Файл: Кочуров Геоэкология - экодиагностика и эколого-хозяйственный анализ территории.pdf

I_j_q_gv h[yaZl_evguo fZl_jbZeh\ ij_^klZ\ey_fuo \ =hkm^Zjkl\_ggmx

wdheh]bq_kdmxwdki_jlbamihl_jjblhjbbaZy\ey_fhc\dZq_kl\_ahguwdheh]b

q_kdh]h[_^kl\bykh^_j`blgZjy^mkh[sbfbnbabdh-]_h]jZnbq_kdbfbbkhpb

Zevgh-wdhghfbq_kdbfb k\_^_gbyfb Zj]mf_glZpbx \u^_e_gby wdheh]bq_kdb

[_^kl\_gghcl_jjblhjbb__]jZgbpgZhkgh\_kbkl_fuwdheh]h-]_h]jZnbq_kdbo

b ^jm]bo djbl_jb_\ b ihdZaZl_e_c hp_gdm \ha^_ckl\by ahgu wdheh]bq_kdh]h

[_^kl\bygZkhij_^_evgu_l_jjblhjbbj_dhf_g^Zpbbihdhfi_gkZpbbms_j[Zb

ha^hjh\bl_evguff_jZfLZdbfh[jZahfijhp_^mjZhij_^_e_gbywdheh]bq_kdb

[_^kl\_gghc l_jjblhjbb kh^_j`bl ijZ\h\hc gZmqguc hj]ZgbaZpbhgguc b

fZl_jbZevgh-l_ogbq_kdbcZki_dlu 

IjbagZgb_ dhgdj_lghcl_jjblhjbb \dZq_kl\_ahguwdheh]bq_kdh]h[_^

kl\by aZdhgh^Zl_evghc b bkihegbl_evghc \eZklvx kljZgu y\ey_lky \Z`guf

iheblbq_kdbf rZ]hf b ihlj_[m_l hkms_kl\e_gby ki_pbZevguo nbgZgkh\uo

l_ogheh]bq_kdbo khpbZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdbo fhgblhjbg]h\uo dhfi_gkZpbhg

