Файл: Типовик_Ноябрь 2008 English.doc

Тема 9. Местоимение It

Examples: 1. It is known that a radiotransmitter and a radioreceiver are not connected by electrical wires with each other. – Известно, что радиопередатчик и радиоприемник не связаны между собой электрическими проводами. 2. The purpose of the input hardware is to collect information and convert it into a form suitable for computer processing. – Целью устройства ввода является собрать информацию и преобразовать ее в форму, подходящую для компьютерной обработки. 3. It is the energy of burning the fuel that converts water into steam. – Именно энергия, выделяющаяся при сжигании топлива, превращает воду в пар (It+ to be + любой союз).

Task. Translate the following sentences into Russian

А. 1. A computer cannot think for itself, it only operates at high speed according to the instruction it has been given.

2. It was the storage battery that powered all its instruments when it was in the atmosphere of Venus.

3. Although it might take several months to write a single problem, a computer may run through it in a few minutes.

4. It is the flow of current in the conductor of that device which produces a magnetic effect.

5. It has long been known that metals can pass heat and electricity.

6. It was Lomonosov who founded the first Russian university.

7. As to the heat of the reaction it had to be carefully controlled.

8. As for the method, it has yet been used by comparatively few investigators.

9. It was not until 2007 that their suggestion has been substantiated.

10. It was found that the new peak of voltage became 1.7 times as high as before.

B. 1. It would be impossible to predict the paths of satellites, control ballistic missiles in flight, and so on unless there were computers.

2. It is the computer that performs some operations at a great speed because it is based on electronics and operates automatically.

3. It should be mentioned that there are many scientific problems that could not be solved by the methods used in higher mathematics.

4. It is the step-up transformer that should be used to raise the voltage of alternating-current generators.

5. It is expected that these batteries will be of great use in systems that have to operate on weak signals, in particular, in super-long-distance space communications and minute cybernetic instruments.

6. It is only when the bar magnet is moving that the magnetic lines of force are being cut by the wire and e.m.f. is indicated on the voltmeter.

7. It may seem strange that an electromagnet can be very strong with only a weak current flowing in the coil.

8. It follows that the coil must have as many turns of wire as possible unless the magnetic field is heavy enough.

9. The fuel cell is a battery that does not wear out rapidly, does not need recharging and weighs much less, and moreover it is noiseless and can withstand great overloads.

10. A little chemical energy is wasted in a cell, since it is there that chemical energy is converted into electricity in a single process.

11. It is known that a galvanometer is a sensitive instrument used to detect and measure small electrical currents.

12. It has been estimated that more than 25 per cent of the annual production of iron in the USA is consumed in replacing other iron that has been rendered unserviceable by rusting.

13. It was after we had defeated fascist Germany that we could complete rehabilitation of our ruined cities.

14. It was early observed that, although the specific gravity of the earthy product was less than that of the metal, yet there was a much greater bulk of it, and that, in fact, the earthy material weighed more than the original specimen of the metal.

15. The statistical approach is more powerful than the kinetic approach because it gives numerical values of constants which cannot be evaluated by kinetic method.

Тема 10. Местоимения We, You, They в неопределенно-личных предложениях

Example: We (you, they) know that mobile phones are widely used all over the world. – Известно, что мобильные телефоны широко используются во всем мире.

Translate the following sentences into Russian

A.

1. A few years ago they had an exhibition of the modern computer-control equipment in St. Petersburg.

2. The coming winter, they say, will be extremely cold.

3. They do not say that in Russian.

4. When we move the magnet, the magnetic field moves as well.

5. They say that he was a scientist to be known all over the world.

6. You can convert the chemical energy of fuel into the electric one.

7. We know that there are several ways of handling this difficulty.

8. They say there is no use of speaking about it.

9. They found a means to avoid overheating.

10. You know that the basic assumptions of this theory have been seriously called in question.

B.

