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' news , paper and , absolute 'zero
Stress in compound nouns
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A compound noun is a fixed expression which is made up of more than one word and which |
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has the function of a noun. Some are written as two words, some with a hyphen, and some as |
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one word: |
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'crash , barrier |
, double-'glazing |
'baby,sitter |
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Notice that some compound nouns have main stress on the first part and others have main stress |
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un |
A77 |
on the second part. |
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• noun + noun |
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The following types of compound noun usually have main stress on the first part: |
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' arms race |
'fire ex, tinguisher |
' night-time |
' pi llar-box |
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' lipstick |
' news, paper |
'airport |
' poverty , trap |
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Exceptions: infor, mation tech ' nology, , town ' hall, , family ' doctor |
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Notice, however, that if the first part gives the material that the second part is made out of, main |
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stress usually goes on the second part. Compare: |
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,cotton ' wool but: a 'cotton , plant |
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Exceptions are most compounds ending with -cake, -bread and -juice: |
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'cheesecake, 'gingerbread, ' orange , j u ice |
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• noun + -ing form |
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' bird-, watching |
' house-, hunting |
' fly- , f ishing |
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Exceptions: pe , destrian 'crossing, , ball ' bearing, , thanks'giving |
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• -ing form + noun |
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'dressing , gown |
' sitting , room |
' freezing , point |
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Exceptions: , managing di' rector, de, fining ' moment, ,casting ' vote |
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• verb + noun |
con 'trol |
,tower |
' think , tank |
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' search , party |
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Note: Other phrases may have the same forms, but are not compounds. In these, main stress usually goes |
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on the second word. Compare: |
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'drivin g ,licence (a compound) |
but: |
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1. SMITH
2.MR JOHN
3.01 -01 -S0
4a. 03-09-00
4b. 02-10-10
4c. DVLA
5.SM'THS5001 3JSSEU
6.j.S",ith
7.25 WALKER STREET S. B, B1 , F, K, P
:::A78 Most adjective + noun compound nouns have main stress on the second part and secondary
stress on the first part:
, social se'curity |
, hot po' tato |
, absolute ' zero |
Exceptions: ' blind spot, ' dental , floss, ' easy ,chair, ' broadband, ' greenhouse |
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Note that this includes: |
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• adjective + -ing form |
,global ' warming |
, passive ' smoking |
,central ' heating |
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• past participle + noun |
in, verted 'commas |
, lost ' property |
, split in' finitive |
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English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |
Section B Stress in words and phrases
Exercises
6. 1
A79
Do these compounds have main stress on their first part or their second part? Underline the syllable with the main stress. (Hint: Think about whether they are noun + noun compounds or adjective + noun compounds.)
EXAMPLES safety valve (noun + noun) guilty lhl[ty (adjective + noun)
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chemical formula |
5 |
coffee shop |
9 |
sofa bed |
2 |
bank account |
6 |
best man |
10 |
magnetic field |
3 |
American football |
7 mobile phone |
11 |
tea strainer |
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4 |
artificial intelligence |
8 |
flight attendant |
12 |
space station |
Now listen and check your answers. Then say the words aloud.
6.2Use the compounds in the box to answer the questions. Think carefully about where main stress is placed and say your answers aloud. (Some of the words are given in B and C opposite.)
boiling point |
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civil war |
claim form |
defining moment |
dental floss |
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distance learning |
greenhouse |
hot potato |
house-hunting |
ice rink |
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lipstick |
loudspeaker |
orange JUIce |
pay phone |
rubber band |
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search party |
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shop assistant |
towel |
town hall |
Veieeffitlil |
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What is . . . |
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a system that records phone messages for you? |
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a sheet of thick paper for drying your hands? |
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battles between different groups of people living in the same country? |
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a building made of glass used for growing plants? |
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a level area of ice for people to skate on? |
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a way of studying where you mainly study at home? |
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a piece of equipment that sound comes out of? |
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a problem that no-one wants to deal with? |
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a legal document that you use to try to get compensation from an organisation? |
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10the activity of looking for a house to live in?
11a building where the local government usually meets?
12a public telephone that you have to put money in to use?
13a point at which a situation clearly starts to change?
14a drink made from crushed oranges?
15a coloured substance that women put on their lips?
16the temperature at which liquid becomes a gas?
17a group of people who look for someone who is missing?
18someone who serves customers in a shop?
19thread used for cleaning between the teeth?
20 a ring of rubber for holding things together?