gh-ha^hjh\bl_evguo\hkklZgh\bl_evguoj_`bfguob^jm]bof_jhijbylbc 

G_hleh`ghcaZ^Zq_c[eb`Zcr_]h\j_f_gb\iehlv^hhnbpbZevgh]hh[t

y\e_gby l_jjblhjbc ahgZfb wdheh]bq_kdh]h [_^kl\by y\ey_lky jZajZ[hldZ b

j_ZebaZpbyh[s_gZpbhgZevghcijh]jZffu\u\_^_gbyl_jjblhjbcbakhklhygby

wdheh]bq_kdh]h g_[eZ]hihemqby H[ty\e_gb_ ahg wdheh]bq_kdh]h [_^kl\by

^he`gh hij_^_eylv b hkh[u_ mkeh\by bo wdhghfbq_kdh]h jZa\blby \iehlv ^h

kZfh]h `_klhdh]h h]jZgbq_gby jZa\blby b jZaf_s_gby ijhba\h^kl\Z i_j_ki_

pbZebaZpbbZ\hl^_evguof_klZo- \iehlv^haZdjulbyij_^ijbylbcGZk_e_

gbx ijb wlhf g_h[oh^bfh ij_^hklZ\blv ki_pbZevgu_ ev]hlu b dhfi_gkZpbb

^ey khojZg_gby a^hjh\vy b \hafh`ghklv i_j__a^Z \ wdheh]bq_kdb [eZ]hihemq

gu_jZchgu 

>he`gh [ulv ij_^mkfhlj_gh baf_g_gb_ ohayckl\_ggh]h f_oZgbafZ ijb

jh^hihevah\ZgbyHkgh\gh_gZijZ\e_gb_jZpbhgZevgh]hijbjh^hihevah\Zgby- 

\\_^_gb_ieZl_`_caZ\k_\b^ubkihevah\Zgbyijbjh^guoj_kmjkh\b\u[jhkh\

aZ]jyagbl_e_c\lhfqbke_ihfgh]hdjZlghih\ur_ggufklZ\dZfaZk\_joghj

fZlb\gu_h[t_fuG_h[oh^bfhlZd`_\\_klbjZah\u_\uieZlu\j_]bhgZevgu_

wdheh]bq_kdb_nhg^uaZijZ\hkha^Zgbygh\uowdheh]bq_kdbofhsghkl_cP_

e_khh[jZaghlZd`_\\_^_gb_ijh^Z`d\hlgZaZ]jyag_gb_QZklvxgZeh]h\hcb

dj_^blghc j_nhjfu ^he`gu klZlv ki_pbZevgu_ ev]hlu b kZgdpbb h[_ki_qb

\Zxsb_wdhghfbq_kdh_klbfmebjh\Zgb_\kn_j_hojZguijbjh^ubZ^j_kghklv

bkihevah\Zgbykj_^kl\\u^_ey_fuogZwdheh]bq_kdb_gm`^u 

G_h[oh^bfh\\_klbmki_rghaZj_dhf_g^h\Z\rb_k_[y\fbjh\hcijZdlbd_

fgh]hdZgZevgu_nhjfunbgZgkbjh\Zgbyijbjh^hhojZgghc^_yl_evghklbh[t_

^bgyxsb_ j_kmjku ]hk[x^`_lZ j_]bhgZevguo wdheh]bq_kdbo nhg^h\ b ij_^

ijbylbcI_jki_dlb\gufgZijZ\e_gb_fy\eyxlkywdheh]bq_kdh_ij_^ijbgbfZ

l_evkl\hbnhg^hkhijy`_ggu_f_oZgbafuohayckl\h\Zgby 

>he`gZijhbahclb\aZbfhm\yadZl_ogheh]bcijhba\h^kl\Zkhki_pbnbdhc

ijbjh^guoeZg^rZnlh\ZlZd`_baf_g_gb_l_ogheh]bcijhba\h^kl\Z\klhjhgm

mf_gvr_gby hloh^ghklb ih\ur_gby j_kmjkhk[_j_`_gby b kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgby

hqbkldb\u[jhkh\ 

<hijhkudijZdlbdmfm 

DZdhij_^_eyxlky\aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\_JhkkbckdhcN_^_jZpbbahgu

qj_a\uqZcghcwdheh]bq_kdhckblmZpbbbahguwdheh]bq_kdh]h[_^kl

\by b dZd hgb kh]eZkmxlky k dZl_]hjbyfb hkljhlu wdheh]bq_kdbo

kblmZpbc" 

 DZdb_ jZ[hlu g_h[oh^bfh \uihegblv ih \uy\e_gbx wdheh]bq_kdb

[_^kl\_gguol_jjblhjbc" 

