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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Федеральное агентство связи

Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования

«Сибирский государственный университет

телекоммуникаций и информатики»

(ГОУ ВПО «СибГУТИ»)

Н.Н. Клещина

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Практикум

по грамматике, чтению и переводу

с английского языка

Новосибирск

2008

Оглавление

Предисловие………………………………………………………………………05

Unit 1

Текст «The electronic age»…………………………………………………...09

Unit 2

Конструкции as…as, such…as, not so …as…………………………………17

Unit 3

Условные предложения……………………………………………………..76

Значения слова provide……………………………………………………...79

Значения союзов unless, suppose, in case, on condition that, but for……….79

Словообразование. Префиксы. …………………………………………….80

Сослагательное наклонение (The Subjunctive Mood)……………………...85

Сослагательное наклонение после безличных предложений…………….86

Сослагательное наклонение после глагола wish…………………………..88

Конструкции would rather и had better……………………………………...89

Предисловие

Данный практикум предназначен для студентов технических специальностей первого и второго курсов как для аудиторной, так и для самостоятельной работы.

III. Fill in the verbs to be, to have in the right form.

1. The Moon … a natural satellite of the Earth.

2. There ….two kinds of electricity, positive and negative.

3. The second half of the 19th century ….a period of rapid growth of electrical engineering.

4. Our university …old and new buildings.

5. Every faculty …its own computer center.

6. He …a wide experience in his speciality.

7. I…greatly interested in modern technology.

8. Mobile phones ….a great number of users nowadays.

9. In the past messages to and from Europe ….sent by ship.

10. Today the word “electronics” …in general usage.

XIX. Match the words with their definitions.

1. Electronics 6. Device

2. Circuit 7. Transistor

3. Application 8. Sensor

4. Chip 9. Storage

5. Development 10. Invention

a) a piece of equipment that has been designed to do a particular job;

b) a device that can react to light, heat pressure in order to make a machine do something;

c) the branch of science or technology that studies electronic currents in electronic equipment;

d) a very small piece of a material that is used to carry a complicated electronic circuit;

e) the process of keeping information on a computer;

f) the complete path of wires and equipment along which an electric current flows;

g) a thing or an idea that has been invented;

h) a small electronic device used in computers, radios, televisions for controlling an electric current as it passes along a circuit;

i) the practical use of something, especially theory, discovery, etc;.

j) the gradual growth of something so that it becomes more advanced and stronger.

Before the development of transistors, vacuum tubes were the main active components in electronic …………….

5. …………… rapidly transmit TV and radio programs to different towns, cities, and distant areas.

9. The signal is sent over the communication channel from the transmitter to the …………….

1. The advantages of miniature circuits on silicon chips had a profound …………… on the “space race” which began when Russia launched Sputnik in 1957.

2. Along with the increasing circuit complexity there was a doubling in the information processing …………….. of the silicon chip.

4. Semiconductors use such materials as ………….. , silicon and gallium arsenide.

5. The …………. of the water is tested regularly.

6. Gas and oil ……………. always increases in cold weather.

7. The two teams have always been …………... .

8. The .................. of the results depends on the modernization of the equipment.

XIV. Combine words from Box A with words from Box B to make collocations.

XV. Make nouns from the following verbs.

To respond, to amplify, to replace, to compete, to operate, to perform, to form, to grow, to consume, to wide.

XVI. Find synonyms to the following words in the first part of the text.

Competitor, stage, to display, to need, difficult, to remove, feature, strong

XVII. Phrasal verbs: bring and turn. Fill in the correct particle.

XVIII. Make sentences out of two parts.

XIX. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the meanings of highlighted words.

XX. Discussion. In pairs discuss the following questions.

1. Speak about three generations of electronics: valve, transistor and integrated circuit. Give examples.

2. Discuss the following quotation: “Modern science and techniques have taught mankind at least one lesson: Nothing is impossible”. Lewis Mumford (US philosopher).

