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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования
«Сибирский государственный университет
телекоммуникаций и информатики»
по грамматике, чтению и переводу
Предисловие………………………………………………………………………05
Текст «The electronic age»…………………………………………………...09
Конструкции as…as, such…as, not so …as…………………………………17
Условные предложения……………………………………………………..76
Значения слова provide……………………………………………………...79
Значения союзов unless, suppose, in case, on condition that, but for……….79
Словообразование. Префиксы. …………………………………………….80
Сослагательное наклонение (The Subjunctive Mood)……………………...85
Сослагательное наклонение после безличных предложений…………….86
Сослагательное наклонение после глагола wish…………………………..88
Конструкции would rather и had better……………………………………...89
III. Fill in the verbs to be, to have in the right form.
1. The Moon … a natural satellite of the Earth.
2. There ….two kinds of electricity, positive and negative.
3. The second half of the 19th century ….a period of rapid growth of electrical engineering.
4. Our university …old and new buildings.
5. Every faculty …its own computer center.
6. He …a wide experience in his speciality.
7. I…greatly interested in modern technology.
8. Mobile phones ….a great number of users nowadays.
9. In the past messages to and from Europe ….sent by ship.
10. Today the word “electronics” …in general usage.
XIX. Match the words with their definitions.
a) a piece of equipment that has been designed to do a particular job;
b) a device that can react to light, heat pressure in order to make a machine do something;
c) the branch of science or technology that studies electronic currents in electronic equipment;
d) a very small piece of a material that is used to carry a complicated electronic circuit;
e) the process of keeping information on a computer;
f) the complete path of wires and equipment along which an electric current flows;
g) a thing or an idea that has been invented;
i) the practical use of something, especially theory, discovery, etc;.
j) the gradual growth of something so that it becomes more advanced and stronger.
5. …………… rapidly transmit TV and radio programs to different towns, cities, and distant areas.
9. The signal is sent over the communication channel from the transmitter to the …………….
4. Semiconductors use such materials as ………….. , silicon and gallium arsenide.
5. The …………. of the water is tested regularly.
6. Gas and oil ……………. always increases in cold weather.
7. The two teams have always been …………... .
8. The .................. of the results depends on the modernization of the equipment.
XIV. Combine words from Box A with words from Box B to make collocations.
XV. Make nouns from the following verbs.
XVI. Find synonyms to the following words in the first part of the text.
Competitor, stage, to display, to need, difficult, to remove, feature, strong
XVII. Phrasal verbs: bring and turn. Fill in the correct particle.
XVIII. Make sentences out of two parts.
XIX. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the meanings of highlighted words.
XX. Discussion. In pairs discuss the following questions.
I. Define the forms of the Infinitives.
II. Comment on the forms and functions of the Infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian.
III. Complete the sentences by using suitable infinitives.
8. Experiments helped Mendeleev …
10. One way to safe our environment is …
IV. Use to before the Infinitives where possible.
V. Complete the sentences using to or for.
VI. Use the right form of the Infinitive in brackets.
VII. Complete the sentences using either too or enough.
1. The river is … polluted to swim.
2. Erica is old … to make her own decisions.
3. The exam was … difficult for me.
6. This car is … expensive for me to buy.
8. The silicon-dioxide layer of transistors is … thin to be a perfect insulator.
9. I′m sorry I could not take your call before; the signal on my phone was … weak.
VIII. Make one sentence from two. Complete the new sentence using too or enough.
Example: I can′t buy this computer. It is too expensive for me.
This computer is too expensive for me to buy.
IX. Read the text. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it.
constituent – составная часть, составляющая
overall – полный, общий, предельный
minute – крохотный, мелкий, незначительный
heat sensor – тепло-чувствительный элемент
to embed – впитывать посторонние смеси, погружать, внедрять
acceptor – акцептор (тип примеси в полупроводнике)
X. Find the Infinitives in the text and define their functions.
XI. Read the text again and answer the questions.
XIII. Complete the sentences using the correct variant.
XIV. Combine words from Box A with words from Box B to make collocations.
XV. Connect the words with their definitions.
a) a very small piece of a substance with a positive electric charge that forms part of the nucleus.
b) a very small piece of a substance with a negative electric charge found in all atoms.
c) a vacancy in the crystal structure of a semiconductor that is able to attract an electron.
e) the central and relatively small part of an atom that is made up of protons and neutrons.
h) the smallest particle of a chemical element that can exist alone.
i) the outer structure or layer of something.
j) a force that stops something moving or makes it move more slowly.
k) a very small piece of matter, such as an electron or proton, that is part of an atom.