 Kbkl_fZ djbl_jb_\ ih \uy\e_gbx wdheh]bq_kdb g_[eZ]hihemqguo

l_jjblhjbc 

 GZah\bl_ f_oZgbafu \u^_e_gby wdheh]bq_kdb [_^kl\_gguo l_jjb

lhjbc 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

IJH=GHABJH<:GB?WDHEH=BQ?KDBOKBLM:PBC 

 
Ijh]ghabjh\Zgb_ wdheh]bq_kdbo kblmZpbc kjZ\gbl_evgh gh\h_ gZijZ\e_

gb_ \ ]_h]jZnbb Gh m`_ bf__lky jy^ ^hklb`_gbc hkh[_ggh \ h[eZklb j_]bh

gZevgh]hijh]ghabjh\Zgbyb]_h]jZnbq_kdhcbwdheh]bq_kdhcwdki_jlbaul_o

gbdh-wdhghfbq_kdbo h[hkgh\Zgbc LWH b ko_f jZa\blby b bkihevah\Zgby

ijbjh^guo j_kmjkh\ j_]bhgh\ b jZchgh\ gZjh^ghohayckl\_gguo ijh_dlh\

?f_evygh\A\hgdh\ZKbfhgh\b^j 

<f_kl_kl_ff_lh^heh]bq_kdb_bf_lh^bq_kdb_\hijhkuijh]ghabjh\Zgby

wdheh]bq_kdbokblmZpbchklZxlky_s_g_^hklZlhqghjZajZ[hlZggufbqlhijb

kms_ijh]ghaguf]_h]jZnbq_kdbfbkke_^h\Zgbyf>eygZijZ\e_gbc]_h]jZnb

q_kdh]h ijh]ghabjh\Zgby \hh[s_  b ^ey ijh]ghabjh\Zgby wdheh]bq_kdbo kb

lmZpbc \ qZklghklb oZjZdl_j_g p_euc jy^ [Zjv_jh\ h]jZgbq_gbc dhlhju_

mkeh\gh fh`gh jZa^_eblv gZ q_luj_ ]jmiiu h[s_ijh]ghklbq_kdb_ h[s_]_h

]jZnbq_kdb_ bgnhjfZpbhggu_ hj]ZgbaZpbhggh-mijZ\e_gq_kdb_ GZb[hevrmx

ZdlmZevghklv bf_xl bgnhjfZpbhggu_ ijh[e_fu j_r_gb_ dhlhjuo gZijyfmx

k\yaZghkj_amevlZlZfbijh]ghabjh\Zgby 

< hkgh\_ ijh]ghaZwdheh]bq_kdbokblmZpbc e_`bl ij_`^_\k_]h\ukhdbc

ijhn_kkbhgZevguc mjh\_gv jZajZ[hlqbdh\ b gZdhie_ggZy d hij_^_e_gghfm

\j_f_gbbgnhjfZpbyKlZlbklbq_kdb_^Zggu_fZl_jbZeudhkfbq_kdhckt_fdb

^Zggu_gZmqguoklZpbhgZjh\biheb]hgh\fZl_jbZeuihkhklhygbxhdjm`Zx

s_c kj_^u b ijbjh^guo j_kmjkh\ b ^j khkj_^hlhq_gu \ jZaebqguo kem`[Zo

fbgbkl_jkl\Zo dhfbl_lZo jbk Hq_gv \Z`ghc ih^]hlh\bl_evghc jZ[hlhc

y\ey_lky hl[hj g_h[oh^bfhc b ^hklh\_jghc bgnhjfZpbb Ijh]ghabjh\Zgb_ \

k\hxhq_j_^vfh`ghbgl_jij_lbjh\ZlvdZdkha^Zgb_gh\hcbgnhjfZpbbijb