I. Define the forms of the Infinitives.

II. Comment on the forms and functions of the Infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian.

III. Complete the sentences by using suitable infinitives.

1. This car is designed …

2. The young man works hard …

3. I went abroad …

4. To be up to date means …

5. We have decided …

6. Satellites are used …

7. Amplifier is able …

8. Experiments helped Mendeleev …

9. There are projects …

10. One way to safe our environment is …

IV. Use to before the Infinitives where possible.

V. Complete the sentences using to or for.

VI. Use the right form of the Infinitive in brackets.

VII. Complete the sentences using either too or enough.

1. The river is … polluted to swim.

2. Erica is old … to make her own decisions.

3. The exam was … difficult for me.

4. The hole in the ozone layer means that parts of the earth don′t get … protection from ultraviolet radiation.

5. Materials used for supersonic structure must be strong … to withstand the air resistance at high speeds.

6. This car is … expensive for me to buy.

7. The voice warning system for cars requires the connection of 18 wires, but it is simple … to be installed in a car.

8. The silicon-dioxide layer of transistors is … thin to be a perfect insulator.

9. I′m sorry I could not take your call before; the signal on my phone was … weak.

10. Infrared rays emitted by any object on the road are to be intensive … for sensors to pick them up.

VIII. Make one sentence from two. Complete the new sentence using too or enough.

Example: I can′t buy this computer. It is too expensive for me.

This computer is too expensive for me to buy.

The piano …

The situation …

Some …

4. Light beam of a laser can vaporize the hardest and most heat-resistant materials. It is intensive enough.

Light beam …

The “night vision” system …

IX. Read the text. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it.

Electrons in atoms

constituent – составная часть, составляющая

particle – частица

overall – полный, общий, предельный

magnitude – величина, размер

to deflect – отражать

shell – оболочка

abundant – избыточный

minute – крохотный, мелкий, незначительный

thermistor – терморезистор

heat sensor – тепло-чувствительный элемент

to embed – впитывать посторонние смеси, погружать, внедрять

acceptor – акцептор (тип примеси в полупроводнике)

doping – добавление примесей

impurity – примесь

to donate – выпустить

negligible – незначительный

hole – дырка

bond - связь, соединение

X. Find the Infinitives in the text and define their functions.

XI. Read the text again and answer the questions.

XIII. Complete the sentences using the correct variant.

XIV. Combine words from Box A with words from Box B to make collocations.

XV. Connect the words with their definitions.

5. resistance 10. electron

11. hole

a) a very small piece of a substance with a positive electric charge that forms part of the nucleus.

b) a very small piece of a substance with a negative electric charge found in all atoms.

c) a vacancy in the crystal structure of a semiconductor that is able to attract an electron.

d) an element such as boron that is added to silicon to produce a semiconductor with desirable electrical qualities.

e) the central and relatively small part of an atom that is made up of protons and neutrons.

f) a particle in the nucleus of an atom that has no electrical charge and a mass roughly equal to that of the proton.

g) the process of introducing minute amount of material into a silicon to produce n-type or p-type semiconductors in the making of transistors, integrated circuits and other semiconductor devices.

h) the smallest particle of a chemical element that can exist alone.

i) the outer structure or layer of something.

j) a force that stops something moving or makes it move more slowly.

k) a very small piece of matter, such as an electron or proton, that is part of an atom.

2. The main reason semiconductor materials are so useful is that the behaviour of a semiconductor can be easily manipulated by the addition of impurities, known as…

3. A semiconductor without … is called a natural semiconductor.

4. In a crystal of pure silicon, each of the four outer “valence” electrons forms a covalent bond with an electron from a neighbouring silicon ….

5. The electrons in a model of a silicon structure are arranged in what are known as … surrounding the nucleus.

6. Electrical … is a measure of the ease (or difficulty) with which electrical current is able to flow through a material.

7. There are no free … available in a crystalline structure to make silicon conduct electricity and so it is an insulator.

8. The flow of … can be likened to the movement of an empty seat in a row of a theatre seat.

9. Electrical insulators contain electrons that are more strongly bound to the parent … and therefore free electrons are scarce.

