Файл: Практикум по грамматике, чтению и переводу с английского языка Новосибирск 2008 Оглавление.doc

In 1962 the first automatic station – Mars-I – was launched. 2. He launched into an argument. 3. Cogent Communication Corporation was launched in Washington, D.C., by David Schaeffer, an entrepreneur with a physics and economics background. 4. He launched the election campaign in the hope of winning. 5. The lifeboat was launched immediately. 6. The new model will be launchedin July. 7. She has a great facility for language. 8. This machine has a special facility for checking spelling. 9. New shopping centers have modern facilities. 10. This university has good facilities for study. 11. Speech is the fastest method of communication between people. 12. Snow has prevented communication with the outside world for three days. 13. Electronic technology has made it possible to set up automaticcommunication systems.

XXI. Discussion. In pairs discuss the following questions.

What are the benefits and disadvantages of mobile phones?
Are there any advantages of sending a text message over a telephone call?

Unit 3

Времена английского глагола группы Perfect. Active and Passive Voice
Относительные местоимения (who, whom, whose, which, that) и относительные наречия (when, where or why)
Текст «The discovery of cathode rays»
Словообразование. Суффиксы: -able, -ful, -ous.

5. Словообразование. Префиксы: il-, un-, dis-, in-, im-, -ir

I. Explain the usage of Perfect forms in the sentences.

The US had hoped to end analogue television broadcasts by December 31, 2006, however this was recently pushed back to February 17, 2009. 2. Gail has been abroad three times this year. 3. He had just finished his report when his boss asked to see him. 4. The telephone has changed beyond recognition since its invention in 1876. 5. By the time we get there the lecture will have started. 6. The programmer had done the work by four o′clock. 7. The country has made enormous progress this year. The Prime Minister has done so much good. 8. They will have built a house by the end of the year. 9. The report will not have been finished until 6 o′clock. 10. A new bridge has recently been built across the river.

II. Use the right form of the verbs in brackets.
1. You (use) your computer this afternoon? – I not (decide) yet.

2. Before mobile phones (take) off in the mid-1990s, no one (predict) that they would create a new means of communication: the text message.

3. When I (arrive) the lecture already (start).

4. By the time we got to the shopping centre it (close).

5. Many scientists (dream) of discovering a way to wireless communication, but never (succeed) until the late 19^th century.

6. Later that afternoon when Winston (leave), she (move) in the direction of the office.

7. The company (set) up a computer network by the end of this year.

8. She already (make) a new software package.

9. The new CCTV (install) yet.

10. I never (work) with this kind of program.

11. The builders (construct) a twelve-storey house by the end of the year.

12. The idea of space flights (attract) the attention of people since the remotest times.

13. For many centuries scientists of the world (work) successfully to uncover still unsolved secrets of nature.

14. By the end of August, he (work) at the research institute for fifteen years.

15. When the student entered the hall, the professor (speak) already for ten minutes.

16. Within the past few years great advances (make) in the techniques of programming computers.

17. The receiver (develop) recently to illustrate the principle of molecular electronics.

18. We (learn) already that when we double the current, it will produce four times as much heat.
III. Complete the text by putting the verbs into the correct tense of the Active or Passive Voice.
Student hackers arrested
Four high school computer hackers 0) were arrested yesterday and face charges of theft and fraud. It 1) ……….. (believe) the four boys, aged between 16 and 18, 2) ………. (use) a complex Internet scheme to steal computer equipment. The boys, whose names 3)…………. (not/release) yet, 4) ……….. (say) that they 5) ……….. (break) into a local Internet server and 6) ……….. (steal) credit card numbers, which they used to go on a giant online shopping trip. Altogether, they 7) ………… (order) $20000 worth of computer equipment before they 8)…………(catch). The equipment 9) ……….. (deliver) to vacant homes in the area, where it could 10) ……… (pick up)after school. When the boys 11) ………… (ask) why they carried out such an elaborate scheme, they said they 12)……….. (surprise) at how easy it was.
IV. Fill in the correct future forms.
Technology has made such dramatic advances in the past decade that by the year 2015 who knows what changes 1) will have taken place. It is quite likely that by 2015 we 2) (use up) most of the earth′s natural resources and so we 3) (rely) on wind power and hydropower for our energy needs. As a result of this shortage of energy, it is quite probable that scientists 4) (find) a way for us to live outside the earth. By the next century it is possible that people 5) (live) in cities on the Moon or perhaps in cities on the seabed. It is to be hoped that scientists 6) (discover) cures for fatal diseases such as AIDS and, due to the advancement of genetic engineering, hereditary diseases passed down from generation to generation 7) (exist) no longer. It is quite possible that by the next century life expectancy 8) (increase) to 100 years. Another area likely to have been further affected by technology in the year 2015 is education. In schools, computers 9) (replace) teachers and many students 10) (stay) at home to complete their education. We 11) (see) changes in the workplace, too. The two main areas of employment 12) (be) the so-called creative and caring professions, and the disappearance of jobs in manufacturing 13) (result) in massive unemployment.

