Файл: Практикум по грамматике, чтению и переводу с английского языка Новосибирск 2008 Оглавление.doc

XII. Read the text about the electronic age, enumerate the most important inventions in the field of electronics. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it.
The electronic age
Electronics is the art of using electrons in devices such as transistors and silicon chips to make electricity work for us. There is no doubt it has had far-reaching effects on nearly all aspects of life, although its influence often remains unseen. Our modern day dependency on electronics was spurred by the invention of the transistor in the late 1940s. This was followed by the manufacture of silicon chips in the early 1960s that has ultimately led to incredibly complex circuits containing thousands of transistors integrated on a sliver of silicon so small you could lose it under your fingernail. Miniaturizing electronic circuits in this way is called microelectronics and it has come to influence the way we store, process and distribute information; to change the way we design and manufacture industrial goods; to improve the diagnosis and treatment of illnesses; and it shapes the affairs of finance and business as well as a variety of social, educational and political activities. Nowadays, we take for granted the way electronics makes our lives more comfortable, enjoyable, creative and exciting.

We are surrounded by products in and round our homes that make use of electronics in one way or another. Washing machines, security systems and toasters are “clever” because of the function of electronic circuits in them, not forgetting that hi-fi systems, radios, DVD (digital versatile disk) players, MP3 players and computers are so obviously “electronic” in what they do. One major advance familiar to all is the storage of recorded information brought about by the compact disk (CD) and the DVD.

One of the most important developments in music technology has been the creation of the MP3 format for recording and playing music in digital form. MP3 is a compression system for music that reduces the amount of memory space required to store a song without impairing the quality of the song′s sound. The aim of this format is to compress a CD-quality song by a factor of 10 to 14 without noticeably affecting the CD-quality sound. With MP3 you can compress down to about 3 MB a 32 –megabyte (MB) song. This lets you download a song in minutes rather than hours, and store hundreds of songs on your computer` hard disk without taking up that much space.

Cameras that capture images on a film will be around for a long time yet, but many photographers are finding digital cameras more exciting and convenient to use. The so-called digital revolution has transformed the capture and processing of still and moving pictures. No longer it is necessary to process film to recover the image. In its place, at the focal plane of the camera lens is an electronic sensor called a charge-coupled device (CCD). The CCD converts the image produced by the camera lens into a digital image that is stored in an on-board integrated circuit as a digital file. In this state the image can be viewed at any time and then downloaded for image processing on a computer for manipulating and printing or for use on web pages.
Vocabulary:
device – устройство, приспособление, прибор, механизм

circuit – цепь

chip – микросхема

to spur – подстегнуть, побудить

dependency- зависимость

ultimately- в конечном счете, в конце концов

sliver – лучина, лента, щепка

silicon – кремний

application – применение, приложение

to process - обрабатывать

development – развитие, разработка, конструирование, усовершенствование

compression – сжатие, уплотнение, сдавливание

versatile - многосторонний

to impair – портить, повреждать, ухудшать, ослаблять

download – загрузка, откачивать из оперативной памяти

to take up - занимать

to capture – захватывать, снимать

a focal plane – фокальная плоскость

sensor – датчик, чувствительный элемент

to convert – преобразовывать, перерабатывать

storage – хранение

factor – множитель, показатель, коэффициент

film – кинопленка, фотопленка, кинофильм

charge-coupled device – устройство с зарядовой связью

XIII. Find in the text sentences with Passive voice and translate them.
XIV. Answer the questions.

Name ten domestic appliances or gadgets that make use of electronics.
State three ways a computer enhances life at home or at work.
What is the name of the integrated circuit at the heart of a computer?
What is the role of transistors in the development of electronics?
What is the role of chips in the development of electronics?
How does microelectronics influence on our lives?
What is the difference between DVD and CD?
What is the most important development in music technology?
What is the advantage of using MP3 over CD?
What is the meaning of digital revolution?