10. A model of a silicon atom has fourteen electrons surrounding a nucleus containing fourteen … and fourteen neutrons.

XVII. Form the correct verb from the word in bold using suffixes: -en, -ise, -ify, or prefix en-.

1. I think you should … (large) some of the photographs.

2. The teacher should … (simple) the information so that everybody understands it.

3. They are planning to … (modern) the factory and buy new machinery.

4. They boiled the water in order to… (pure) it.

5. The council has decided to … (wide) the main road into the city centre.

6. The government promised to … (broad) access to higher education.

7. The study of science … (rich) all our life.

8. Please, ... (close) all translated words in brackets.

9. My parents always … (courage) me in my choice of career.

10. Nothing could … (weak) his determination to continue.

XVIII. Fill in the correct preposition (in, on, to, from, for, of, with).

XIX. Use the verbs in brackets in the required form of the Infinitive.

XX. Discussion. In pairs discuss the following questions.

Look at the following possible technological advances. Which ones do you think will occur in the next 50 years? Are there any which you think will never happen? Give reasons for your opinions.

I. Find the infinitives and translate the following sentences.

III. Translate the sentences paying attention to the for-to-infinitive construction.

IV. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Complex Subject.

X. Read the text. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it.

XI. Find the Infinitives in the text and define their functions.

XII. Find the sentences with the Complex Object and the Complex Subject in the text.

XIII. Read the text again and answer the questions.

XV. Combine words from Box A with words from Box B to make collocations.

XVI. Connect the words with their definitions.

XVIII. Translate the sentences into Russian, paying attention to the meanings of highlighted words.

XIX. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the words either and neither and their combinations.

IV. Translate the sentences paying attention to Participle II in the function of attribute.

V. Translate the sentences paying attention to Participle II in the function of adverbial modifier.

VI. Translate the sentences, define the types of Participles and their functions.

VII. Make sentences beginning with Having ….

Example: We finished our work. We went home.

Having finished our work, we went home.

1. He wrote the letter, then he sent e-mail.

2. The plane was delayed by technical problems. It took off one hour late.

3. I had seen photographs of the place. I had no desire to go there.

4. Marie and Pierre Curie discovered radium. It gave them the possibility to discover other radioactive substances.

5. Lodygin discovered that carbon filaments were not efficient enough, that is why he tried to find some other material, more suitable for the purpose.

6. Teams of physicists, chemists and metallurgists were brought together and materials and theories were improved.

7. The substance was heated and it changed its properties.

8. New features were added and it changed the appearance of mobile phones.

10. In 1994 Tim Berners-Lee left CERN, the particle physics laboratory near Geneva where he created the World Wide Web. He moved to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

VIII. Complete the sentences with Participle I or Participle II.

IX. Translate the sentences paying attention to Absolute Participial Construction.

X. Join two sentences using Absolute Participial Construction.

Example: a) The electric candle had been invented.

b) The problem of lighting was solved.

The electric candle having been invented, the problem of lighting was solved.

a) Lodygin was the first who thought of tungsten as a material suitable for the purpose.

b) The invention of the incandescent filament lamp belongs to him.

2. a) A series of attempts had been made.

b) He came to a successful solution of the problem.

3. a) Tungsten was used for the filament.

b) Lodygin solved the problem of the incandescent lamp.

4. a) Numerous experiments had been carried out at the orbital stations.

b) It became possible to develop new methods of industrial production of new materials.

5. a) Numerous experiments were over.

b) Newton was able to write his work very quickly.

XI. Read the text. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it.

A new old idea

to flick – щёлкнуть

flicker - короткая вспышка, мерцание

to relay – передавать

set-up - структура, система, настройка

free-space optics - оптическая система в открытом пространстве

to be afoot – готовиться

car headlight – фара автомобиля

tail-light - задний габаритный фонарь

to alert – предупредить об опасности

to snoop – шпионить

to piggy-back on – использовать в своих интересах

broadband connection – широкополосное соединение

transceiver – приемопередатчик

to intercept – перехватывать, задерживать

directional transmitter – передающая радиопеленгаторная станция

obsolete – устаревший

to pursue - следовать

incandescent bulb – лампа накаливания

XII. Find the Participles in the text and define their functions.

XIII. Read the text again and answer the questions.

XV. Combine words from Box A with words from Box B to make collocations.

XVI. Connect the words with their definitions.

a part of a radio or a piece of musical or computing equipment that the sound comes out of;

a light spread over a wide area;

a station which produces signals, sounds in one particular direction;

an optical system in which light is used to send information.

XVII. Find synonyms for the words and words combinations in the text.

to convey, huge, lamp, being planned, to warn, to prevent, disadvantage, out of date, to give off, a look at something, to move something quickly.