V Fill in the gaps with the relative pronoun who, whom, whose, which, that.

Ann ………..contract expires next week is looking for another job. 2. The company ……….. I set up last year is expanding. 3. The documentary …………I saw last night was very informative. 4. My team ………..won the cup are going to tour America. 5. I read a book ………was written by Samuel Johnson. 6. That′s the woman ………..complained to the manager. 7. She is a person……….I shall always be grateful to. 8. That′s the woman …………daughter works in the bank. 9. Jamie is the person …………..is in charge of the project. 10. The new laptop ………..she bought was very expensive. 11. It is the land …….is surrounded by water.

VI. Fill in the gaps with the relative adverb when, where or why.
1. Do you know the date ……. we have to hand in the essay? 2. That was the year ……… we entered the University. 3. That is the reason ………he left town. 4. The reason …….he did this is still unclear. 5. It is a place ……….you can spend a holiday. 6. It is an area ……..there is not much green space. 7. This is a Web-site ……..you can find all the necessary information. 8. Do you know the reason ……she didn′t pass her exam? 9. 1914 was the year ……….World War I broke out.
VII. Read the text. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it.
The discovery of cathode rays
The beginnings of electronics can be traced back to the discovery of cathode rays in the closing years of the last century. These mysterious rays had been seen when an electrical discharge took place between two electrodes in a glass tube from which most of the air had been removed. Sir William Crookes called these cathode rays since they seemed to start at the negative electrode (the cathode) and moved towards the positive electrode (the anode).

At that time, nobody had any idea what cathode rays really were. Nevertheless, during a lecture at the Royal Institution in London in April 1897, Sir J.J. Thomson declared that cathode rays were actually small, rapidly moving electrical charges. Later these charges were called electrons after the Greek word for amber.

Amber is fossilized resin from trees and has strange properties as the ancient Greeks had found. If rubbed with fur or a dry cloth, it has the power to attract small pieces of dust and fluff. Neither the Greeks, nor the scientists who devoted so much time to studying its properties in the period from the seventeenth century, had a successful explanation of why amber behaved in this way. However, the discovery of the electron provided the answer.

We now know that the electrical behaviour of amber (and of many other electrical insulators) is caused by static electricity. The friction between the cloth and amber causes electrons to be transferred from the cloth to the amber where they stay put to give amber an overall negative charge. This negative charge causes the amber to attract small bits of material to it.

The first practical application of cathode rays was the invention of the thermionic valve by Sir John A. Fleming in 1904. In this device, the heating of a wire (the filament) in an evacuated glass bulb produces electrons. The word “thermionic” comes from “therm” meaning “heat” and “ion” meaning “charged particle”, i.e. the electron. In a valve, negatively charged electrons driven out from the heated filament (the cathode) had moved rapidly to a more positive anode. The flow of electrons stops if anode becomes more negative than the cathode. This electronic component is called a diode since it has two electrodes for making connections to an external circuit. In addition, it acts like a valve because electrons flow through it only in one direction, from the cathode to the anode, not in the opposite direction.

