Файл: Advanced_English_Pronunciation_in_Use.pdf

A8S

&.

A89

Iclosed-circuit Itelevision and I sell-by date

Stress in longer compound nouns

Some compounds are made up of three parts. They may have two words or three words, and sometimes the first and second words are hyphenated:

Many three-part compounds have secondary stress on the first part and main stress on the third part:

Some of these use an established two-part compound with stress on the first part. In the new three-part compound, however, main stress is on the third part:

Other examples: ,cheque-book ' journalism, , hairpin ' bend, , rush hour ' traffic

In other three-part compounds the first two parts (often joined with a hyphen) function as an adjective to describe the third part:

, state-owned ' industry (the industry is state-owned)

, closed-circuit ' television (the television is closed-circuit) Other examples: , ball-point ' pen, , button-down ' collar,

, f irst-degree ' burns, ,drop-down ' menu, , semi-detached ' house, , wide-angle ' lens

Note: Compounds beginning with a number usually have this pattern, too:

Some of these use an established two-part compound with main stress on the second part. In the new three-part compound the stress remains on the second part:

Other examples: , hard-' luck story, , C D player, , wild- 'goose chase

In others, a first part with secondary stress is added to an established two-part compound with stress on the first part. Compare:

'carriageway and: , dual 'carriageway

Other examples: ,armoured person ' nel carrier, , safety de' posit box, , travelling ' salesman, , white ' blood cells

Some three-part compounds have main stress on the first part. Most of these also have secondary stress on the third part:

' nO-man's land ' real estate ,agent ' pick-up ,truck

Other examples: ' fallout , shelter, 'greenhouse ef, fect, ' sell-by , date, ' housewarming , party, ' payback , period, ' windscreen , wipers, ' sister-in-law ( 'brother-in-law, etc.)

1 8.2

A92

1 8.3

Now check your answers in the Key and then say the compounds aloud.

Choose a compound noun from each pair to complete the sentence. The compound should have main stress on the first, second or third part, as indicated. (Some of these are given in B, C and D opposite.)

Now listen and check your answers. Then say the sentences aloud.

What do these pictures show? Choose words from the box to make three-part compound nouns. With one exception, they all have main stress on the third part. Which is the exception?

. . 'iJ@

{34

'dream of and ' Iive for

One-stress phrasal verbs

Some two-word phrasal verbs have main stress on the verb and no stress on the particle. These are one-stress phrasal verbs:

\11

1

1 1 1I

Note: The particle in most two-stress phrasal verbs is an adverb.

83In conversation, it is unusual for the particle in one-stress phrasal verbs to be prominent (see Unit 10). However, we can make the particle prominent if we want to highlight it for emphasis or contrast:

::::-.

84A number of the particles in one-stress phrasal verbs have a weak and a strong form (see Unit 21), for example: at, for, from, ofand to. We usually use the weak form of these particles in conversation, but the strong form is used when the particle comes at the end of a clause:

I I1 II U

.· 85 A few phrasal verbs can be either one-stress or two-stress phrasal verbs, but with different meanings. For example:

1 9. 1

B6

1 9.2

B7

1 9.3

Section B Stress in words and phrases

Exercises

Do you think each part i n bold includes a one-stress (write 1 ) or two-stress (write 2) phrasal verb?

EXAMPLE The birds came quite close, but when I sneezed I frightened them away. ......g.. .

Now listen and check your answers.

Read each A part and say each B part aloud, thinking about how the phrasal verb will be pronounced. All the phrasal verbs in the B parts are one-stress phrasal verbs, but sometimes the particle is made prominent for special emphasis or contrast.

1 A: I suppose your parents are quite well off? B: What are you driving at?

2A: Why didn't you show your mother your new shoes?

B:I thought she'd disapprove of them.

3A: So you think the damage results from climate change?

B:I said I think it will result in climate change.

4A: Apparently, they are forecasting a really cold winter.

B:Yes, I read about it.

SA: My pen friend's planning to visit.

B:Where does she come from?

6 A: All you've got to do is aim and fire. B: But I don't know what to aim at.

7A: There are so many mosquitoes around the tent!

B:Yes, it's teeming with them.

Now listen, check the pronunciation of the phrasal verbs and repeat the B parts.

Do you think each part in bold includes a one-stress or two-stress phrasal verb? Think about how each phrasal verb will be pronounced in these dialogues.

1A: We must get together again soon.

B:Yes, when you're next in town, why don't you come by?

2A: This cabbage doesn't look very good.

B:Well, at this time of year fresh vegetables are difficult to come by. 3 A: What happened to your hand?

B:I was stroking Susan's cat when it just turned on me.

4A: Mr Simpson can be very charming, can't he?

B:Yes, he certainly knows how to turn it on.

Now listen and check your answers. Press 'pause' before each B part and read it aloud. Then press 'play' again and compare your pronunciation with what follows.

Follow up: When you learn a new phrasal verb, it is helpful to note whether it is a one-stress phrasal verb (if it has a preposition) or a two-stress phrasal verb (if it has an adverb).

, cut ' back on

I 've

I've

I've

both of these are correct ).