XIX. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the meanings of highlighted words.

XX. Translate the sentences paying attention to the word since.

XXI. Discussion. In pairs discuss the following questions.

“Change is not made without inconvenience, even from worse to better”. Richard Hooker (British theologian).

I. Translate the sentences paying attention to the forms of the Gerund.

II. Use the right form of the Gerund of the verbs in brackets.

III. Comment on the forms and functions of the Gerunds.

IV. Complete the sentences. Add the necessary preposition (by, at, about, in, on, of, to, for, from).

V. Complete the sentences. Add the necessary preposition.

– We do insist …

6. Being a student he was interested …

7. I am capable …

8. Scientists succeeded …

9. There is no point…

10. You must take precautions …

VI. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the gerundial construction.

VII. Read and translate the sentences. State whether the ing-form is a Gerund, a Verbal noun or a Participle.

VIII. Use the Gerund instead of the Subordinate Clause.

IX. Comment on the difference between the following pairs of sentences.

1. I like playing computer games. I would like to play computer games.

2. The manager stopped speaking on the phone. The manager stopped to pick up the file.

3. If you want to improve your English, you can try watching English films. I am trying to study new material.

7. Don`t forget to turn off your computer. I shall never forget visiting London.

8. I shall get it done even if it means working hard. I mean to work all night in order to finish this project.

X. Complete the sentences with the Infinitive or Gerund of the verbs in brackets after regret, remember, mean, try and stop.

XI. Complete the sentences with the Infinitive or Gerund of the verbs in brackets.

(Understand) many parts of electronics, we must know how electricity behaves at higher frequencies.

In 1920s the USA and Europe wanted (expand) the broadcast channels.

It is possible for vacuum tubes (convert) part of their energy into visible light.

I’m not used to (speak) in public so I need (practice) my presentation.

He was the first British physicist (award) the Nobel prize for literature.

I heard the phone (ring) twice and then stop.

The engineer suggested (use) an integrated circuit (amplify) a weak audio signal.

He offered (help) me (repair) my player.

While I was waiting for my plane, I watched other planes (take off) and (land).

XII. Read the text, translate it and comment on the –ing forms.

Turn on, turn in - to any station anywhere

None of the drawbacks matter in the long run. After setting up the system it is a breeze to get it to do whatever you want.

а stand-alone device – независимое, автономное устройство

to cry out – настоятельно требовать, нуждаться

a subwoofer – динамик низких частот

to buffer – изолировать

a breeze – пустяк, легкая задача

XIII. Read the text. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it.

Analogue television basics

to radiate – излучать

vidicon tube – видикон

electron gun – электронный прожектор, электронная пушка

scanning coil – отклоняющаяся катушка

AF - audio frequency – звуковая частота

scanning – обследование, развертка изображения

flyback – обратный ход луча

raster – растр

to deflect – отклонять

field scan – полевая развертка

line scan – строчная развертка

glass envelope – стеклянная колба, баллон

flared – расширяющийся, расширенный на конус

to clamp – зажимать, фиксировать

bandwidth – ширина полосы часто, полоса частот

interlaced scanning – черезстрочная разверстка

intervening lines – промежуточные линии

XIV. Find Gerunds in the text and define their functions.

XV. Read the text again and answer the questions.

XVI. Combine words from Box A with words from Box B to make collocations.

XVII. Connect the words with their definitions.

The purpose of the …………….. is to convert the sound pressures into electrical impulses of varying amplitude.

The electron beam that scans the picture in the ……………… must be in exactly the same position at all times as the electron beam that scans the screen in the picture tube.

The vision signal contains only half the picture information thereby reducing the ………………. by half to 5.5 MHz.

Both line and frame synchronizing pulses are added back to the video signal during the …………….. when the line is blanked out.

…………….are conventionally divided into transmitting and receiving, though in most cases there is no principle difference between them.

A kinescope is a large vacuum tube used for ……………… and viewing the transmitted pictures.

When colour ………………. was introduced in the UK in 1967, consideration had to be given to owners of monochrome receivers so that they could continue to receive a normal monochrome picture.

In the television system devised by Vladimir K. Zmorykin a narrow …………….. is used to scan the image in a photoelectric tube of special design called an iconoscope.