It did not take long for an American, Lee de Forest, to make a much more interesting and useful thermionic valve. By adding a third electrode made of a mesh of fine wire through which the electrons could pass, he produces a triode. By adjusting the voltage on this third electrode (called the grid), he was able to make the triode behave like a switch and, more important, as an amplifier of weak signals. The triode made it possible to communicate over long distances by radio, and this development was demonstrated dramatically in 1912 when the luxury liner Titanic collided with an iceberg in the Atlantic Ocean. As this “unsinkable” liner was going down, her radio operator broadcast a SOS radio signal using Morse code (dot-dot-dot, dash-dash-dash, dot-dot-dot) that was picked by ships in the area.

The First World War (1914-1918) did little to stimulate applications for thermionic valves. But immediately after was, electronics received a push. In London the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) was formed, and in 1922 its transmitter went on the air. Firms such as Marconi, HMV and Echo made radio sets from components and valves supplied by Mazda, Ozram, Brimar and others.

The second major boost to the emerging electronics industry was the start of regular television transmissions from Alexandra Palace in London in 1936. By the time EMI had developed an electronic scanning system that gave much better pictures, the Second World War had begun. From 1939 to 1945 there were important advances in electronics. The most significant invention was radar, developed in Britain to locate enemy aircraft and ships. Radar was made possible by the invention of a high-power thermionic valve called the magnetron, a device nowadays commonly used as the source of microwaves in microwave cookers.
Vocabulary:
ray – луч

discharge – разряд

tube – трубка, электронная лампа

charge – заряд

amber – янтарь

fossil – ископаемое

property – свойство

fluff – пух

to rub – натирать

insulator –изолятор

overall – общий

valve – электронная лампа, клапан, распределительный кран

bulb – лампа накаливания, баллон, сосуд

filament – нить накала, катодная нить, волокно

mesh – ячейка, сеть

to adjust – регулировать, настраивать

amplifier – усилитель

advance – продвижение, прогресс
VIII. Find sentences with Perfect forms in the text and translate them.
IX. Answer the questions.
1. When were cathode rays discovered?

2. When do cathode rays take place?

3. What do cathode rays look like?

4. What is another name of cathode rays?

5. What property has amber? What is it explained by?

6. What is the first application of cathode rays?

7. What is a diode?

8. What is the role of triode?

9. What where the changes in electronics industry after the First World War?

10. What were the advances in electronics during the Second World War?
X. Read the text again and decide whether these statements are true or false.

Cathode rays start at anode and move forward to cathode.
Cathode rays were called electrons after the Greek word for amber.
The property of amber to attract small pieces of dust and fluff had never been explained.
An American Lee de Forest made a thermionic valve on the basis of diode.
The development of electronics after the Second World War is connected with the invention of radar.

XI Add prefixes to the words to form opposites (il-, un- , dis- , im - , ir - , in -).
Interesting, regular, patient, attract, charge, successful, possible, sinkable, important, clear, significant, common
XII. Add suffixes to the words to form adjectives (-able, -ful, -ous, -ive)
Adjust, sink, use, mystery, connect, luxury, success, industry, attract

XIII. Combine words from Box A with words from Box B to make collocations.

A

cathode

electrical

radio

glass

static

thermionic

negative

fossilized

heated

B

tube

valve

resin

charge

sets

filament

electricity

discharge

rays

XIV. Match the words with their definitions.

discovery 6. filament
discharge 7. radar
charge 8. voltage
insulator 9.friction
valve 10. amplifier

a system that uses radio waves to find the position and movement of objects.
an electrical device or piece of equipment that makes sounds or radio signals louder.
an act or process of finding something, or learning about something that was not known about before.
a device for controlling the flow of a liquid or gas, letting it move in one direction only.
a thin wire in a light bulb that produces light when electricity is passed through it.
to release force or power.
electrical force measured in volts.
the amount of electricity that is put into a battery or carried by a substance.
a material used to prevent heat, electricity, or sound from escaping from something.
the resistance of one surface to another surface or substance moving over it.

XV Complete each sentence with a word from the box.