q_f k ^hklh\_jghklvx ^ey djZldhkjhqgh]h ijh]ghabjh\Zgby [hevr_c q_f^ey

[he__ ^ebl_evgh]h i_jbh^Z ijh]ghabjh\Zgby Ijh]ghagZy bgnhjfZpby ghkbl

dZd ijZ\beh Zevl_jgZlb\guc oZjZdl_j Wlh hagZqZ_l qlh bf__lky g_kdhevdh

\hafh`guo khklhygbcbkblmZpbc^hklb]Z_fuojZagufbimlyfbBgnhjfZpb

hggmxkbkl_fmijh]ghabjh\Zgbywdheh]bq_kdbokblmZpbcfh`ghij_^klZ\blv\

\b^_kljmdlmjuihbkdh\uonmgdpbclZ[ekhklhys_cbaq_luj_oih^kbkl_f

k[hjbih^]hlh\dZijh]ghaguo^Zgguo^ey\dexq_gby\]_hbgnhjfZpbhggmx

kbkl_fmkhklZ\e_gb_ijh]ghaghc]_hbgnhjfZpbhgghckbkl_fubgnhjfZ

pbhggh_ h[kem`b\Zgb_ ijh]ghaguo jZ[hl  bgnhjfZpbhggh_ h[kem`b\Zgb_

hj]Zgh\mijZ\e_gby 

<Z`guf\hijhkhfhklZ_lkyjZajZ[hldZf_lh^bdbihemq_gby[ZgdZ^Zgguo

bih^oh^h\d\hafh`ghklbbkihevah\Zgby^hihegbl_evguo^Zgguoijbijh]gh

abjh\Zgbbwdheh]bq_kdbokblmZpbc 

Ijh]ghabjh\Zgb_ wdheh]bq_kdbo kblmZpbc gZ hkgh\_ rbjhdh]h djm]Z y\

e_gbcijhp_kkh\k\ya_cbl^[_ahij_^_e_gbyhp_gdb\_kZdZ`^h]hnZdlhjZ

fh`_l ijb\_klb d g_ijZ\bevguf j_amevlZlZf HijZ\^u\Zxlky l_ ijh]ghau

dhlhju_[ZabjmxlkygZhkgh\_\_^msbonZdlhjh\ 

Ijh]ghawdheh]bq_kdhckblmZpbbhij_^_ey_lkygZfbdZd\_jhylgh_km`^_

gb_ h khklhygbb ijbjh^ghc kj_^u eZg^rZnlh\ b khpbZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdbo

ihke_^kl\byo baf_g_gby kj_^u ijb Zgljhih]_gghf \ha^_ckl\bb Bkoh^y ba

wlh]h hij_^_e_gby ^_eZxs_]h mihj ]eZ\guf h[jZahf gZ ijbjh^gmx khklZ\

eyxsmxkblmZpbb ijh]gha wdheh]bq_kdhckblmZpbbfh`gh jZkkfZljb\Zlv dZd

dhfie_dkguc

h[t_^bgyxsbc

hkgh\gu_

gZijZ\e_gby

eZg^rZnlgh-

]_h]jZnbq_kdbo wdhghfbdh-]_h]jZnbq_kdbo wdheh]bq_kdbo bkke_^h\Zgbc

klj_fysbokydij_^\b^_gbxkhklhygbyh[t_dlZkblmZpbb\p_ehfWdheh]bq_

kdZy kblmZpby fh`_l f_gylvky - \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl mkeh\bc b h[klhyl_evkl\ - 

