lots of time. |
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I suppose\ ........... |
.......... closed by now, so ......................................... |
come back tomorrow. |
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........................ ............... |
gone if ............................. .......... |
been anything good on TV. |
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5 |
A: ......................................... |
had that last slice of pizza. |
B: I told you ......................................... |
make you feel sick! |
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Follow up: The lyrics to pop songs often contain contracted forms. Find lyrics to songs you know (you could search, for example, on http://www.azlyrics.com or http://risa.co.uk/sla). Which song contains the most contracted forms? Can you say (or sing !) them all fluently?
English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |
6 1 |
I'm not sure, Not sure, 'm not sure
El l ipsis and 'near el l ipsis'
: .. IA1] B68
. IMpOr1-tl.vr •
.tor l;s1-e.rt;I\Qi
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../.,An |
spoken English we often leave out words when they are obvious fromthe context: |
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A: What's the matter? B: Got a headache. = I've. got a headache.) |
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sound from the |
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ellipsisOften,however,. the |
words are not |
omitted completely, |
but a very short |
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This process iscalled |
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omitted words is left behind: |
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've got a headache. (fvgot...1l
We willrefertothis as near ellipsis.
Being aware of ellipsis and near ellipsis can help you to understand spoken English, and using it can make you sound more natural and fluent.
:Ill] |
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'7" ,.Ellipsis and |
near |
are common at |
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beginningform,of |
an utterance. |
are some |
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::. IMpOr1· |
-tll\1B6- |
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theellipsiscomplete |
(but |
often |
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the |
form withHereellipsis, and thetypicalformpatterns.with near |
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!.tor I;S1-e.I\;I\Qi |
Examples give |
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contracted) |
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ellipsis: |
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the |
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•leaving out personal subject + be/have
A:What time will we get there?
B:I'm not sure. / Not sure. / 'm not sure.
A:Where's Jack?
B:He's gone home. / Gone home. / 's gone home. rgJ>"'-'-''-'-'-''''''''''''I!
•leaving out it before is/has
A:What's the curry like?
B:It's really hot. / Really hot. / 'ts really hot.
A:What's wrong with your camera?
B:It's broken. / Broken. / 'ts broken.
•leaving out be
Is that Ken? / That Ken? / 's that Ken?
Are we there yet? / We there yet? / 're (fgll we there yet?
•leaving out an auxiliary verb or be + subject
Do you want another drink? / Want another drink? / d'y (fd31l want another drink? Have you seen my keys? / Seen my keys? / v'y (fvjll seen my keys?
Are you leaving already? / Leaving already? / r'y (fgjll leaving already or: 'y (fjll leaving already?
B70 The verbs be and have are often left out between the question word and subject in wh- questions:
What are you doing? / What you doing ? / What're you doing?
What have you got there ? / What you got there ? / What've you got there ?
& Note: When does follows a whword, it can be pronounced Isl or Iz/, but isn't left out completely:
What does he do? I What's he do.. .? (not: WAat A@ 8e?) When does it start? I When's it start? (not: I,A,'A@A it start?)
62 |
English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |
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Section C Pronunciation in conversation |
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Exercises |
28. 1 |
In the conversation below, the complete forms of the sections in bold are given. Listen and decide |
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when the speakers actually use ellipsis (write E) or near ellipsis (write NE). |
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A: What are you making? |
N |
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B: It's a cake for Richard's birthday. |
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A: It's amazing, isn't it? |
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B: Do you think he'll like it? |
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A: I'm sure he will, although he's a bit fussy about food, isn't he? |
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B: Have you seen this? |
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A: Wow! Is that a real flower? |
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B: No, it's made from sugar. |
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A: When does it have to be ready? |
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B: It's his birthday tomorrow. Do you know where he is now? ............... |
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A: I've no idea. |
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28.2 Listen to these conversations. Press 'pause' before each B part and read it aloud. (Use near ellipsis of B72 the word(s) in bold.) Then press 'play' again and compare your pronunciation with what follows.
1 A: Have you heard from Paul recently? B: I've just phoned him. 2 A: My shoes feel tight. B: Have you got the right ones?
3 A: I retired last year. B: What are you doing now?
4 A: We're having a barbeque tonight. B: It's a good job it's not raining. 5 A: Marco's got a new job. B: What does he do?