1. We know the transformer to be an apparatus designed for changing the alternating voltages and currents by means of magnetic induction, the frequency remaining unchanged.

2. They report that the plants in question are to be equipped with all the modern installations working under steam pressure and at a very high temperature.

3. We know of the three-phase induction motors successfully being used in industry.

4. Of course, we have to increase the voltage supply to the coil in approximately the same proportion in order to gain the magnetic field.

5. You know that according to law of the Conservation and Transformation of Energy, it is impossible to create or destroy energy but it can be converted from one form to another.

6. If we were asked today to prove the existence of connection between electricity and magnetism, we could not do better than point to the electromagnet.

7. We know our physicists to have produced semiconductor thermoelements which without any machinery convert thermal energy into electric energy as efficiently as small steam installations do.

8. We shall turn our attention to two properties of electric current; one of them is resistance and the other one is self-induction.

9. You know from spectroscopic evidence that light capable of effecting this process can split halogen molecules into atoms.

10. In the experiment you shall take into account the main variables such as heat, pressure, and specific weight.

11. You know that in this case the method of geometrical means leads to more satisfactory results than that of arithmetic means.

12. Should we weigh the cord, we should find its weight so small as to be negligible.

13. We know the armature windings to cut the magnetic lines of force in order to produce electric current.

14. To utilize the generated energy, we need the machine that will reconvert electrical energy back into mechanical one.

15. In considering this point we must refer to the recent works by Russian scientists.

Тема 11. Неполные обстоятельственные предложения времени и условия

Examples: A magnet loses its properties, when heated. – Магнит теряет свои свойства при нагревании. Although a teenager, Faraday had to work as a bookbinder’s apprentice. – Хотя Фарадей был подростком, ему пришлось работать учеником переплетчика.

Task. Translate the following sentences into Russian

A.

1. While reading the present article, you will find some interesting facts.

2. Ice melts, when heated.

3. Although young, Yablochkov was well known as a scientist in the field of electrical engineering.

4. Potential difference can be measured, if necessary.

5. Iron becomes magnetized, if placed in a strong magnetic field.

6. When 12 years of age, Yablochkov invented a special geodetic instrument.

7. If broken anywhere, the electric circuit will immediately stop carrying a current.

8. When back in London again, Faraday started to write articles for a scientific magazine and to carry on experimental work.

9. When switching on the light, we close the circuit.

10. When cooled below zero, water changes into ice.

B.

1. A liquid becomes hotter, boils and finally evaporates, when heated.

2. Although a great technical achievement for its time, the electric candle was not an efficient source of power.

3. As mentioned in the previous article, the electric current flows provided there is a closed circuit.

4. When connecting the two ends of a conductor to two points at different potentials, they say that there is an electric current in the conductor.

5. As shown in this figure, the conventional direction of current differs greatly from the actual direction of the electron stream.

6. Paper either burns or at least changes to a brown colour, if held over a fire.

7. Liquid fuels, if used in the cylinders of diesel engines, produce heat.

8. If produced by friction, heat is usually considered as useless work.

9. When utilized in suitable machines, heat enables us to do work.

10. Although useless in some cases, friction is sometimes desirable.

11. When placed over a fire, a substance may burn or undergo a chemical change being transformed into something else.

12. Reports connected with Yablochkov’s candle were listened to with great attention, when made at numerous scientific societies.

13. Although offered great profits abroad, he came to Russia to organize mass production of the candle in his own fatherland.

14. While working at his invention Yablochkov was the first to realize the advantages of a transformer.

15. Almost all substances are known to expand, when heated.

16. Although called a “force”, an electromotive force is not a force as that term is understood in mechanics.

17. If properly designed, the meter should give correct readings.

18. When placing an iron core within a solenoid, we obtain an electromagnet.

19. If suspended so that it can rotate freely, the solenoid points north and south when the current flows.

We should rub steel always in the same direction, when magnetizing it.