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1 3. 1
.A62
13.2
13.3
Section 8 Pronunciation of words and phrases
Exercises
Which of these words have main stress on the same syllable as their root word? Write S Same |
or D |
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Different . |
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(S) |
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(D) |
(cancel'lation -( |
'cancel)) |
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maturity ( |
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(fa'miliarise - fa'miliar) |
cancellation |
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EXAMPLES |
familiarise |
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intervention( ) |
( ) |
security ( |
) |
advantageous ( ) |
Canadian ( |
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consumption ( |
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stupidity ( |
) |
application ( |
) |
sanity ( |
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normality ( |
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delivery ( |
) |
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precision ( |
) |
preference ( |
) |
sincerity ( |
) |
diversion ( |
) |
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Now listen and check your answers.
Look again at the words in exercise 13.1 with main stress on the same syllable as their root. Underline the ones which have a different vowel sound in the main stressed syllable from that in the main stressed syllable in their root. (Some of these are given in A and B opposite.)
EXAMPLE intervention (inter'vention lel - inter'vene li:/)
Now listen again to the words in exercise 13.1 and check your answers.
Complete each pair of sentences using pairs of words from the box.
A63
1 3.4
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collide-collision |
compete - competitive divide -division example-exemplary |
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nation-national StlBSefiBe stlBsefiflti8ft |
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EXAMPLE a It costs £10 a year to ....................... |
. Q. £-.r.(Q....?........ .......... |
to the sports centre. |
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1 |
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b I've taken out an annual ............. |
....$.kI.Q.§<;:ci.ci.iQ.r1, ................ to the magazine. |
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a |
We'll ........................... |
........................................... the money between us. |
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b Brighton football club was promoted to the first ......................... |
.................. ................... ..... |
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2 |
a |
It's difficult to stay ........................................................................ |
in business. |
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b |
He was much faster and I couldn't |
........................................ ....................... |
with him. |
3 |
a |
Rod broke his ............................leg in the .......................................... |
. |
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4 |
b They say the comet .......... ........................................is going to |
........ with Saturn. |
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a |
She set a good ................ |
........ to her younger sister. |
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5 |
b Their behaviour . ... ...... .. ....... ..... . .. ..... .... ... .was |
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a |
The first of May ..... .. ....................... ........ ................is a |
holiday. |
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b |
Practically the ........................................................................whole |
watched the eclipse. |
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Now listen and check your answers. Then read the sentences aloud.
Write the words from the box in the correct column according to the vowel sound in the main stressed syllable of their root word. There are three words in each column.
eefftftlefsial |
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applicant |
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speciality |
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financial |
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symbolic |
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ezrleltltieH |
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accidental |
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historic |
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decision |
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demonstration |
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influential |
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fft8aefftity |
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calculation |
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magnetic |
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medicinal |
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Vowel sound in |
1nl |
as in stop |
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/If |
as in sit |
laIl |
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as in drive |
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lrel |
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as in black |
lel as in |
pen |
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main stressed |
( |
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) |
( |
) |
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( |
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( |
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( |
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syllable of root |
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commercial e,volu-l-iott
mode.nti-l-tj
Their roots all have /0/ in their main stressed |
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33 |
syllable: commerce, evolve, modern |
English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |
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dis I organised and I reeon I sider
Prefixes and word stress (1 )
Some words are made up of a prefix and a root:
prefix |
_ Idis Ipike I .. |
root |
Common prefixes include: de-, dis-, il-, re-, un-. Sometimes the root can be used as an independent word (e.g. like), but other roots cannot (e.g. renounce and denounce, but not 'nounce').
Ii.-"'-- :....m-)' A64 In some words the prefix is unstressed and is only made prominent (see Unit 10) for particular contrast. Compare:
A: Do you enjoy driving?
B: No, I really disLIKE it.
A: I thought you LIKED driving?
B: No, I really DISlike it.
"""""-J'
In CALD, words like this are usually shown as having only one (main) stressed syllable: dislike /d!'slark/
Other words like dislike include:
I
I
de'grade |
di'scolour |
i l ' legal |
re'c\aim |
un' easy |
de' flect |
d i ' scourage |
i l ' legi hle |
re' fresh |
un ' pack |
de' fraud |
di 'sintegrate |
i l ' literate |
re' place |
un 'wise |
Other words with these prefixes have secondary stress on the prefix:
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, decom ' pose |
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, recon' sider |
, und' fected |
I.· : |
. ::Jgl |
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(See Unit 15C for stress shift in words like these.) |
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unstressed and /di:-/ and /ri:-/ if it has secondary stress. Compare: |
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A65 |
In words with de- and re- |
prefixes, the prefix is usually pronounced /dr-/ and /n-/ if it is |
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de' grade /dr-/ |
but: |
, decom ' pose /di:-/ |
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re 'c\ailll /n-/ |
but: |
, recon ' sider /ri:-/ |
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,..= ·
1..-
A few words with de- and re- prefixes are usually pronounced with an unstressed I-r-I in the prefix when they are used as a verb and a stressed I-i:-I in the prefix when they are used as a noun. Compare:
Interest is likely to decrease. (/dr'kri:s/)
but: There has heen a decrease (/'di:kri:s/) in interest.