f_^e_ggh beb [ukljh^he]hkms_kl\h\Zlvbeb[ukljhijhiZ^ZlvDjhf_lh]h

hgZ oZjZdl_jbam_lky ijhkljZgkl\_gghc g_h^ghjh^ghklvx <k_ wlh y\ey_lky

kms_kl\_gguf\ijh]ghabjh\ZgbbkblmZpbb 

JZaebqZxlkyihbkdh\ucbghjfZlb\guclbiuijh]ghah\Ihbkdh\ucijh

]gha gZp_e_ggZhij_^_e_gb_\hafh`guokhklhygbcwdheh]bq_kdhckblmZpbb\

[m^ms_f bbkoh^bl bal_g^_gpbcjZa\blbykblmZpbb\ijhrehfbgZklhys_f

GhjfZlb\guc `_ ijh]gha hij_^_ey_l imlb b kjhdb ^hklb`_gby \hafh`guo

khklhygbc wdheh]bq_kdhc kblmZpbb b gZijZ\e_g gZ ^hklb`_gb_ `_eZl_evguo

khklhygbckblmZpbbgZhkgh\_aZjZg__aZ^Zgguoghjfbebihlj_[ghkl_c 

Ihi_jbh^mmij_`^_gby-ijhf_`mldm\j_f_gbgZdhlhjucjZkkqblZgijh

]gha jZaebqZxlkyhi_jZlb\gu_ l_dmsb_djZldh-kj_^g_-^he]h-b^Zevg_k

jhqgu_ ijh]ghau wdheh]bq_kdhc kblmZpbb <j_f_ggZy ]jZ^Zpby ijh]ghah\

wdheh]bq_kdhckblmZpbby\ey_lkyhlghkbl_evghcbhjb_glbjm_lkygZkhpbZevgh-

wdhghfbq_kdmx kj_^m \ khhl\_lkl\bb k gZijZ\e_gbyfb b ieZgZfb jZa\blby

h[s_kl\ZbjZa\blbyl_ogheh]bcl_gZoh^blky\kbevghcaZ\bkbfhklbhlkhpb

Zevgh-wdhghfbq_kdbo ^_fh]jZnbq_kdbo b gZmqgh-l_ogbq_kdbo ijh]ghah\ Fh

`_l[ulvij_^eh`_gke_^mxsbc\j_f_gghcfZkrlZ[hi_jZlb\gu_ijh]ghau^h
1-

f_kypZdjZldhkjhqgu_- 1-]h^Zkj_^g_kjhqgu_-]h^Z^he]hkjhqgu_-^h

15-

 e_l Ijb wlhf g_h[oh^bfh bkoh^blv ba bg_jpbhgghklb b oZjZdl_jgh]h

\j_f_gbjZkkfZljb\Z_fuoijhp_kkh\<qZklghklbkh[kl\_ggh_\j_fynhjfb

jh\Zgb_ \_jog_]h ]hjbahglZ ihq\ khklZ\ey_l - b [he__ e_l oZjZdl_jgh_

\j_fyjZajmr_gbylhdkbq_kdboobfbq_kdbokh_^bg_gbc\ihq\_\aZ\bkbfhklb

hlmkeh\bc- 10-e_lQlhdZkZ_lkyh[s_kl\_gguoijhp_kkh\bjZa\blbyijhba

\h^bl_evguo kbe lh wdhghfbq_kdZy pbdebqghklv khklZ\ey_l ijbf_jgh -25 

e_l Z oZjZdl_jgh_ \j_fy jZa\blby gh\uo l_ogheh]bc hl gZqZeZ  aZjh`^_gby- 
75-

e_l<k\hxhq_j_^vjZa\blb_gh\hcl_ogheh]bbl_kgufh[jZahfk\yaZ

ghkwg_j]_lbdhc[m^ms_]h. 

Dhfie_dkgZykbkl_fZijh]ghabjh\Zgbywdheh]bq_kdbo 

kblmZpbc 

Ijh]ghabjh\Zgb_ wdheh]bq_kdhc kblmZpbb y\ey_lky keh`ghc ih k\h_c

kljmdlmj_aZ^Zq_cHgh\dexqZ_lljblbiZ[ehdh\jbkh[t_^bg_gguop_e_

\ufgZagZq_gb_fkhpbZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdbcijh]ghaZgljhih]_gguo\ha^_ckl

\bc b gZ]jmadb ]_hkbkl_fguc ijh]gha baf_g_gby ijbjh^ghc kj_^u - eZg^

rZnlh\ b wdheh]bq_kdbo ijh[e_f b kblmZpbc ijh]gha \ebygby baf_g_gby

k\hckl\ eZg^rZnlh\ gZ mkeh\by ijh`b\Zgby ex^_c b khklhygb_ bo a^hjh\vy

ijbjh^gh-j_kmjkgucihl_gpbZe]_ghnhg^bl^JZajZ[hldZijh]ghaZdZ`^h]h

ba gZa\Zgguo [ehdh\ y\ey_lky kZfhklhyl_evghc aZ^Zq_c Ijb kbkl_fghf `_

ih^oh^_hgbbf_xlh[smxp_ev-km`^_gb_hkhklhygbbwdheh]bq_kdhckblmZ

pbb\[m^ms_f__ijhkljZgkl\_gguob\j_f_gguofZkrlZ[Zobkl_i_gbhkljh

lu 

Ijh]ghaZgljhih]_gguo\ha^_ckl\bc\ul_dZ_lbal_dmsbobijh]jZff

guoaZ^ZqkhpbZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdh]hjZa\blbykljZgubj_]bhgh\WlbaZ^Zqb