XV. Read the text again and decide whether these statements are true or false.

Electronics greatly improved our lives.
The invention of transistors came about after development of silicon chips.
MP3 has a worse quality than CD as a result of compression.
MP3 allows to store hundreds of songs on your computer hard disk.
A charge-coupled device allows to recover the image without processing film.

XVI. Combine words from Box A with words from Box B to make collocations.

A

silicon

web

security

memory

digital

electronic

hard

B

disk

page

system

chip

space

camera

circuit

XVII. Complete the table with the given words.

Create, storage, distribute, development, reduce, production, dependency, treatment, require, transform, invention

noun	verb
…	create
storage	…

XVIII. Complete each sentence with a word from the box.

sensor, telecommunication, camera, application, development, formats, storage, capture, inventions, device, electronics, communication, images

1 The…………….of the mobile phone has been rapid and widespread, enabling us to keep in touch with others.

The first commercially available digital ……….. was the 1991 Kodak DCS-100. It used 1.3 megapixel ………… and was priced at $13000.
The move to digital …………. was helped by the formation of the first SPEG and MPEG standards in 1988, which allowed image and video files to be compressed for …………...
Digital cameras can …………. images without the bright light.
There are projects to use lasers for long distance ……………...
Video camera is classified as a …………. whose main purpose is to record moving …………...
The transistor is considered by many to be one of the greatest …………..in modern history. It is the key active component in practically all modern ……………….
Electronics finds important ……………in the design of robots such as AIBO (Artificial Intelligence roBOt)
Computer communication across the Internet, such as e-mail and instant messaging, is just one of many examples of ………………….

XIX. Match the words with their definitions.

1. Electronics 6. Device

2. Circuit 7. Transistor

3. Application 8. Sensor

4. Chip 9. Storage

5. Development 10. Invention

a) a piece of equipment that has been designed to do a particular job;

b) a device that can react to light, heat pressure in order to make a machine do something;

c) the branch of science or technology that studies electronic currents in electronic equipment;

d) a very small piece of a material that is used to carry a complicated electronic circuit;

e) the process of keeping information on a computer;

f) the complete path of wires and equipment along which an electric current flows;

g) a thing or an idea that has been invented;

h) a small electronic device used in computers, radios, televisions for controlling an electric current as it passes along a circuit;

i) the practical use of something, especially theory, discovery, etc;.

j) the gradual growth of something so that it becomes more advanced and stronger.

XX. Use the verbs in brackets in the right tense form.
Transtelecom company
Founded in 1997, Transtelecom company (be) currently one of the leading telecommunications operators in Russia. Originally, it (establish) to build and operate a high-speed telecommunications network to ensure a qualitatively new level of technological telecommunication infrastructure for Russian Railways. Transtelecom (build) Russia′s longest (over 5000 kilometres) digital optic fiber communications network. It (cover) 11 time zones, connecting 71 of Russia′s 88 regions, with accounts for almost 90 % of population.
XXI. Discussion. In pairs discuss the following questions.

What can robots do more easily and safely than humans?
Discuss the worries people have about accessing information on the Internet.
How do you depend on electronics?
How different would everyday life be without electronics?

Unit 2

Времена английского глагола группы Continuous Active, Passive
Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий
Конструкции as…as, such…as, not so …as
Текст “Communications electronics”