The electron beam is produced by an ………………. , which consists of a heated cathode, a grid and the anodes.

All three electron guns scan the screen under the control of the same ……………… .

XIX. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the meanings of highlighted words

XX. Change the sentences, using the words in brackets according to the model.

Model: The attendants don’t permit the taking of photographs. (visitors)

The attendants don’t permit visitors to take photographs.

XXI. Discussion. In pairs discuss the following questions.

“It is only when they go wrong that machines remind you how powerful they are.” Clive James (Australian critic)

Unit 9

I. Translate conditional sentences and define their types.

II. Choose the right variant in brackets paying attention to the type of conditional sentences.

III. Put the verbs in the right form in the conditional sentences.

3. If a difference of potential between two points of a conductor (maintain) by some means or other, electrons will continue to flow, giving life to a continuous current.

4. If there were no force of gravitation, both the Moon and the Earth (fly off) into space along a straight line.

5. If we (have) to examine most solid substances, we should see that they are crystalline.

6. Would you mind if I (come) to work an hour later on Monday?

7. If the post were more reliable, we (not have to) depend on couriers.

8. If cast iron had not been so brittle, it (find) much more applications in industry. 9. If a given amount of energy is put into a machine, precisely that very amount (be) developed.

10. If white cast iron were slowly cooled in the moulds it (have) a structure of ferrite and free carbon in the form of graphite.

11. What would you use if you (want) to measure air pressure?

12. If you (look) at the engine for a moment, you would have seen what was missing.

13. If there were no atmosphere, there (be) no clouds, no rain.

14. If you (melt) the snow you would get water.

IV. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses.

V. Rewrite the sentences according to the model.

Model: I did not see the signal, so I did not stop.

If I had seen the signal, I would have stopped.

VI. Finish the sentences.

VII. Change the following sentences of real condition into sentences of unreal condition.

Model: If you put salt on ice it will melt.

If you put salt on ice it would melt.

VIII. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the word provide.

IX Translate the sentences with conjunctions unless, in case, but for, on condition that and suppose.

X. Complete the sentences with a word formed from the word in brackets. Use the following prefixes only once: over-, super-, under-, mono-, semi-, mal-, non-, sub-, out-, mis-.

1. Recent spectacular breakthroughs in …………… (conductor) may be compared with the physics discoveries that led to electronics and nuclear power.

2. The introduction of …………….. (conductor) technology revolutionized the computer industry.

3. You mast not …………… (estimate) how difficult it is going to be.

4. From the ……………. (set), Bill Gates was confident that his computer language, BASIC, would be a success.

5. To build a reliable hypersonic plane one has to ……………. (come) a whole set of technological and scientific difficulties.

6. Most people prefer a colour screen to a …………… (chrome) screen.

7. If a printer ………….. (function), you should check the interface cable.

9. His comments were ……………….. (interpreted) as a criticism of the project.

10. We ………………. (contracted) the work to a small engineering firm.

XI. Read the text. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it.

The charge-coupled device

resolution 6. Complementary

substrate Metal-Oxide Semiconductor

camcorder 7. electrode

charge-coupled device 8. thermionic emission

photon 9. bar code reader

10. pixel

a) an integrated circuit that converts light into a series of electrical charges that are related to the intensity of any given picture element;

b) the ability of a microscope or other optical instrument to produce separate images of closely placed objects;

c) any of a number of very small picture elements that make up a picture, as on a visual display unit;

d) the emission of electrons from very hot solids or liquids, used for producing electrons in valves, electron microscopes and X-ray tubes;

e) a video camera and recorder combined in a portable unit;

f) a switching circuit based on a field-effect transistor;

g) the semiconductor base on which other material is deposited, especially in the construction of integrated circuits;

h) a unit of electromagnetic energy;

i) a device which can read the information contained on a pattern of thick and thin lines that is printed on things you buy;

j) an element in a semiconducting device that emits, collects or controls the movement of electrons or holes.

XVII. Translate the following words, paying attention to prefixes then use them in sentences.

Underuse, outsource, overlay, misrepresent, undertake, overproduce, subdirect, supercharged, nonstandard, underachieve, mislay, misuse, outlay, outtake/

XVIII. Find synonyms to the following words in the text.

To include, to find, to put into, to join, to produce, susceptible, strength, to form, base, to place.

