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Section D Pronunciation in formal settings

Exercises

54.1 In each sentence, two possible speech unit boundaries are marked with 1/. Underline the one that is more likely.

 

EXAMPLE The only college

 

that teaches medical statistics il. is to close next year.

 

1 The ship was launched

II in September 1 942

 

and destroyed a month later.

 

2 Property prices will increase

 

as long as interest rates

remain low.

 

3

The bird is often heard

II

but seldom

 

 

seen

in the wild.

 

4

 

 

II

 

 

of their belongings behind.

 

5

They took what they could

II

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

II

 

Why students drop out II

of

university

 

 

is a complex issue.

 

 

painting

II

despite security guards in the building.

 

6 Thieves made off with the

/I

 

 

 

 

II

 

 

 

 

II

 

 

 

 

 

 

French

 

which is taught from the age of six.

 

7 Most people also speakII

 

 

 

 

 

 

II

 

 

 

 

 

 

8 Who gave the

order to shoot

 

is to be investigated further.

 

II

 

 

II

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

9

II

 

 

 

 

should avoid alcohol.

 

 

 

Women who are pregnant

 

 

II

 

 

 

 

 

 

II

 

 

 

10 He claimed

 

he wasIIinnocent

 

IIbut the jury disagreed.

D46

Now listen and

check your answers, and then say the sentences aloud.

 

II

 

 

 

 

II

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

54.2 Prepare to read aloud this extract from a talk about complementary therapy. Think about where you will put speech unit boundaries and mark these with 1/. Use the information in A and B to help you. Read the extract aloud and, if possible, record and listen to yourself.

Complementary therapy, 1/ which focuses on the whole person, 11 is becoming more widely used. It considers a patient's physical symptoms and also takes lifestyle into account.

Most practitioners believe that the body seeks a state of balance. What complementary therapy does is help people achieve this balance. Treatment not only relieves the disease but also promotes general wellbeing.

How complementary therapy works is still not entirely clear. Recent research has compared it with traditional medicine. In one study conducted in Canada a group of patients who had severe back pain were treated either with complementary or traditional treatments. Patients who had complementary treatments showed faster rates of improvement.

D47

Now listen to the extract as it is said on the recording.

 

Follow up: Record a short section (about 30 seconds) of a radio news broadcast in English. (See Unit 4 for possible online sources.) Listen as many times as you need to and write out what is said. Try to mark the speech units with /I. Which of these are at clause boundaries?

English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced)

I 15
(b) between the subject of a clause and the verb when the subject is long:
The last ten years of her life// were spent in France. Some of the rarest birds in the world// can be found on
The president's son has been

One of the paintings// he left to his sister

Dividing prepared speech into units (2)

048In Unit 54, we saw that in prepared speech we usually place a speech unit boundary at the end of a clause. Speech unit boundaries also typically go before and after certain grammatical units within clauses. These are marked with // in the following example. Other speech unit boundaries are marked with //.

Surprisingly// rates of heart disease// are rising again/I. One of the most likely reasons// for this increase// is excessive eating/I. As a result// levels of obesity// are going up// and people are taking less exercise/I. In many parts of the countryll this is becoming// a major// concern.

049 In particular, we tend to put speech unit boundaries -

(a) before and after adverbials which refer to a whole clause: Unusually for that time of year// there was deep snow.

named// unofficially// as his successor.

the island.

(c) before and after 'reduced clauses' that have a conjunction or

 

0

adjective, but no verb:

 

 

Wherever possible// the road will avoid existing settlements. o

 

(= wherever it is possible)

very different.

The two villages// although only a few miles apart// were

 

 

(= although they are only a few miles apart)

(d)after elements that are put at the front of a clause other than the subject (the usual first element of a clause). These include -

(i) adverbial phrases giving information about time and place:

service will be

The train line will be closed for two weeks. // In the meantime// a bus

operating.

 

All over the world// people are concerned about climate change.

 

(ii)linking adverbs showing the connection between what you have said and what follows, such as: furthermore, in the same way (making an additional point);

alternatively, even so, on the other hand (indicating contrasts);

consequently, as a result, therefore (indicating consequences):

There arc clea r limitations in the research. // Even soli the findings arc \·aluable. Demand in Europe has declined . // Consequently// our profits have fallen .

(iii) words and phrases indicating the stage of what they are saying, such as: first(ly), second(ly), finally, in conclusion, to conclude, in summary, to sum up:

Secondly// waiting times need to be shortened.

In summary// our report recom1llends relocating the factory overseas.

(iv) objects that are placed before the verb:

One of the paintings// he left to h i s sister. // The otherl/ he left to me. A number of the experiments// wc conducted in Alltarcticl .

050We also tend to put a speech unit boundary, usually with a pause, before information that we want listeners to focus particular attention on (see also Unit 60). For example:

In tod l \'\ r l l k , I \\' l1lt t( ) illtrod ucc l1l imporullt L'onccpt in language stlldv

// discourse analysis.

1 16

English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced)

Section D Pronunciation in formal settings

Exercises

5. 1 Mark with 1/ the most likely place(s) to put a speech unit boundary in the green parts of these sentences. (Note that commas have been left out.)

EXAMPLE On the other hand 1/ patients have little control over events in hospital. (see B (d) (ii))

 

1

The whole basis of Goldberg's analysis has been called into question.

 

 

2

Most of her money she left to children's charities.

 

 

3

In the first half of this year our sales have fallen by 25 per cent.

 

 

4

As a result women are having fewer children than in the 1 990s.

 

 

5

Collectively the members of the organisation were known as 'The Followers'.

 

 

6

Unhappily for his family he was never seen again.

 

 

7 To conclude all these factors suggest the need for job cuts.

 

 

8

The two companies although in competition have agreed to cooperate on the project.