A80 |
Now listen and check your answers. Which five compounds are exceptions to the rules in B and C |
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opposite? |
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Follow up: List ten compound nouns commonly used in a subject that interests you (e.g. an academic |
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subject. or a hobby). Make sure you know where the main stress falls in each. Add to the list when you find |
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new compound nouns in the subject. |
English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |
39 |
I hair- I raising and I hard- 'working
Stress in compound adjectives and in abbreviations
A81
A8i
A compound adjective is a fixed expression which is made up of more than one word and which has the function of an adjective. Most compound adjectives are written with a hyphen, but a few are written as one word:
skin-deep |
long-term |
threadbare |
The following types of compound adjective usually have main stress on the first part:
• compound adjectives usually written as one word
' airtight |
'carefree |
' praise,worthy |
Exceptions: , nation ' wide, , hand ' made |
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• noun + -ing form |
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'time-con , suming |
' hair- , raising |
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• noun + past participle |
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' health-re, lated |
' poverty- , stricken ' pear-shaped |
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Exceptions: ,eagle- ' eyed, , home- 'grown |
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The following types of compound adjective usually have main stress on the second part:
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noun + adjective |
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, snow- 'white (and other colour compounds) |
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, fat- ' free |
, sky- ' high |
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Exception: ' camera-shy |
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adjective + noun |
, full-' length |
, high - ' profile |
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, long- ' term |
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adverb or adjective + past participle |
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, fully- ' grown |
, long- ' sighted |
,well-' dressed |
adverb or adjective |
+ -ing form |
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, easy- 'going |
, hard-' working |
, well-' meaning |
Exceptions: ' backward-, looking, ' forward- , looking
• self- as the first part
, self- ' confident , self-in ' f1icted , self- 'governing
Most compound adjectives with main stress on the second part (including the exceptions in 17B) can have stress shift (see Unit lOB). Compare:
The tiger was fully-GROWN. but: It was a FULly-grown TIger.
The prices were sky-HIGH. but: They were SKY-high PRIces.
A83 Two-, threeand four-letter abbreviations said as individual letters often have main stress on the last letter and secondary stress on the first:
the ,E'U |
the ,U'K |
the , BB ' C |
, DN ' A |
the , YMCA |
Abbreviations like this usually have stress shift. Compare:
He works for the BBC. but: He works for BBC RAdio.
She's from the uK. but: She's a UK CITizen.
English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced)
7 . 1
A84
Section B Stress in words and phrases
Exercises
Do these compound adjectives have main stress i n their first part o r their second part? Underline the syllable with main stress.
EXAMPLES sky-high |
colour-coded |
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homesick |
5 |
armour-plated |
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empty-handed |
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far-fetched |
6 |
cinemagoing |
10 |
fireproof |
3 |
spine-chilling |
7 |
gift-wrapped |
11 |
self-financing |
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mind-blowing |
8 |
well-meaning |
12 |
machine-readable |
Now listen and check your answers. Then say the compounds aloud. Which one is an exception to the rules given in B and C opposite?
7 . 2 Read the profile of Sarah Fox. Focus on the compound adjectives in bold (some are given in B and C opposite) and circle the syllable you think will have main stress. Remember some have stress shift.
A8S
7 . 3
A86
High-flying surgeon introduces ground-breaking changes...
Sarah Fox is easYi9ing and is rarely badtempered. She's very public-spirited and does a lot of time-consuming work for charity. She's quite good-looking. She has closecropped hair and wears glasses because she's short-sighted. She's a high-flying surgeon, world-famous in her field, and is extremely hard-working. She's recently introduced some ground-breaking changes into her hospital.
She's always well-dressed at work. At home, though, she prefers to wear loose-fitting shirts, often in eye-catching colours. Surprisingly, she's a rather introverted person, and sometimes gets a bit tongue-tied in public. And she's rather camera-shy, too. Because of a long-term problem with her health, her diet has to be fat-freeAt. the moment she's taking a well-eamed holiday in Majorca.
Now listen and check your answers. Finally, read the description aloud.
Do you know the meaning of the abbreviations in column A? If not, check in a dictionary or the Key. Then listen to the abbreviations and repeat them. Notice that the main stress is always on the last letter. Finally, choose an appropriate abbreviation from each pair to complete the sentence in column B.
AB
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CEO / DVD |
She's the company's |
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2 |
AOB / PC |
My laptop was advertised in a magazine called ... .......................... |
World. |
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OHP / NHS |
She works as a nurse for the ........... |
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ATM / |
RP |
There aren't many people here who speak ............................... . |
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AGM / |
RSI |
The ...... .......... |
...........'s cancelled. |
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TLC / VAT |
She just needs a lot of rest and a bit .of ....... ..... .. .. ... .. . |
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UFO / WHO |
We've followed all the |
.. . .... ...... guidelines. |
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EU / RSVP |
They're meeting at the |
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. summit in Brussels. |
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9 |
CV / ETA |
If there are no delays, what's your . ......... ................. |
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CD / IT |
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The software's on a ..... |
. .. .............-ROM. |
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CND / |
DIY |
He spends most weekends doing .. .. |
. ... ..... .. . |
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GMT / |
HGV |
The eclipse |
is at 9 o'clock . . . . .. ... . |
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Now listen and check your answers. Finally, say the sentences aloud. The Key gives details of stress shift.
Follow up: Skim through an English newspaper (either a paper copy or online), and find 10 compound adjectives. Do you know where the main stress is in each of them? (Use a dictionary to check.)
English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |
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