XX. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the meanings of highlighted words.

XXI. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses.

XXII. Discussion. In pairs discuss the following questions.

“A discovery is said to be an accident meeting a prepared mind”. (Albert Szent-Gyorgyi).

Unit 10

I. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood after the verbs should, would, could, might, must.

II. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood in subject clause.

III. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood after verbs: to order, to insist, to demand, to suggest, to advice.

IV. Open the brackets using the Subjunctive Mood.

Model: He (advise) them what to do, but he couldn’t get in touch with them.

He would have advised them what to do, but he couldn’t get in touch with them.

1. I (obtain) a datum quantity for direct current, but the galvanic element that I used failed.

2. The supply voltage must have been increased, more current (flow) through the regulator tube.

3. Why did not you ask them to discuss your problem then? They (not postpone) it.

4. It (be) wise of you to read scientific journals on your profession.

5. I think nobody (object) to discussing the results of our work tomorrow.

6. She (buy) the disk, but she had no money.

7. It (be) impossible to determine the chemical composition of the metal without a laboratory analysis.

8. The heat (cause) mechanical troubles, but fortunately the temperature weren’t raised above a certain limit.

9. I (come) to the meeting, but I wasn’t informed about it.

10. This method is not efficient otherwise it (introduce) long ago.

V. Complete the given phrases using the Subjunctive Mood.

5. The professor strongly advised …

VI. Translate the sentences with the Subjunctive Mood after the following conjunctions: lest, so that, in order that, though.

VII. Translate the sentences with the Subjunctive Mood after the following conjunctions: as if and as though.

VIII. Open the brackets and use the correct form of the Subjunctive Mood.

IX. Comment on the use of tenses in the following sentences after wish and if only.

X. Paraphrase the following sentences using the Subjunctive Mood after the verb wish.

Example: My students are not always in time for class.

I wish my students were always in time for class.

XI. Translate the sentences paying attention to the phrases would rather and had better.

XII. What would you do in the following situations. Express your advice using constructions: would rather and would better.

Model; Your record player is too loud.

You had better turn it down.

XIII. Comment on the use of the Subjunctive Mood after the expression It’s high time.

XIV. Read the text. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it.

Fibre optics communications

Vocabulary:

interference – взаимное влияние, помехи

cross-talk - помехи

eavesdropper – оператор перехвата (подслушивания) сообщений

fire hazard – источник пожароопасности

attenuation – ослабление, затухание

silica – кварц, кремнезем

core – сердечник, ядро

cladding – покрытие, оболочка, плакировка

refractive index – коэффициент преломления

armoured cable – армированный кабель

coating – обшивка, покрытие

XV. Read the text again and find all sentences with the Subjunctive Mood.

XVI. Answer the questions.

XVIII. Combine words from Box A with words from Box B to make collocations.

XIX. Connect the words with their definitions.

1. The part of the electromagnetic spectrum with a longer wavelength than light but a shorter wavelength than radio waves;

XX. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood.

XXI. Practice the Conditional and the Subjunctive Mood while discussing the following ideas.

УДК 42 (076)

Н.Н. Клещина. Английский язык: Практикум по грамматике, чтению и переводу с английского языка. / СибГУТИ. – Новосибирск, 2008г. – 96 стр.

При работе с данным учебным материалом студенты должны приобрести знания по грамматике, расширить свой лексический запас, совершенствовать навыки перевода и устной речи.

Рекомендуется для работы студентов первого и второго курсов технических специальностей как для аудиторной, так и самостоятельной работы.

Кафедра иностранных и русского языков

Список литературы – 17 наим.

Рецензент: кфн. Е.И. Мартынова

Рекомендовано РИС СибГУТИ в качестве практикума по грамматике, чтению и переводу.

© Сибирский государственный университет

телекоммуникаций и информатики, 2008г.