 

051

Now listen and check your answers, and then say the sentences aloud. The Key gives further

 

 

 

 

information about the answers.

 

5.2 Listen and notice how attention is focused on the part in bold.

 

D52

1

Only one group benefited from the change in the law . . . landowners.

 

 

 

 

2 And the name for this process is electrolysis.

 

 

3 Today we're going to look at a rapidly changing area of the media ... electronic publishing.

 

 

4 I'd like you to note particularly the spelling of the word 'definitive'.

 

 

Read the sentences aloud and focus attention on the part in bold in the same way.

 

 

Use the information in Units 54 and 55 to prepare to read this text aloud. It is the first part of a

 

 

conference talk on climate change. Think about where you will put speech unit boundaries and mark

 

these with 1/. Read the text aloud and, if possible, record and listen to yourself. Make sure that words

 

within speech units are run together smoothly.

 

 

 

Ever since the industrial revolution we have dumped waste into the air. Consequently,

 

 

 

atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are now a third higher than in pre-industrial time. The

 

 

 

process may, it has to be said, have started long before, when we first burnt down trees to make

 

 

way for agriculture. However, over the last few decades the rate of increase has grown rapidly.

 

 

 

Although its precise nature is unclear there is an obvious relationship between levels of carbon

 

 

dioxide in the atmosphere and higher global surface temperatures.

 

 

 

The impact of higher temperatures is difficult to assess, but there will certainly be a different

 

 

 

world as humans and other living organisms try to adapt to change. These changes, which will

 

 

affect us all, include drought and extreme weather. Southern Europe, for example, already has

 

 

long periods without rainfall. And in the Americas and Asia powerful hurricanes and typhoons

 

 

have recently killed more people than in several decades.

 

 

 

Of course, some scientists dispute the evidence. But these people, as we all know, represent

 

 

 

industries having vested interests - their business, they believe, would be damaged by limits on

 

 

carbon emissions. But among the wider scientific community the argument is about the speed

 

 

of change, not whether change is taking place.

 

D53

Now listen to the talk as it is said on the recording.

 

 

 

 

 

Follow up: Listen to the talk in Exercise 55.3 again and take notes. A few days later, record yourself giving

 

 

 

the talk from your notes. Listen to the recording and identify any places where you might have improved the

 

 

division of your speech into units.

 

 

 

English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced)

I I 7

Lima - as I'm sure you know&:;3 - is the capital of Peru

Pronunciation of inserts

In writing we sometimes put dashes or brackets before and after words that add information to a sentence but could be left out. Here we will call these inserts.

For example:

The impact on the region - in environmental terms - will be enormous. When the time for action comes (as it surely will), we will be ready.

In prepared speech, these inserts are often said in a separate speech unit, with a pause on either side and with a fall-rising tone:

The main aim of this lecture// as , said EARlier &21// is to discuss the causes of the First World War.

The new camera in our product range// to be aVAIlable in sepTEMber &2!1/ will he aimed at the professional photographer.

Listen to these examples from lectures, business presentations and speeches. They show some of the main uses of inserts:

• saying how the talk is organised

The figures I've presented so far - and will go ON to present &2!1 - show that the company is in a strong financial position.

• giving examples

Some of our major exports - COFfee for example s::2J- would be hit hadly hy climate change.

• limiting what you are saying

Learning about pronunciation - in particular ENglish pronunciation 52J - can he a difficult job.

• giving more detail

Professor David Camphell - the FAmous hiSTOrian s::2J- will he giving next weck's lecture.

• gIVIng your OpInlOn

Lima - as ,'m SURE you KNOW Bi2I - is the capital of Peru.

Notice that there is more variety in the pronunciation of longer inserts:

If a complaint is made - and there is no CERtainty SI at the MOment S2J that this WILL be the case Bi2I - we will take it seriously.

English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced)

56. 1

DS6

56.2

bst;

Section D Pronunciation in formal settings

Exercises

Here are some extracts from lectures. Put 11 before and after the section you think will be presented as an insert, and underline the syllable where the fall-rising tone is most likely to start.

EXAMPLE There were three larger pyramids 11 which I'll come back to illter 11 built i n Giza a t the beginning of the Old Kingdom.

1 In a number of countries New Zealand for instance attempts are being made to harness geothermal energy.

2 The city of Chester originally a Roman settlement was a major military stronghold by the time of the English Civil War in the 1 7th century.

3At the top of the hill are the Three Witches as they used to be called which is a curious rock formation.

4 A large group of protestors nearly three thousand were in the audience when the president began his last speech.

5 Gregor's final novel by far his most entertaining was written when he was in his nineties.

Now listen to the recording and check your answers. Then say the extracts aloud, making sure you pronounce the insert as a separate speech unit with a fall-rising tone.

Choose an insert from the box to add to each of these extracts from a business presentation and indicate its appropriate position with a line (/).

with the exception of France

as yaH eaR see fraffl: tftis af'h

 

to be based in Dublin

from our German sister company

the DC6

as

tjou catt Se.e. +rol\.t 1-lliS qrapll

 

EXAMPLE Our Malaysian subsidiary / has increased sales enormously over the last year.

1 Karl Huzel will be talking to us after my presentation.

2The countries of the European Union have all approved the new regulations on working conditions.

3 Our latest model was released in April this year.

4 The new research and development unit will be opened later this year.

Now say the extracts aloud using a fall-rising tone for the inserts. Then listen and check your answers.

Follow up: Imagine that you are going to give a formal talk about a subject that i nterests you or that you study. Write down three pieces of information you might present, and then add extra information to each in the form of an insert. Say the sentences aloud, if possible recording them and checking the inserts.

English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced)

1 19

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