3. A semiconductor without … is called a natural semiconductor.
8. The flow of … can be likened to the movement of an empty seat in a row of a theatre seat.
XVII. Form the correct verb from the word in bold using suffixes: -en, -ise, -ify, or prefix en-.
1. I think you should … (large) some of the photographs.
2. The teacher should … (simple) the information so that everybody understands it.
3. They are planning to … (modern) the factory and buy new machinery.
4. They boiled the water in order to… (pure) it.
5. The council has decided to … (wide) the main road into the city centre.
6. The government promised to … (broad) access to higher education.
7. The study of science … (rich) all our life.
8. Please, ... (close) all translated words in brackets.
9. My parents always … (courage) me in my choice of career.
10. Nothing could … (weak) his determination to continue.
XVIII. Fill in the correct preposition (in, on, to, from, for, of, with).
XIX. Use the verbs in brackets in the required form of the Infinitive.
XX. Discussion. In pairs discuss the following questions.
I. Find the infinitives and translate the following sentences.
III. Translate the sentences paying attention to the for-to-infinitive construction.
IV. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Complex Subject.
X. Read the text. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it.
XI. Find the Infinitives in the text and define their functions.
XII. Find the sentences with the Complex Object and the Complex Subject in the text.
XIII. Read the text again and answer the questions.
XV. Combine words from Box A with words from Box B to make collocations.
XVI. Connect the words with their definitions.
XVIII. Translate the sentences into Russian, paying attention to the meanings of highlighted words.
IV. Translate the sentences paying attention to Participle II in the function of attribute.
V. Translate the sentences paying attention to Participle II in the function of adverbial modifier.
VI. Translate the sentences, define the types of Participles and their functions.
VII. Make sentences beginning with Having ….
Example: We finished our work. We went home.
Having finished our work, we went home.
1. He wrote the letter, then he sent e-mail.
2. The plane was delayed by technical problems. It took off one hour late.
3. I had seen photographs of the place. I had no desire to go there.
7. The substance was heated and it changed its properties.
8. New features were added and it changed the appearance of mobile phones.
VIII. Complete the sentences with Participle I or Participle II.
IX. Translate the sentences paying attention to Absolute Participial Construction.
X. Join two sentences using Absolute Participial Construction.
Example: a) The electric candle had been invented.
b) The problem of lighting was solved.
The electric candle having been invented, the problem of lighting was solved.
a) Lodygin was the first who thought of tungsten as a material suitable for the purpose.
b) The invention of the incandescent filament lamp belongs to him.
2. a) A series of attempts had been made.
b) He came to a successful solution of the problem.
3. a) Tungsten was used for the filament.
b) Lodygin solved the problem of the incandescent lamp.
4. a) Numerous experiments had been carried out at the orbital stations.
b) It became possible to develop new methods of industrial production of new materials.
5. a) Numerous experiments were over.
b) Newton was able to write his work very quickly.
XI. Read the text. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it.
flicker - короткая вспышка, мерцание
set-up - структура, система, настройка
free-space optics - оптическая система в открытом пространстве
car headlight – фара автомобиля
tail-light - задний габаритный фонарь
to alert – предупредить об опасности
to piggy-back on – использовать в своих интересах
broadband connection – широкополосное соединение
transceiver – приемопередатчик
to intercept – перехватывать, задерживать
directional transmitter – передающая радиопеленгаторная станция
incandescent bulb – лампа накаливания
XII. Find the Participles in the text and define their functions.
XIII. Read the text again and answer the questions.
XV. Combine words from Box A with words from Box B to make collocations.
XVI. Connect the words with their definitions.
a part of a radio or a piece of musical or computing equipment that the sound comes out of;
a light spread over a wide area;
a station which produces signals, sounds in one particular direction;
an optical system in which light is used to send information.
XVII. Find synonyms for the words and words combinations in the text.
XIX. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the meanings of highlighted words.
XX. Translate the sentences paying attention to the word since.
XXI. Discussion. In pairs discuss the following questions.
I. Translate the sentences paying attention to the forms of the Gerund.
II. Use the right form of the Gerund of the verbs in brackets.
III. Comment on the forms and functions of the Gerunds.
V. Complete the sentences. Add the necessary preposition.
6. Being a student he was interested …
10. You must take precautions …
VI. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the gerundial construction.