_s_kh\k_fg_^Z\ghnhjfmebjh\Zebkv\lZdgZau\Z_fuohkgh\guogZijZ\e_gb

yo wdhghfbq_kdh]h b khpbZevgh]h jZa\blby kljZgu b hl^_evguo j_]bhgh\ \

ieZgZo hljZke_\uo b l_jjblhjbZevguo ko_fZo  dhfie_dkguo b hljZke_\uo

gZmqgh-l_ogbq_kdbo b khpbZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdbo ijh]jZffZo wg_j]_lbq_kdhc

f_ebhjZpbbb^j<k\hxhq_j_^vjZajZ[hldZ\k_o\ur_gZa\Zgguo^hdmf_glh\

[Zabjh\ZeZkvgZijh]ghaZowdhghfbq_kdh]hjZa\blbyqbke_gghklbgZk_e_gbyb

jZa\blbyl_ogheh]bb<gZklhys__\j_fy\mkeh\byoi_j_oh^Zdjugdmi_jki_d

lb\u jZa\blby kljZgubhl^_evguoj_]bhgh\g_hij_^_e_gguqlhg_fh`_lg_

kdZaZlvkygZj_amevlZlZoijh]ghaguokm`^_gbc 

Ijb ijh]ghabjh\Zgbb Zgljhih]_gguo \ha^_ckl\bc \Z`gh mqblu\Zlv lh

qlhwdhghfbq_kdh_jZa\blb_\kljZg_h[_ki_qb\Z_lky]eZ\gufh[jZahfwdkl_g

kb\gufbnZdlhjZfbdhlhju_khojZgylkms_kl\_ggh_agZq_gb_bgZi_jki_dlb

\mKj_^bgboj_kmjkhh[_ki_q_gb_jZkkfZljb\Z_lkydZdh^ghba 

]eZ\guo mkeh\bc jZa\blby ijhfure_gghklb Ihwlhfm bf_ggh ijhfure_ggu_

ahgu b p_glju b  \ukhdhmj[Zgbabjh\Zggu_ jZchgu k bgl_gkb\guf k_evkdbf

ohayckl\hf ke_^m_l kqblZlv ijbhjbl_lgufb ^ey ]_h]jZnbq_kdh]h ijh]ghabjh

\Zgbywdheh]bq_kdboijh[e_fbkblmZpbc 

Ijh]gha\hafh`guokhklhygbceZg^rZnlh\hkgh\u\Z_lkygZkljmdlmj

gh-^bgZfbq_kdhc dhgp_ipbb ]_hkbkl_fu gZb[he__ ihegh jZajZ[hlZgghc

<;KhqZ\hcb_]hihke_^h\Zl_eyfbKmsghklvwlhcdhgp_ipbbaZdexqZ

_lky \ i_j_oh^_ kljmdlmju ijbjh^guo kbkl_f ba h^ghc \ ^jm]mx \ ij_^_eZo

bg\ZjbZglZ \hafh`guo ^himklbfuo baf_g_gbc aZkq_l \gmlj_gg_]h kZfhjZa

\blbybih^\ebygb_fijbjh^guobZgljhih]_gguonZdlhjh\Baf_g_gb_kljmd

lmju b khhl\_lkl\_ggh k\hckl\ ]_hkbkl_fu fh`gh hp_gblv ih p_ehfm jy^m

ijbagZdh\h^gbfbadhlhjuogZijbf_jfh`_l[ulvkljmdlmjZjZklbl_evgh]h

ihdjh\Z beb ^bgZfbq_kdbc jy^ ihq\ ^jm]bfb - ijb\g_k_gb_ qm`_jh^guo \_

s_kl\bbaf_g_gb_khklZ\Z\ha^moZ\h^ihq\gZjmr_gb_j_ev_nZ\h^gh]hb

l_jfbq_kdh]hj_`bfh\ 

:gljhih]_ggh baf_g_ggu_ kbkl_fu bf_xl l_ `_ ^bgZfbq_kdb_ l_g^_g