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Практикум

по грамматике, чтению и переводу

с английского языка

Analogue television basics

Television is the transmission and reception of pictures and sound by very high frequency (VHF) radio waves. In the television studio, or during outdoor broadcasts, one or more television cameras produce electrical signals of a moving visible scene. A video amplifier amplifies these signals and sends them along a line to the transmitting station. At the same time, sounds associated with the scene are converted into electrical signals by a microphone and these, too, are amplified along with the video signal. At the television transmitting station, two carrier waves are modulated, one with the video information and one with the sound information. The transmitting aerial picks up this wave and amplifies it before demodulating the vision and sound components. Two signals are separated out. The demodulated sound signal passes to an AF amplifier before being passed to a loudspeaker that recreates the original sound as accurately as possible. A video amplifier amplifiers the demodulated video signal before being passed to a cathode ray tube in the TV receiver to recreate an image of the original scene. A black-and-white television camera combines optics and electronics to produce electronic signals. The basis of this camera is the vidicon tube. It produces a narrow beam of electrons aimed at a photosensitive material on which a lens system focuses an optical image. I front of the target is a transparent aluminium film. The variation in brightness of the image is “read” using an electron beam that is made to move back and forth over the target. During this scanning process, the electron current varies in the circuit comprising the electron beam, the target, resistor, the power supply and the electron gun. The strength of the electron current thus follows the brightness of the image, and resistor turns these current variations into voltage variations comprising video signal. In the vidicon tube, the electron beam is made to scan the target by suitable signals passing through the scanning coils wound round the tube. The spot of electrons is first positioned at the top of the target and rapidly moved horizontally. At the end of the line, the spot is moved rapidly back to the left side of the target. This very rapid return of the spot is called flyback. A second line is now traced and the process repeated until the spot has reached the bottom right-hand corner of the target. The spot is then returned to the top left-hand corner of the screen and a second picture traced out. Thus scanning produces a picture made up of a set of parallel lines called a raster. The system that deflects the spot horizontally is called the field scan, and that which moves the spot downwards at a much slower rate is called line scan. The deflection is produced by magnetic fields generated by currents having a sawtooth shape. Scanning is a common way of building up pictures and is used in the cameras on weather satellites, and on interplanetary spacecraft that send us detailed pictures of planets during their exploration of the Solar System. In a TV receiver the picture is displayed on the screen of a cathode ray tube (CRT). The tube is an airless glass envelope, narrow and cylindrical at one end and flared out at the other end to form a viewing screen. By heating a filament at the narrow end, electrons are produced and these are accelerated and focused into a narrow beam by an electron gun before being “fired” along the axis of the tube towards the positive anodes. The horizontal and vertical deflection coils clamped round the neck of the tube move the beam back and forth across the screen to build up a picture as a set of lines on the screen. Where the electrons strike the phosphor, light is produced, the brightness of which is determined by the energy of the electrons. External controls on the receiver enable the intensity of the electron beam and therefore the overall brightness of the screen to be adjusted. Because a TV picture contains a lot of information, TV needs a bandwidth of about 11 MHz. In order to save “radio space”, this rather large bandwidth is halved to 5.5 MHz by a technique called interlaces scanning. Each complete picture is divided into two frames that are scanned and transmitted one after the other and then reassembled at the TV receiver. Thus, after the beam has scanned half the picture comprising 312.5 lines in 1/50s, it returns to scan the intervening lines. Therefore, although 50 frames are transmitted per second, only 25 complete pictures are transmitted per second.


Vocabulary:

to radiate – излучать

vidicon tube – видикон

electron gun – электронный прожектор, электронная пушка

scanning coil – отклоняющаяся катушка

AF - audio frequency – звуковая частота

scanning – обследование, развертка изображения

flyback – обратный ход луча

raster – растр

to deflect – отклонять

field scan – полевая развертка

line scan – строчная развертка

glass envelope – стеклянная колба, баллон

flared – расширяющийся, расширенный на конус

to clamp – зажимать, фиксировать

bandwidth – ширина полосы часто, полоса частот

interlaced scanning – черезстрочная разверстка

intervening lines – промежуточные линии

XIV. Find Gerunds in the text and define their functions.

XV. Read the text again and answer the questions.


  1. What is television?

  2. What is the role of transmitting and receiving aerials in television?

  3. What is the basis of black-and-white television camera?

  4. Describe the principle of a vidicon tube.

  5. Where is process of scanning used?

  6. Describe the principle of a cathode ray tube in a TV receiver.

  7. Why does TV need a bandwidth of about 11 MHz?

  8. What is an interlaced scanning? What is it used for?



XVI. Combine words from Box A with words from Box B to make collocations.

A

broadcast

transmitting

photosensitive

electron

scanning

glass

intervening

electron

B

gun

system

lines

coil

station

envelope

beam

material

XVII. Connect the words with their definitions.

  1. flyback 6. interlaced scanning

  2. television 7. deflection

  3. electron gun 8. aerial

  4. raster 9. demodulation

  5. bandwidth 10. broadcast

  1. the act or process by which an output wave or signal is obtained having the characteristics of the original modulating wave or signal;