VIII. Use the Gerund instead of the Subordinate Clause.
IX. Comment on the difference between the following pairs of sentences.
1. I like playing computer games. I would like to play computer games.
2. The manager stopped speaking on the phone. The manager stopped to pick up the file.
7. Don`t forget to turn off your computer. I shall never forget visiting London.
XI. Complete the sentences with the Infinitive or Gerund of the verbs in brackets.
(Understand) many parts of electronics, we must know how electricity behaves at higher frequencies.
In 1920s the USA and Europe wanted (expand) the broadcast channels.
It is possible for vacuum tubes (convert) part of their energy into visible light.
I’m not used to (speak) in public so I need (practice) my presentation.
He was the first British physicist (award) the Nobel prize for literature.
I heard the phone (ring) twice and then stop.
The engineer suggested (use) an integrated circuit (amplify) a weak audio signal.
He offered (help) me (repair) my player.
While I was waiting for my plane, I watched other planes (take off) and (land).
XII. Read the text, translate it and comment on the –ing forms.
Turn on, turn in - to any station anywhere
а stand-alone device – независимое, автономное устройство
to cry out – настоятельно требовать, нуждаться
a subwoofer – динамик низких частот
a breeze – пустяк, легкая задача
XIII. Read the text. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it.
electron gun – электронный прожектор, электронная пушка
scanning coil – отклоняющаяся катушка
AF - audio frequency – звуковая частота
scanning – обследование, развертка изображения
field scan – полевая развертка
line scan – строчная развертка
glass envelope – стеклянная колба, баллон
flared – расширяющийся, расширенный на конус
to clamp – зажимать, фиксировать
bandwidth – ширина полосы часто, полоса частот
interlaced scanning – черезстрочная разверстка
intervening lines – промежуточные линии
XIV. Find Gerunds in the text and define their functions.
XV. Read the text again and answer the questions.
XVI. Combine words from Box A with words from Box B to make collocations.
XVII. Connect the words with their definitions.
A kinescope is a large vacuum tube used for ……………… and viewing the transmitted pictures.
All three electron guns scan the screen under the control of the same ……………… .
XIX. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the meanings of highlighted words
XX. Change the sentences, using the words in brackets according to the model.
Model: The attendants don’t permit the taking of photographs. (visitors)
The attendants don’t permit visitors to take photographs.
XXI. Discussion. In pairs discuss the following questions.
I. Translate conditional sentences and define their types.
II. Choose the right variant in brackets paying attention to the type of conditional sentences.
III. Put the verbs in the right form in the conditional sentences.
5. If we (have) to examine most solid substances, we should see that they are crystalline.
6. Would you mind if I (come) to work an hour later on Monday?
7. If the post were more reliable, we (not have to) depend on couriers.
11. What would you use if you (want) to measure air pressure?
12. If you (look) at the engine for a moment, you would have seen what was missing.
13. If there were no atmosphere, there (be) no clouds, no rain.
14. If you (melt) the snow you would get water.
IV. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses.
V. Rewrite the sentences according to the model.
Model: I did not see the signal, so I did not stop.
If I had seen the signal, I would have stopped.
VII. Change the following sentences of real condition into sentences of unreal condition.
Model: If you put salt on ice it will melt.
If you put salt on ice it would melt.
VIII. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the word provide.
2. The introduction of …………….. (conductor) technology revolutionized the computer industry.
3. You mast not …………… (estimate) how difficult it is going to be.
6. Most people prefer a colour screen to a …………… (chrome) screen.
7. If a printer ………….. (function), you should check the interface cable.
9. His comments were ……………….. (interpreted) as a criticism of the project.
10. We ………………. (contracted) the work to a small engineering firm.
XI. Read the text. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it.
substrate Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
charge-coupled device 8. thermionic emission
e) a video camera and recorder combined in a portable unit;
f) a switching circuit based on a field-effect transistor;
h) a unit of electromagnetic energy;
XVII. Translate the following words, paying attention to prefixes then use them in sentences.
XVIII. Find synonyms to the following words in the text.
XX. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the meanings of highlighted words.
XXI. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses.
XXII. Discussion. In pairs discuss the following questions.
“A discovery is said to be an accident meeting a prepared mind”. (Albert Szent-Gyorgyi).
II. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood in subject clause.
IV. Open the brackets using the Subjunctive Mood.
Model: He (advise) them what to do, but he couldn’t get in touch with them.
He would have advised them what to do, but he couldn’t get in touch with them.