pbb qlh b g_gZjmr_ggu_ kljmdlmju aZdexqZxsb_ky \ aZdhghf_jghc kf_g_

khklhygbc \h \j_f_gb Kf_gm Zgljhih]_gguo baf_g_gbc ]_hkbkl_fu fh`gh

jZkkfZljb\Zlv dZdljZgknhjfZpbxkljmdlmjuaZ\bkysmxhlkl_i_gbZgljhih

]_gghc gZ]jmadb Ijb wlhf dZd hlf_qZ_l <KFbo__\  ]_hkbkl_fu

mihjy^hqb\Zxlky ih l_g^_gpbb bo \b^hbaf_g_gby Z g_ fhjnheh]bq_kdbo

khq_lZgbcb\uklmiZxldZdij_h[jZah\Zgby^_nhjfZpbbkIjbmkbe_

gbbgZ]jmadb]_hkbkl_fZijhoh^bljy^khklhygbcih\j_f_gbwlhfh`_lijhbk

oh^blvf_^e_gghbeb[ukljhm^Zeyykvhldhj_ggh]hkhklhygby^b]j_kkbhgguc

jy^kljmdlmjijbhkeZ[e_gbb-ijb[eb`Zykvdg_fm\hkklZgh\bl_evgucjy^. 

<_ebqbgZbaf_g_gbykf_s_gby]_hkbkl_fuhij_^_ey_lkylZd`_hkh[_gghkly

fb kljmdlmju b __ mklhcqb\hklvx d \g_rgbf nZdlhjZf Ijb agZqbl_evghf

ij_\ur_gbbZgljhih]_gguogZ]jmahd]hjgu_jZajZ[hldb[hevrhch[t_fbeb

\ukhdZy lhdkbqghklv \u[jhkh\ kha^Zgb_ \h^hojZgbebs ]b^jhl_ogbq_kdZy

f_ebhjZpby ]_hkbkl_fZ iheghklvx ^_]jZ^bjm_l jZajmrZ_lky b i_j_oh^bl \

gh\h_ dZq_kl\_ggh_ khklhygb_ dZjv_ju aZlhie_ggu_ b aZ]jyag_ggu_ mqZkldb

khehgqZdbbl^ 

<;KhqZ\hc ij_^eh`_g kihkh[ ]jZnbq_kdh]h bah[jZ`_gby fgh]he_lg_]h

oh^ZjZa\blbykljmdlmjuwe_f_glZjguo]_hkbkl_f\\b^_]jZnZfh^_evwibnZ

pbbbf_xsZyb qbklhijh]ghagh_agZq_gb_Hgm^h[_g^eyihdZaZ^bgZfbdb

keh`ghckbkl_fukhklhys_cbafgh]bojZah[s_gguo\ijhkljZgkl\_]_hkbkl_f

bbo\u^_eh\ij_^klZ\eyxsbo__jZaebqgu_khklhygby\lhfqbke_Zgljhih

]_ggu_ljZgknhjfZpbb 

>bgZfbq_kdh_ khklhygb_bkljmdlmjZ]_hkbkl_fu \uy\eyxlkyihbaf_g_

gbx k\hckl\ dhfihg_glh\ eZg^rZnlZ \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v wdheh]bq_kdbagZqb

fuo\ijhkljZgkl\_ggh-\j_f_gghfjy^mgZ[ex^_gbcbijbdZjlh]jZnbjh\Zgbb

]_hkbkl_fuF_lh^bdZwlbobkke_^h\ZgbcjZajZ[hlZgZ^hklZlhqghiheghBf_

_lky lZd`_ hiul bkihevah\Zgby kljmdlmjgh-^bgZfbq_kdbo ih^oh^h\ d ijh]gh

abjh\Zgbxkhklhygby]_hkbkl_fuhl^_evguoj_]bhgh\bjZchgh\ 

Ijh]ghakhpbZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdboihke_^kl\bcbaf_g_gbykj_^u mqb