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A66 |
Some words beginning re- have the same spelling but a different stress and meaning depending |
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"""':::::;...1 |
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mj |
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on whether re- means 'again' or not. Compare: |
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recover |
l, ri : ' kAvdl (= cover again) |
In ' kA vgl (= get well) |
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recount |
I, ri : ' kaunt l (= count again) |
In ' kaontl (= describe) |
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reform |
l, ri : ' L1:1ll1 (= form again) |
In 'fJ:ml |
(= improve) |
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remark |
l, ri : ' mu : kl (= mark again) |
In ' mu: kl |
(=comment) |
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resort |
I, ri : ' s;):tl (= sort again) |
In ' ZJ:tl |
(= turn to) |
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resign |
I, ri : ' saml (= sign again) |
In ' zaml (= give up a job) |
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&. Note: When remeans 'again', the words are sometimes spelt with a hyphen, e.g. re-cover, re-count. |
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34 |
English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |
Section B Pronunciation of words and phrases
Exercises
4.1 Complete the sentences with words from the box in B opposite. Underline the syllable that you think will have the main stress in these words.
A67
4.2
EXAMPLE They're going to .......... |
.Ce.-.P. 100. ....... |
. most of the workers with machines. |
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1 |
It's . |
. .. to forecast the weather too far ahead. |
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2 |
I haven't had time to |
........ ...... |
since. |
I got back from holiday. |
3 |
We have to .............................................................. |
her from working too hard. |
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4 |
Parking on a double yellow line is .............................................................. |
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Now listen and check your answers. Then say the sentences aloud.
Write the same words from exercise 14.1 (including the example) in the spaces in these conversations. Again, underline the syllables that you think will have the main stress in these words.
A68
4.3
2 |
A: Did you say you've misplaced your keys? B: No, I said I have to |
':'.":.IAli. e.: |
• |
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EXAMPLE A: Would it be a wise investment? B: No, I think it would be very |
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1 |
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.... them. |
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A: I suppose it's legal to bring alcohol into the country? B: No, it's completely |
...... |
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. . ... . .. ... . |
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3 |
A: Did it take long to pack your case? B: Ages, but it won't take long to .. ......................................... |
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it. |
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4 |
A: Did your teacher encourage you to do the maths course? B: No, she tried to |
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.... me from doing it.
Now listen, check your answers and say the B parts aloud.
Write the verbs from the box in the correct column according to the usual pronunciation of the de or reprefix. Some are done for you.
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deform |
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delineate |
demote |
deregulate |
descend |
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destabilise |
devalue |
rellfJfJly |
recharge |
reconsider |
refresh |
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relapse |
replace |
resit |
restructure |
review |
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/di:-/ |
/dI-/ |
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/ri:-/ |
/n-/ |
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de-buq |
Je-..(:I |
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re-?!ppl'1 |
re-+le.c..f- |
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?!.f-e- |
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A69 |
Now listen and check your answers. Then say the words aloud. |
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4.4Choose words from D opposite to complete the pairs of sentences. Use the same word in each pair. Think about the pronunciation of the words you have written and say the sentences aloud.
EXAMPLE a The band hasn't played together for years, but they've said they'll
.. ... ... ....r:: ..JQQ1t... ...... for the charity concert. (I,ri:'b:mI = form again)
b The chair was badly stained, so we had to C?±QQ1t..................................................... |
it. |
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1 a |
b The government are going to |
................ ........ ....... health care. (In'b:mI = improve) |
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She'd been seriously ill and it took her a long time to ................. |
....... .. . .... . . . .. .... . . |
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2 a |
He hasn't agreed yet to ... |
.. ......... for the club for the next baseball season. |
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b If working conditions don't improve soon, she's threatening to .