1. I (obtain) a datum quantity for direct current, but the galvanic element that I used failed.
2. The supply voltage must have been increased, more current (flow) through the regulator tube.
3. Why did not you ask them to discuss your problem then? They (not postpone) it.
4. It (be) wise of you to read scientific journals on your profession.
5. I think nobody (object) to discussing the results of our work tomorrow.
6. She (buy) the disk, but she had no money.
9. I (come) to the meeting, but I wasn’t informed about it.
10. This method is not efficient otherwise it (introduce) long ago.
V. Complete the given phrases using the Subjunctive Mood.
5. The professor strongly advised …
VIII. Open the brackets and use the correct form of the Subjunctive Mood.
IX. Comment on the use of tenses in the following sentences after wish and if only.
X. Paraphrase the following sentences using the Subjunctive Mood after the verb wish.
Example: My students are not always in time for class.
I wish my students were always in time for class.
XI. Translate the sentences paying attention to the phrases would rather and had better.
Model; Your record player is too loud.
XIII. Comment on the use of the Subjunctive Mood after the expression It’s high time.
XIV. Read the text. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it.
interference – взаимное влияние, помехи
eavesdropper – оператор перехвата (подслушивания) сообщений
fire hazard – источник пожароопасности
attenuation – ослабление, затухание
cladding – покрытие, оболочка, плакировка
refractive index – коэффициент преломления
armoured cable – армированный кабель
XV. Read the text again and find all sentences with the Subjunctive Mood.
XVIII. Combine words from Box A with words from Box B to make collocations.
XIX. Connect the words with their definitions.
XX. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood.
XXI. Practice the Conditional and the Subjunctive Mood while discussing the following ideas.
Кафедра иностранных и русского языков
Рецензент: кфн. Е.И. Мартынова
Рекомендовано РИС СибГУТИ в качестве практикума по грамматике, чтению и переводу.
© Сибирский государственный университет
телекоммуникаций и информатики, 2008г.
Федеральное агентство связи
Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования
«Сибирский государственный университет
телекоммуникаций и информатики»
(ГОУ ВПО «СибГУТИ»)
Н.Н. Клещина
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Практикум
по грамматике, чтению и переводу
с английского языка
Новосибирск
2008
Оглавление
Предисловие………………………………………………………………………05
Unit 1
Глаголы to be, to have………………………………………………………..06
Времена глагола группы Indefinite (Active и Passive Voice)……………...07
Вопросительные и отрицательные предложения………………………….07
Текст «The electronic age»…………………………………………………...09
Словообразование глагол-существительное………………………………12
Unit 2
Времена глагола группы Continuous (Active и Passive Voice)……………14
Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий…………………………...15
Конструкции as…as, such…as, not so …as…………………………………17
Текст “Communications electronics”………………………………………...18
Словообразование существительных, прилагательных и наречий………20
Unit 3
Времена глагола группы Perfect. Active and Passive Voice……………….23
Относительные местоимения……………………………………………….25
Относительные наречия……………………………………………………..25
Текст «The discovery of cathode rays»………………………………………25
Словообразование. Префиксы……………………………………………...27
Unit 4
Повторение времен английского языка……………………………………31
Модальные глаголы…………………………………………………………31
Функции слов it, one и that………………………………………………….32
Текст «The invention of the transistor»………………………………………33
Фразовые глаголы: bring и turn……………………………………………..37
Unit 5
Инфинитив, формы и функции……………………………………………. 38
Наречия too и enough………………………………………………………..40
Текст «Electrons in atoms»…………………………………………………..41
Словообразование. Суффиксы -en, -ise, -ify и префикс en- …………….. 46
Предлоги in, on, to, from, for, of, with………………………………………46
Unit 6
Сложное подлежащее……………………………………………………….47
Cложное дополнение………………………………………………………..48
Инфинитивный оборот с предлогом for……………………………………49
Текст «Analogue and digital displays»……………………………………… 52
Значения слов either, neither и их сочетаний………………………………56
Unit 7
Причастие I (The Participle I)………………………………………………..57
Причастие II (The Participle II)……………………………………………...58
Независимый причастный оборот………………………………………….60
Текст «A new old idea»………………………………………………………61
Значения слова since………………………………………………………...65
Unit 8
Герундий (The Gerund)……………………………………………………...66
Герундиальный оборот (Gerundial constructions)………………………….68
Сравнение герундия и причастия…………………………………………..68
Сравнение инфинитива и герундия………………………………………...69
Текст «Analogue television basics»………………………………………….71
Unit 9
Условные предложения……………………………………………………..76
Значения слова provide……………………………………………………...79
Значения союзов unless, suppose, in case, on condition that, but for……….79
Словообразование. Префиксы. …………………………………………….80
Текст «The charge-coupled device»………………………………………….80
Unit 10
Сослагательное наклонение (The Subjunctive Mood)……………………...85
Сослагательное наклонение после безличных предложений…………….86
Сослагательное наклонение после глагола wish…………………………..88
Конструкции would rather и had better……………………………………...89
Текст: «Fibre optics communications»……………………………………….90
Список литературы……………………………………………………………..95
Предисловие
Данный практикум предназначен для студентов технических специальностей первого и второго курсов как для аудиторной, так и для самостоятельной работы.