  2. a pattern of horizontal scanning lines traced by an electron beam, especially on a television screen;

  3. the fast return of the spot on a cathode-ray tube after completion of each trace;

  4. a transmission of a program on radio or television;

  5. the range of frequencies within a given waveband used for a particular transmission;

  6. the part of a radio or television system having any of various shapes, such as a dipole, long-wire, or vertical aerial, by means of which radio waves are transmitted or received;

  7. a system of scanning a television picture, first along even-numbered lines, then along the odd-numbered lines, in a complete scan;

  8. the system or process of producing on a distant screen a series of transient visible images, usually with an accompanying sound signal;

  9. the change in direction of a light beam as it crosses a boundary between two media with different refractive indexes;

  10. a heated cathode with an associated system of electrodes and coils for producing and focusing a beam of electrons, used especially in cathode-ray tubes.


XVIII. Complete each sentence with a word from the box.


Flyback, vidicon tube, deflection soils, television, scanning, electron gun, bandwidth, aerial, electron beam, microphone
  1. 1   ...   22   23   24   25   26   27   28   29   ...   36

The purpose of the …………….. is to convert the sound pressures into electrical impulses of varying amplitude.

  • The electron beam that scans the picture in the ……………… must be in exactly the same position at all times as the electron beam that scans the screen in the picture tube.

  • The vision signal contains only half the picture information thereby reducing the ………………. by half to 5.5 MHz.

  • Both line and frame synchronizing pulses are added back to the video signal during the …………….. when the line is blanked out.

  • …………….are conventionally divided into transmitting and receiving, though in most cases there is no principle difference between them.

  • A kinescope is a large vacuum tube used for ……………… and viewing the transmitted pictures.

  • When colour ………………. was introduced in the UK in 1967, consideration had to be given to owners of monochrome receivers so that they could continue to receive a normal monochrome picture.

  • In the television system devised by Vladimir K. Zmorykin a narrow …………….. is used to scan the image in a photoelectric tube of special design called an iconoscope.

  • The electron beam is produced by an ………………. , which consists of a heated cathode, a grid and the anodes.

  • All three electron guns scan the screen under the control of the same ……………… .

    XIX. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the meanings of highlighted words

    1. Setting targets is very important when you want to achieve something. 2. He has become the target for a lot of criticism recently. 3. The campaign is clearly targeted on the young. 4. She scanned the advertisement pages of the newspaper over breakfast. 5. I scanned the book for every detail of the transistor operation. 6. Text and pictures can be scanned into the computer. 7. The camera tubes are scanned in synchronism using internal electron beams that produce three separate voltages, representing the 8 MHz colour information. 8. Suppose the picture being scanned has n elements. 9. Luckily I managed to get home half an hour before the first spots of rain started to fall. 10. His jacket was covered with spots of mud. 11. The process of scanning consists of moving an exploring element or spot over the image to be transmitted in a periodically repeated path covering the entire image area.

    XX. Change the sentences, using the words in brackets according to the model.

    Model: The attendants don’t permit the taking of photographs. (visitors)

    The attendants don’t permit visitors to take photographs.

    1. The engineer advised using a variable capacitor to tune different stations in. (their colleges)

    2. The teacher recommends recalling the material about audio amplifier. (the student)

    3. The necessity to save “radio space” doesn’t permit increasing of bandwidth. (radio station)

    4. The professor intends using amplitude modulation to transmit the bandwidth. (the engineer)

    5. A new communication satellite allowed using regular Hi-Vision service. (tiny aerials)

    XXI. Discussion. In pairs discuss the following questions.

    1. Speak about different types of television, their advantages and disadvantages. (cable television, colour television, digital television, high-definition television).

    2. Paraphrase the following quotation. Express your opinion about it.

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