3a When the phone rang, I forgot how many books I'd already put in the box, so I had
to .................................................... |
them. |
b He liked to ...................... |
......... his wartime experiences to anyone who'd listen. |
A70 |
Now listen and check. |
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English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |
35 |
11
I
' subway and I superl Power
Prefixes and word stress (2)
In some words with prefixes, the prefix itself is stressed. In CALD, most of these words are shown as having main stress on the prefix and, in some cases, secondary stress later in the word:
suhway - /'sAbweI/ . superpower - /'su:p::l,pau::lf/
Most words like this are nouns and include:
'co-driver |
'counterat, tack |
'h yperspace |
' interface |
'co-writer |
, counter, claim |
' hypertext |
' interchange |
' co-star |
'counterpart |
' hyperlink |
' interplay |
' suh, section |
' super, market |
, under, current |
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'suhtext |
' super, structure |
, undergrowth |
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' subsoil |
' super, model |
' underwear |
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In these words the syllable with main stress usually has prominence in discourse:
We took the SUBway. |
I'm j ust off to the SUpermarket. |
A72 However, other words with these prefixes have main stress on a syllable after the prefix. Most words like this are adjectives and include:
,co-edu 'cation co' operate ,co-e' xist
,sub'conscious sub' standard
,sub' tropical
, counterin ' tel ligence |
, h yper' active |
, inter' changeable |
,counterpro' d uctive |
, hyper' sensitive |
, interconti ' nental |
,counter' mand |
, hyper'critical |
, inter' active |
, super' natural |
, under'cover |
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, supera ' hundant |
, under' line |
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, superim' pose |
, under' age |
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In these words the syllable with main stress usually has prominence in conversation:
They have to learn to co-eXIST. |
The climate here is subTROPical. |
but prominence may go on the syllable with secondary stress in some cases (see C).
A73. In many words with a prefix, there is secondary stress on the prefix, with main stress later in the word:
, impre ' cise , disa 'gree , hyper' active
When these words are used in conversation they can have stress shift (see Unit l OB), with the prefix made prominent rather than the main stressed syllable. Compare:
Her answer was impreCISE. but: She gave an IMprecise ANswer. He's hyperACtive. but: I work with HYperactive CHILdren.
He disaGREED. but: He DISagreed STRONGly.
I don't |
think |
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that's |
right. |
Here are some more words with prefixes which commonly have stress shift: ,decom'pose, ,de'code; ,diso'bedient, ,disre'spectful; ,imma'ture, ,impo'lite; ,mis'place, ,mis'spelt; ,recon'sider, ,repro'duce; , unac'ceptable, ,unsuc'cessful.
However, some other words with these prefixes rarely have stress shift, including: de'fame, dis'honest, im'practical, ,mis'judge, re'place, un'popular.
36 |
English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |
1 5. 1
A74
1 5.2
A75
1 5.3
A76
Section S Pronunciation ofwords and phrases
Exercises
Here are the titles of some research papers given at a conference on education. Look at the words in bold (some are given in A opposite) and underline the syllable that you think will be prominent.
EXAMPLE Why do children become hyperactive?
Conference |
me Room No. Coffee |
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Break @ |
1 |
Assessing the benefits of co-education |
12.00 |
13 |
12.30 |
:2 Activating the subconsdous for reading development |
n |
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12.00 |
1 1 |
12.30 |
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3 |
Technology and tradition in the classroom: exploring the interface |
12.30 |
14 |
13.15 |
4 |
Motivating underachievers: using subtitles in language learning |
13.00 |
13 |
13.30 |
5 |
Superstars as role models for children: going on the counteroffensive |
14.00 |
14 |
14.45 |
6 |
Children's interest in the supematural: some worrying undercurrents |
14.00 |
10 |
14.30 |
7 |
Teachers and pupils as co-writers:an experiment in the use of hypertext |
15.00 |
15 |
15.30 |
8 |
Making science education intemational: a study of British |
14.45 |
13 |
15.15 |
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teachers and their Kenyan counterparts |
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Now listen and check your answers. Then read the titles aloud.
Match each word 1-7 with a word from the list a-g. Matched words must have the same number of syllables and follow the same stress pattern. Words 1-7 are from A and B opposite.
EXAMPLE 1-c (co-exist and interlinked both have three syllables with main stress on the last
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syllable - 0 0 0) |
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1 EO eJ{ist |
a cohabit |
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2 |
counterproductive |
b counterclockwise |
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3 |
interchangeable |
c |
iflterliflitet:i |
4 |
hyperspace |
d |
hypersensitive |
5 |
substandard |
e |
subcommittee |
6 |
superstructure |
f |
superstore |
7 undercover |
g |
underdeveloped |
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Now listen and check your answers. Then listen again and repeat the. words.
Focus on the words in bold (some are given in C opposite), and underline the syllable you think is likely to have prominence. Which words have stress shift (that is, prominence on the prefix), and which do not?
EXAMPLE He was sacked for unacceptable conduct. (kas Mre..ssski++)
1 She was wearing impractical shoes.
2 The government has promised to review hospital funding.
3 He tends to use rather impolite language.
4 There were too many misplaced passes in the football match. 5 The police have prosecuted a number of dishonest landlords. 6 The cream is very good for dehydrated skin.
7 He undressed quickly.
Now listen and check your answers. Then listen again and repeat the sentences.
Follow up: What other words do you know beginning sub- or super-? Where do they have their main stress? (Use a dictionary to check.)
English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |
37 |