Цели практикума – подготовить студентов к чтению специальной научно-технической литературы для извлечения информации, обучить грамматическим и лексическим явлениям, которые необходимы студентам для профессионального общения на английском языке, а также привить им навыки устной речи по специальной тематике. Практикум составлен на основе современных учебных пособий по английскому языку для технических специальностей. Тексты практикума взяты их оригинальных источников с учетом их информативности и соответствия научно-техническим достижениям и изложены по принципу возрастания трудности и постепенного усложнения языка и тематики. Преподаватель может использовать отдельные упражнения выборочно, в зависимости от уровня знаний студентов. Практикум состоит из 10 уроков. Каждый урок содержит предтекстовые упражнения для преодоления лексических и грамматических трудностей основного текста. Упражнения после текста даны для закрепления грамматического и лексического материала.Unit I
5. Словообразование глагол-существительное (суффиксы –ment, -ion, -age) |
I. Determine the meaning of the verb forms.
1. The sun shines by day and the moon by night. 2. Many thousand years ago the mainland of Europe stretched much farther west than now. 3. The ionosphere consists of several layers of ions and electrons. 4. His flight arrives at six o′clock tomorrow morning. 5. Janet works on her computer every day. 6. She left university six years ago. 7. Mr. Jones worked in a factory when he was younger. 8. The engineers will install a new equipment in the office tomorrow. 9. I′m sure we will win the competition. 10. Immediately after the First World War, electronics received a push that then gained strength. 11. In the history of mathematics Lobachevsky will always be one of the greatest scientists. 12. Tsiolkovsky devoted his whole life to the development of Russian science.
II. Put the sentences into Past and Future Indefinite adding the words yesterday, tomorrow, last/next year…
-
There are many technological universities in Novosibirsk. -
This car uses a new sensor mechanism. -
After lectures I go to the Internet Café. -
My studies begin at eight o′clock. -
Every faculty has its own computer center.
III. Fill in the verbs to be, to have in the right form.
1. The Moon … a natural satellite of the Earth.
2. There ….two kinds of electricity, positive and negative.
3. The second half of the 19th century ….a period of rapid growth of electrical engineering.
4. Our university …old and new buildings.
5. Every faculty …its own computer center.
6. He …a wide experience in his speciality.
7. I…greatly interested in modern technology.
8. Mobile phones ….a great number of users nowadays.
9. In the past messages to and from Europe ….sent by ship.
10. Today the word “electronics” …in general usage.
IV. Explain the functions of the verbs to be, to have in the sentences.
-
The Moon is devoid of atmosphere or water. 2. Electricity and magnetism are closely connected. 3. Our library has a great number of books and magazines in all branches of science and technology. 4. Major developments in the field of communications and control have been the replacement of analogue systems with digital systems. 5. This problem is of great importance. 6. The speed of an electric car was not high. 7. These laboratories have modern equipment. 8. These laboratories have to buy modern equipment. 9. That part of the country has become a highly industrial one. 10. The quality of these metal parts is to be very high.
V. Compare sentences in active and passive. Translate them.
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Students asked the lecturer many questions. The lecturer was asked many questions. 2. Students watched the process with great attention. The process was watched with great attention. 3. Practice accompanies theory. Theory is accompanied by practice. 4. Mobile phones brought about great changes in people′s daily lives. Great changes in people′s daily lives were brought about by mobile phones. 5. In our country the law protects land. In Russia land is protected by the law. 6. Pictures were transmitted over telephone by sound signals. Sound signals transmitted pictures over telephone. 7. Scientists will make a series of experiments. A series of experiments will be made by scientists.