6 A: Do you like my new hat? B: Is that a hat?
7 A: Pat looks really ill. B: She's got a terrible cold. 8 A: What time is it? B: It's half past.
9 A: We got that painting in Spain. B: Do you remember exactly where we bought it? 10 A: Have you taken my money? B: What are you talking about?
11A: Do you think we can cut across that field? B: I'm pretty sure we can.
12A: What's that thing? B: It's called a dibber.
13A: I can't find my gloves. B: Are these yours?
14A: We're having a brown-bag lunch. B: What does that mean?
15A: We should be in Milton in about ten minutes. B: Do you know where to go when we get there?
Follow up: Ellipsis and near ellipsis happen in informal speech in most languages. Listen to conversations in your first language (or better still, listen to a recording) and find examples.
English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |
63 |
last night, I haven't seen her
Leaving out consonant sounds
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Some consonant sounds tend to be left out in conversation. For example: |
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(1): ItI |
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I was almost le# behind. |
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I practiseSfootball with ftim. |
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: Units 29 and 30 look at some of the most common consonant omissions. It is not necessary to leave |
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these out in your own speech in order to be understood, but leaving them out can make your speech |
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sound more fluent and natural, and being aware of these changes can help you understand fast speech. |
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( lt1Apor-l-?lI\-I- o / |
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word witha .flnal conSonantcluster |
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is followedby anotherwordbeginning with a |
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0 consonantsound, |
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often left out |
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alsoUnit |
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i+or liS-l-e.I1.il\'ll |
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endingIt/ |
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[!':\:;. 'i·Ho ;mJ |
t :;7Wheh a· |
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Las;j; night. |
ItI is |
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breathing. |
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It kep;j; still. |
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He stopp |
(see |
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I collec;j; coins. |
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He was lef;j; behind. |
Just ac;j; normal. |
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Notice. however. that -
• we don't usually leave out ItI before a vowel sound or Ih/:
First of May. You've bent it. She's left handed.
• when the final consonant cluster is Isktl we often leave out Ikl before a vowel and Ihl, and may
leave out both Ikl and ItI before a consonant. Compare: |
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as*ed Oliver. |
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/o:stol/ |
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He ris*ed his life. ( .. |
/nstrz/ |
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a Brian. |
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He ri losing. (.. .. |
/rrslu:/. . . |
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+or lis-l-e.l\il\Cj |
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some |
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It/sound |
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r :::T lt1Aporfil-ll-?lI\-BI- |
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74o·.0.0;;:Inmadethebyinformalstoppingspeechthe flowof |
ofairspeakers,by closing the vocaliscommonlyreplacedcords (see Section E4byGlossary)glottal. Thisstopchange |
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happens at the end of |
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syllable and when the |
sound before 1tl is |
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vowel. III. /m! |
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In/. |
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In particular, it is used - |
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sound only
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within or at the end of a word when the next syllable or word begins with a consonant sound: |
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football (.../u?b/. . . |
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pointless (.../n?l/. .. |
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Late at night. |
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You're quite right. (... |
/ar?r/ |
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at the end of a(sentence:. . ) . . |
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Give me that. |
(.../ore?/l |
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It costs a lot. |
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lt1Apor-l-?lI\-I +or lis-l-e.I1.il\Cj
Note: Replacing /tl with a glottal stop is found in Britain particularly in the accents of cities, but is also increasingly becoming part of the accents of educated young people. In some regional accents glottal stops replace ItI even when the next syllable or word begins with a vowel sound, for example:
IbA?;)/ (butter), /mo:?m/ (Martin), /no?;)unliJ (not only)
However, some people still consider this to be lazy speech.
./oWheno pronounceda word endinginwithItI is followedbya word beginning with /j/('y'), the It' + Ijl is usually |
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Has he ltf/ (as |
'cheap'): |
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However.I |
ItI |
left yet? |
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Last year. |
ItI (see B): |
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ftIf |
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ftIf |
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../le?ju:/. . .) |
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(.../letfu:/.. . |
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may also be replaced bya glottal stop,depending on the sound before |
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can't let you do |
it. |
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or . |
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/tlmay change its pronunciation before consonants in other waysto make it easier to move tothe next sound (see also Unit 26B):
It's not me. (ftl sounds like Ip/l In the front garden. (ftl sounds like Ik/l
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English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |