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Smal l. medium. and large

Tones in a series of similar items

067In prepared speech, when we give a series of three or more similar items, each item is typically said in a separate speech unit. Very often, all the items have a rising tone (or they all have a fall­ rising tone) except the last, which has a falling tone. Using the same tone for each item, except the last, indicates that they are in some way equivalent. A falling tone on the last item signals the end of the series:

Many governments fail to focus on policies which require sustained effort over years or decades - II to imPROVE eduCAtional standards Q!JI eRADicate diSEASE mll MODernise the TRANSport system mll and reDUCE levels of polLUtion fill

The only seats left are priced atll TWENty euros /I THIRty euros /I and FIFty euros SII

Note: In spontaneous conversation there is more variability. For example, a speech unit may include more than one item, or a series may be incomplete:

I've got // YEllow Orange or PINK

 

Which one would you like?

 

the incomplete

A: She's been away a lot recently

11 PARis

 

 

MaDRID

 

series suggests that

 

 

 

 

B: And is she back home now?

-fill

 

ell 0510

Q!JI

 

II...

she has been to

 

 

 

 

 

 

other places, too

068Words within items in a series are usually non-prominent if they are repeated or don't provide new information:

The meeting includesll NATional politicians /I LOcal politicians /I and EuroPEan politicians SII

069In lists that are often repeated or are part of a routine, each item is often said with a level tone (although a rising tone may also be used), except the last, which has a falling tone:

There are three sizes available, II SMALL 811 MEdium 811 and LARGE FiJI

When I raise my hand like this [ want you II to STOP TALKing 811 STAND up STRAIGHT 81I!1 CONcentrate on ME 811 and get READy to SING SII

070 Less commonly, all items may have a falling tone, particularly if we want to emphasise each item as separate and important:

Please write the following dates down in your notebooks. The first

examination II will be on MONday the SIXTH tjJI the SECond on WEDnesday the EIGHTH tjJI and the LAST on TUESday the fourTEENTH tjJ//

[ 24

English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced)

Section 0 Pronunciation in formal settings

Exercises

9 . 1 The last item in the series of similar items in each of these sentences has a falling tone. Listen and

071decide whether the other items have a falling tone (put .....in the box), rising tone ( ), fall-rising tone ( .....), or level tone ( -+).

EXAMPLE This year we have opened new stores in London ii!Z:),New York 1)!-;i3

and Moscow 61.

t

Make sure you give three pieces of information on each page - your name 1-;;.

1, your student

 

number f ·· ;d and the date 61.

 

 

2

When I was learning to drive my instructor made me say 'mirror i Zb-l,signal 0::::::1, manoeuvre

 

61'every time I drove away.

 

Swiss

3

Attempts on the mountain have been made this year by Japanese climbers

 

climbers C;··; I and Brazilian climbers 61.

 

4

You'll remember that Trollope's first three novels in his Barsetshire Chronicles were The Warden

 

Barchester Towers

and Doctor Thorne 51.

 

5I want you to paint the squares the colours of the rainbow - red ItflYi, orange ! I : J ) , yellow [.;;•..j and so on 51.

Now check your answers in the Key. Then say the sentences aloud using the same tones.

9 . 2 The series of similar items in each of these sentences is highlighted. Listen as many times as you need D72 and in each part in green :

(i)mark the speech unit boundaries with /I

(ii)underline the word in each speech unit where the main tone starts

(iii)put ....., ....., , or -+ above this word to show the tone used.

EXAMPLE The book is set in three different periods and locations - II New Orleans in the

If

If

"'lA

nineteenth century 11,

Haiti in the twentieth centuryll, and San hancisco todayll.

t

She had a number of jobs in Berlin - as

a waitress, bookseller, music teacher

- but

 

still found time to develop her career in the theatre.

 

2

Note that the last enrolment dates are the

1 5th of ./uly, the 30th of ./uly and

the 30th

 

of August.

 

 

3

A copy of the contract, signed, scaled and delivered, will be on your desk tomorrow.

4

Don't forget that for this experiment you'll need safety glasses, protective clothing and

 

rubber gloves.

 

 

5 To get to the bookshop go down this street, turn left at the traffic lights and then cross the square.

Now check your answers in the Key. Then say the sentences aloud using the same tones.

Fol low up: Go to the website http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/previous.htm and find US President John F. Kennedy's inaugural address from January 20th 1 961 . Listen to the following extract from the speech and decide what tones he used in the speech units marked:

Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, 1/ that we shall pay any pricel/, bear any burdenl/, meet any hardshipl/, support any friendl/, oppose any foel/, to assure the survival and the success of libertyl/.

Now do the same for the speech units marked in this extract from US President Richard M. Nixon's 'resigning the presidency' speech from August 8th 1 974:

In passing this office to the Vice President, I also do so with the profound sense of the weight of responsibility that will fall on his shoulders tomorrow and, therefore, 1/ of the understandingl/, the patiencel/, the cooperationl/ he will need from all Americansl/.

English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced)

125

·Politicians are the same all over...'

Level tone in q uoting and building suspense

=. : . ] D73 Quotation

:.•(3..) D74

D75

When we include a quotation of someone else's words in what we say, we often choose to use level tones and then a falling tone for the final speech unit in the quotation. This shows that we are simply reporting the words as they were spoken, and not giving a paraphrase of what was said:

At this point it is worth remembering the words of Nikita Khrushchev:

'11 poliTICians 811 are the SAME 811 ALL Over fAil. They PROMise 811 11 to BUILD a BRIDGE 811 where there is NO RIVer fAil.'

Preparing for quotation

Level tone is also commonly used on a reporting verb (e.g. say, claim, argue) which comes before a quotation. Typically, there is also a step up to a relatively high pitch on this verb, a pause, and then the first word of the quotation is also said relatively high. This marks clearly that what comes next is a quotation rather than a paraphrase:

A headline in today's paper mSAYS 8 . . . : 'IliTEAcher thrown out of classroom by students'.

Just before the war began, a government minister mCLAIMED 8. . . : '!:DONly by attacking now can we defend our country'.

A leading group of economists have mARGUED 8 . . . : 'mEURopean development aid should double in the next five years'.

Building suspense

We can also use a step-up, level tone and a pause in order to build anticipation or suspense, so that listeners focus particular attention on what comes next (see also Unit 55C). Notice that what comes after the pause may start high, mid or low:

And the term we use for this phenomenon 1I1IS8 . . . entropy. ('entropy' is high)

Much to our surprise, our research fllSHOWED 8 . . . a sharp fall in average sea temperatures. ('sharp' is mid)

If the radio signals are not from the ! : D EARTH 8 . . . where do they come from? ('where' is low)

1 26

English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced)

60. 1

D76

Section 0 Pronunciation in formal settings

Exercises

Choose quotations from the box to complete the reports of what people said. (You may need to make minor changes at the beginning of the quotations.)

It's a worrying and potentially damaging development.

Painting is just another way of keeping a diary.

They're the BestreeIt Baae efthe t;weatieth eeatt1£f

It's the most significant electronic consumer device ever invented.

I'm an environmental status assessment consultant.

EXAMPLE They were introduced as: . ... .. .'Jh? Q. $.±.r::9.f. . .Qg ...Q:f.±h?..±!!i. 1.\±i.dh. f?.1.\±?.tC

1 She said that she was employed as:

2 The managing director described the rise in oil prices as:

3 Apparently it was Picasso who said:

4 The book describes the mobile phone as:

Now read the sentences aloud. Quote the people's words using level tones and a final falling tone. Then listen and compare what you said with the recording.

60.2 Listen to these extracts from a news broadcast. In which do you think the highlighted part is a D77 quotation, and in which do you think it is a paraphrase of what the original speaker said?

Underline 'Quotation' or 'Paraphrase'.

EXAMPLE The Foreign Office has been accused of breaking its promises on support for refugees by a senior United Nations official. Quotation / Paraphrase

1After a fifth shooting in the city in a week, the people of Dublin have been urged to remain alert but stay calm. Quotation / Paraphrase

2 In a speech yesterday, Professor Ken Sun of the Climate Research Institute claimed that there is now no doubt that global warming is producing climate change. Quotation / Paraphrase

3Hurricane Katrina has been described as the worst natural disaster to hit the United States in living memory by a US government spokesperson. Quotation / Paraphrase

4The Prime Minister has said that universities must train more scientists in order to meet the country's needs over the next few decades. Quotation / Paraphrase

60.3 Think of a possible ending for each of these sentences from talks by scientists, and write it in the

D78 space. Then read the sentences aloud, using pause and intonation as described in C in order to build suspense. (Examples are given on the recording.)