VI. Change the sentences from active to passive.
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I hope they will complete the repairs soon. 2. We will describe all the directions thoroughly. 3. The manager sent them the fax last night. 4. Aluminium is a valuable metal. You can use it again and again. Because you can recycle this metal, nobody should throw away aluminium cans. 5. James Watt invented in 1776 the rotary engine for driving various types of machinery. 6. Television and movie production use professional video cameras. 7. Computers help to solve many complex problems. 8. Lomonosov founded Moscow University. 9. The scientist told about the results of his research work at the conference. 10. The answering machine will record our message.
VII. Make questions for the following sentences.
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He entered the University last year. 2. My sister studies at the University. 3. The study of theory is accompanied by practical training. 4. The diagrams were brought by our monitor. 5. A new laboratory was opened last year. 6. The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. 7. We shall discuss this question at the meeting tomorrow. 8. A wide range of facilities is used for this modern personal communication device. 9. Enormous amounts of information are carried by pulses of laser light reflected from the inside wall of the fibre. 10. The development of science is closely connected with the development of higher education.
VIII. Put the sentences in negative and interrogative form, using the words in brackets.
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Amber has the power to attract small pieces of dust and fluff. (What) -
That problem was discussed at our meeting. (Where) -
Moscow university was founded by Lomonosov. (Who) -
The electronic industry produces several types of minicomputers. (What) -
Guglielmo Marconi realized the first long distance transmissions and founded the first commercial organization devoted to the development and use of radio. (What) -
Fully automatic cellular networks were first introduced in the early to mid-1980s (the 1G). (When) -
Modern communications owes its existence to the evolution in digital electronics. (What) -
Computers are increasingly used for solving complex problems as well as for storing and generating the enormous volume of data. (What) -
Electronic engineers design circuits to perform specific tasks. (Why) -
Control systems are used extensively in aircraft and ships, in military fire control systems, in automated manufacturing , and in robotics. (Where)
IX. Read the text. Choose the right form of the verbs in brackets.
Computer electronics
Compared with the first computers of the 1940s, today′s computers (show/shows) the dramatic advances in electronics. Power-hungry, room-sized and unreliable, these early computers (were replaced/ replaced) by a variety of compact, efficient and versatile microcomputers such as laptops.
Computers (owe/owes) their efficiency and compactness to the development of the silicon chip. Instead of being based on thermionic valves, today′s computers (depend/depended) on the processing power of the silicon chip. This is a small piece of silicon on which incredibly complex yet tiny miniaturized circuits (integrate/are integrated) by photographic and chemical processes. Perhaps the best known of these chips (is/are) the Pentium microprocessors made by Intel and the Power PC microprocessors developed by Apple, Motorola, and IBM. The microprocessor (is/was) the most complex silicon chip made today.
X. Use the right form of the verbs in brackets.
1. This program (run) by very good managers. 2. Many students (use) the Internet. 3. Electronics (be) an essential part of modern control systems. 4. Every day millions – probably billions of e-mails (send) round the world. 5. In modern Earth-based telephone and data transmission systems, hair-thin glass fibers (use) instead of conventional wires. 6. Radar (detect) things at a distance by bouncing radio waves off them. 7. Electronic engineering (deal) with the research, design, integration, and application of circuits and devices used in the transmission and processing of information. 8. This work (finish) in two days. 9. The lecture on chemistry (attend) by many students yesterday. 10. The village (connect) with the town by a railway line.
XI. Fill each gap with one word. The missing words can be: articles, auxiliary verbs, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, etc. There is an example (0).
Can you remember where you 0) were when the first text message 1) …….sent in the UK? You can′t? I′m not surprised. It is an unpredictable world, and nothing 2)……less predicted than the rise of text messaging. It came from nowhere to become 3)……fastest growing phenomenon 4)….recent times.
Over 2 million text messages are sent 5)…..hour in the UK. The mobile phone industry claims 6)…….95% of them arrive within 10 seconds in normal circumstances. Texting has opened up an entirely new area 7)……communication that didn`t exist before – brief messages for which there 8)…. a huge demand but which don`t need the fuss of a written letter.
Texting has become a means 9)….parents to maintain contact with 10) …..children, for grandparents to bond with grandchildren, for television to interact with the audience. It 11)….a marketing tool of huge potential for companies which, for the first time, can build up profiles of individual users and target them 12)….special offers.
Texting has not been successful simply because it enables you to communicate 13)….others 14)…..phone without speaking, 15)…..because it is brief and no one expects any of the usual formalities. Its simplicity may ensure its long life.