Radar, filament, voltage, discharge, valve, friction, insulators, bulb, charge, amplifier, properties

1. Electrons are emitted by the hot metal of the………… but not by the plate with cooler.

2. The word ………… is an acronym, for it is formed from the words Radio Detection And Range-finding.

3. The force of ………….. slows the spacecraft down as it re-enters the earth′s atmosphere.

4. Thunder and lighting are caused by electrical ……………. .

5. From the point of view of electronics, the two most important ………... of an electron are its electrical …………. and small mass.

6. …………..increases the power of the signal passing through it.

7. Glass, polythene and mica are good ……………… .

8. At the heart of modern electronics is transistor, which act like a …………. to direct the flow of electrons.

9. A 60- watt ………… is usually used for lighting in this room.

10 Because of its fast response and accuracy, transistor may be used in a wide variety of applications, including amplification, switching, ……….. stabilization and signal modulation.
XVI. Fill in the gaps with the following words plug in, turn on, log off, create, send, install.

The battery in my laptop is running out. I need to ……it……and recharge it.
I′m going to……..an e-mail to my mother, because it′s cheaper than calling her on the phone.
Can you help me ……….new computer game on my PC?
I′m going to ………….a “birthday” file to store my friends′ birthdays.
Your printer isn′t broken – you just forgot to …….. it …….. .
Don′t forget to ………… when you have finished using the Internet, or your phone bill will be huge.

XVII. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
Choosing a car
There comes a time when not having a car becomes (0)………… PRACTICAL

Choosing your first car is an (1)…………experience. Most men′s EXCITE

(2)……….. is so vivid that they see themselves speeding along in IMAGINE

a (3) ……….. sports car, attracting (4) ………. looks from those POWER, ENVY

they pass. In (5) …………. this does not happen that often. More REAL

practical and (6) ………….aspects have to be considered when FINANCE

choosing a car. The (7)…………. is normally between a small city CHOOSE

car which is (8) ………….. to run and easy to park and a larger ECONOMY

family car which would be more (9)…………and probably be COMFORT

fitted with more (10)…………..features. SAFE

XVIII. Translate the sentences into Russian, paying attention to the meanings of highlighted words.

By 1960s transistors had ousted the valve because they were smaller, more rugged, had a longer life and required less electrical power to work them. 2. A valve is a simple device that controls the movement of a liquid or gas in a system, preventing the liquid from moving in more than one direction. 3. The great advances in microelectronics have helped achieve the moon landing, satellites, digital watches, compute games, and even computer controlled automobile engines. 4. Please give the advance warning of any changes to the schedule. 5. This building is government property. 6. Organic molecular crystals show superconducting properties. 7. In 1930s there was a 10% gain in production of radio sets. 8. These actions have resulted in great gains in electronics. 9. The transmitter is a set of devices which change the sound pressure of the voice into a varying electrical current. 10. America gained the Moon surface during the 1960s. 11. Vacuum tube was used as the primary computer component during the first generation of computers. 12. We came by tube.

XIX. Underline the appropriate time phrase and put the verbs into the correct tense.
New research offers proof that global warming is a direct consequence of man′s activity on earth and not a result of some unidentified natural phenomenon. 1) (After/As soon as) noting climate changes on computer, researches 2) ……. (show) that the Earth′s average temperature has risen by 0.7 C 3) (before/since) the Industrial Revolution. 4) (While/As soon as) the results were published, climate changes once again 5) ………. (become) headline news. Other research predicts that 6) (by/by the time) the end of the century average rainfall will be 30% higher than today as a result of a warmer climate. Air pollution is blamed for a sharp rise in the Earth′s temperature and 7) (until/whenever) strict law 8) ……….. (be/introduced), the problem will continue to get worse. Something needs to be done 9) (the moment/before) it 10) …….. (be) too late. 11) (When/Whenever) EU countries 12) ………..(meet) last month, they agreed to cut down on pollution levels. 13) (Just as/Once) clean sources of power 14) ………… (be/developed), we will have taken the first steps towards stopping global warming.

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