EXAMPLE On the photos from Mars, much to our surprise we found . . . lake.s o ice..

1 We've developed a computer programme that can actually . . .

2 The number of overweight people in the country has risen to an incredible . . .

3 Using the new treatment, the number of people missing work due to backaches . . .

Fol low up: Record yourself reading the extracts i n 60.2, first as if each highlighted part is a quotation, and then as if it is a paraphrase. Listen to the recording. Can you hear the difference between the two?

English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced)

1 27

The phonemic alphabet: Practice

]Phonemic symbols for vowels

See page 1 92 for a list of phonemic and other symbols used in this book.

1

Short vowels

lrel

lel

/II

1nl

IAI

lul

Igl

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Write the correct phonemic symbol for the underlined vowel in each word.

 

 

 

EXAMPLE rich

....

.r..

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

mQnth

 

7

s.!!ng

...........

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

gQne

 

9

symbol ...........

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

bank ...........

 

cin ma .........

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3

ago

 

 

any

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2

........ ..

 

8

.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4

sygar

 

10

would

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

m t

..........

 

watch ..

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

11

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2

Short vowels

12

 

/II

 

IAI

 

 

 

 

 

6

 

 

 

lel

1nl

lul

Igl

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

lrel

 

 

 

 

 

Complete each word with the correct short vowel(s).

 

 

 

 

 

EXAMPLE The cinema was f

..!J. 1.

(ful = full)

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

The kL....k had stopped.

 

 

 

7 She sI...

..pt on the ice.

 

 

 

There was bI...

.... d on the knife.

 

 

9

The t ......

st was difficult.

 

 

st .......

nd over there.

 

 

 

Jack's their eldest s.......

n.

 

 

3

I hurt my h

 

nd.

 

 

 

I had to g s the answer.

 

2

.......

 

 

 

8

 

4

 

 

 

 

 

 

10

Don't worry, I'll pr

!..

.... kt you.

 

5 k......

d you give me a lift?

 

 

 

 

 

Do.

you want b.......t ....... on your bread?

 

The car didn't st .......p.

 

 

6

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

11

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

10:1

13:1 li:1

12

Iml

 

 

 

3

Long vowels

h:1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Underline all the vowel sounds that can be put into the gaps to make correct words.

 

 

h.......

m

r

i:

 

a:

 

 

i:.3:I

 

I (ri:d =

7 h.......

r;):dt

= a:3:

 

3:

 

u:

 

 

 

 

EXAMPLE

.......d

I

u:I ;):

3:

 

 

read;

 

 

roared)

 

 

 

 

2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

8

 

 

 

 

I ;): I

 

 

 

 

 

1

b.......

t

 

i:

 

u:

 

I u:

 

 

 

 

t.......

n

 

i:

I

 

I

u:

 

 

 

 

p.......

s

 

3: I

i:

 

 

 

 

9

k.......

n

 

a:

3:

 

 

 

 

3

w.......

m

 

 

I

a:i:

I

I ;):

 

 

 

h.......

b

 

3:

I

 

i:

 

 

 

 

45

t.......

k

 

a:;):

I

 

 

u:

 

 

 

 

k......

.l

 

u:I1 3: Ila:

 

 

 

 

6

f.......d

 

a:

I

 

 

I

 

 

11

p.......

t

 

;):

I

u:

I;):

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a:

 

 

 

4

 

 

 

 

I

 

 

I ; ):

10:1

12

li:1

1:):1

 

I

 

 

 

 

Long vowels

 

 

 

 

 

13:1

 

Iml

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Complete the middle of each word square with one of the long vowels, to make two correct words.

 

EXAM

.E

I

m I I

t I Make, - meeV meat; I wea

week

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

7

 

 

 

 

 

1 9 t 1

 

 

3 t n 1

 

s v t b

 

 

 

8

00w t n

9 h d m

 

2

 

 

 

 

 

 

6

 

 

 

 

M

 

 

v

m

z

 

4

dr

n

Z

n

t

 

 

 

p

t

10 m

n

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

m

 

 

 

 

 

 

m

 

s

1 28

English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced)

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