5. Словообразование. Суффиксы -ous, -ful, -ly, -ance, -able, -al. Префикс un-

I. Explain the usage of Continuous forms in the following sentences. Translate them.

The demand for Internet access and for other services via the “mobile” is stimulating a wide range of facilities for this modern personal communication device. 2. Science is becoming a leading factor in the progress of mankind. 3. Most of us are aware of the fact that every time we use a credit card, phone card, cash card or supermarket card, our personal information is being recorded somewhere. 4. Locating you when you are not at work or at school is becoming easier. 5. I was working at the important project when the telephone rang. 6. She is filling the case with the papers she has been working on all day. 7. The scientists had been working around the clock, they were trying to raise funds for further research. 8. Microsoft and Intel are now going in separate directions. 9. Computer data is more and more traveling along telephone wire. 10. Rapidly growing project is being financed by the D.E. Shaw group. 11. The telephone network is becoming computer-controlled. 12. Successful candidates will be working closely with a number of the world′s leading computational chemists and biologists. 13 Tomorrow we shall be preparing for a test for the whole evening. 14. The sea is becoming more polluted. 15. Janet was working on her computer when the lights went off. 16. He was waiting for the bus when the accident happened. 17. We have been working at this program for three month. 18. I had been walking for about an hour when I realized I was completely lost. 19. I am sending the e-mail to my friend. 20. She has been working hard all week. 21. A new xerox is being installed in the office.

II. Use the verb in brackets in Present Iindefinite or Present Continuous and comment on the difference in the meaning of the forms.
1. We (to translate) a technical text now.

2. We usually (not to translate) stories.

3. He (to promise) always to mend the computer but he never (to do) it.

4. Steve (to look) for a new car at the moment.

5. Our office (to sell) power equipment, mining equipment, and other goods.

6. He (to work) at an important project at the moment.

7. The vast majority of children now regularly (to play) games ranging from ND Mario to Mortal Kombat.

8. Water (to freeze) at O

C.

9. The air (to become) more and more polluted.

10. She (to look) through all newspapers every evening.

11. Your plan (to sound) great.

12. The new computer system (to install) at the moment.

13. Web giant Google (to plan) a massive online storage facility to encompass all users′ files, it is reported.

14. Some scientists and engineers (to work) at improving traditional production processes, others (to develop) new technologies.

15. The apparatus (to work) when you come.

16. When the ball (to touch) the surface of the rod, some of the static electricity passed to it.

17. Every material (to offer) some resistance to the flow of an electric current through it.

18. I (to work) in the library the whole day yesterday.

19. We (to discuss) a very important question when he entered the room.

20. The use of this two - circuits system (to protect) the turbine and the workers from radioactive radiation.
III. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

Sarah (graduate) from the university two years ago and for the last year she (look) for a decent job. She (hope) to find work as an engineer. I think she (have) no difficulties in finding such a job.
Peter (drive) to work yesterday when a dog (run) into the middle of the road. Peter (manage) to stop in time but the car which (follow) behind him (crash) into the back of his car. Then the two cars (collide) with a police car which (travel) in the opposite direction.

C. eBAY, the world`s biggest online auctioneer, (hire) Daniel Lee from a rival to head its development center in Shanghai as the company (seek) to increase share in the world′s second-biggest Internet market. Lee, who was most recently chief technology officer for Yahoo′s North Asiz unit, (lead) the center′s expansion as well as research and development of products designed for eBay′s online platform.
IV. Give degrees of comparison for the following adjectives.
Good, longest, narrower, (the) worst, difficult, less, thinner, great, more, powerful, denser, bulkier, hottest, adaptable, newest, easy.
V. Use the right degree of comparison of the adjectives in brackets.

We use our silicon expertise to make everything (small), (fast), (cheap), (good) than it was before.
He is (good) student in the group.
Of the new personal digital assistants, the Compaq iPAQ is the (powerful) and offers the (good) view for surfing the Web wirelessly.
Life is getting (hard) and (complicated) with every passing day.
That was indeed (bad) experience in his career.
The (much) original a discovery, the (much) obvious it seems afterwards.
Computer technology is the (fast)-growing industry in the world.
The (significant) invention during the Second World War was radar, developed in Britain to locate enemy aircraft and ships.
The portion of international calls in rural areas is (little) than 10 percent.
The Morse code became the most widely used code because it was (easy) to understand and (fast) to transmit.

VI. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the conjunction the…the.

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