lu\Z_l\i_j\mxhq_j_^vkhklhygb_a^hjh\vygZk_e_gbyfeZ^_gq_kdmxkf_jl

ghklv \jh`^_ggu_ ZghfZebbjZa\blbygh\hjh`^_gguokf_jlghklvih\hajZk

lguf ]jmiiZf fm`qbg b `_gsbg aZ[he_\Z_fhklv ^_l_c b \ajhkeuo jZkijh

kljZg_gb_ hgdheh]bq_kdbo aZ[he_\Zgbc kgb`_gb_ wnn_dlb\ghklb ohayckl\Z

wdhghfbq_kdbc ms_j[ aZljZlu gZ ij_^hl\jZs_gb_ beb ebd\b^Zpbx g_[eZ]h

ijbylguowdheh]bq_kdbobaf_g_gbcihl_jxbebbklhs_gb_ijbjh^guoj_kmj

kh\ b ]_ghnhg^Z wdheh]bq_kdb h[mkeh\e_ggh_ khpbZevgh_ gZijy`_gb_ ^hex

[_ajZ[hlguo \ j_amevlZl_ aZdjulby ij_^ijbylbc ih wdheh]bq_kdbf ijbqbgZf

fb]jZpbxgZk_e_gby\k\yabkwdheh]bq_kdhch[klZgh\dhcbl^ 

Ijh]ghabjh\Zgb_wdheh]bq_kdhckblmZpbb\p_ehfhkgh\u\Z_lkygZZgZ

eba_bkbgl_a_ijh]ghah\\k_olj_o\ur_gZa\Zgguo[ehdh\F_lh^uijh]ghab

jh\Zgby ijb wlhffh]mlk\h^blvkyd lj_fba\_klguf ]jmiiZfwdkljZiheypbb

fh^_ebjh\Zgbxbwdki_jlba_DZ`^Zybagbobf__lk\hbkms_kl\_ggu_h]jZgb

q_gbyDZdkqblZ_l<BDmjZrh\wdheh]bq_kdZyijh[e_fZijbp_ehklghf__

jZkkfhlj_gbb-ijh[e_fZk\_jo\ukhdh]hihjy^dZkeh`ghklbIZjZf_ljulZdbo

kbkl_f g_\hafh`gh bkq_jiu\Zxsbf h[jZahf bkke_^h\Zlv wdki_jbf_glZevgh

kbkl_fulZdh]hmjh\gykeh`ghklbg_fh]ml[ulvhibkZgukdhevdh-gb[m^vihe

gh l_hj_lbq_kdb g_fh]ml [ulv ij_^klZ\e_gu fZl_fZlbq_kdbfb fh^_eyfb [_a

kbevguomijhs_gbcHlkx^Zex[u_fh^_eb[bhkn_juwdhkbkl_fubli^Z`_k

ijbf_g_gb_f\k_okh\j_f_gguogZmqguoagZgbcbkmi_jdhfivxl_jh\khhl\_l

kl\mxl j_Zevguf kbkl_fZf g_ [he__ q_f ieZklfZkkh\Zy b]jmrdZ gZijbf_j

kehgZkhhl\_lkl\mxs_fm`b\hfmkehgmDmjZrh\k 

< ih^h[guo keh`guo g_ebg_cguo kbkl_fZo \hafh`gh ijbf_g_gb_ khq_

lZgbc fh^me_c ihke_^h\Zl_evgh \uihegy_fuo  ijh]ghklbq_kdbo ijhp_^mj

bf_xsbo h^bgZdh\h_ p_e_\h_ gZagZq_gb_ b h[_ki_qb\Zxsbo nmgdpbhgbjh\Z

gb_ hl^_evguo f_lh^h\ ijh]ghabjh\Zgby ih ijbgpbim kh_^bg_gby >ey \k_o

lj_oijh]ghaguo[ehdh\wdheh]bq_kdhckblmZpbbfh]ml[ulvljbjZagu_kbkl_

fu ijh]ghklbq_kdbo fh^me_c beb h^gZ kd\hagZy kbkl_fZ <k_ kbkl_fu ijh

]ghklbq_kdbofh^me_c^he`gu\dexqZlvijhp_^mjmZgZebaZh[t_dlZijh]ghaZ