Файл: Posobie_Grammatika_Kulieva2009.doc

Reciprocal pronouns

each other one another

Study the difference between -selves and each other/one another:

Tom and Ann stood in front of the mirror and looked at themselves. (= Tom looked at Tom and Ann looked at Ann)

But:

Tom looked at Ann; Ann looked at Tom. They looked at each other.

Tom, Ann and Nick looked at one another. (more than 2 people)

Sometimes it’s said you can use one another instead of each other.

How long have you and Bill known one another? (or known each other.)

Sue and Ann don't like each other, (or don't like one another.)

Ex. 1. Insert each other, one another.

1. They can't help themselves, they love ... . 2. The place is full of crazy people who talk to ... all the time and ignore everybody else. 3. They have known ... for years and years. 4. The members of this club meet regularly in ...'s homes. 5. She and John looked at... . 6. He began opening bottles, ... after ... . 7. We know ...’s minds very well. 8. All the children kept silent. They didn't dare to look at ... . 9. She found ... excuse after ... to postpone the meeting. 10. We'll get there ... way or ... . 11. He ate ... sweet after ... till the box was empty. 12. They hate being apart. They phone ... every day. 13. The business failed because the partners distrusted ... .

Both/both of, neither/neither of, either/either of

We use both/neither/either for two things. You can use these words with a noun (both books, neither book, etc.).

For example, you are talking about going out to eat this evening. There are two restaurants where you can go.

You say: Both restaurants are very good, (not the both restaurants.) Neither restaurant is expensive. We can go to either restaurant. I don't mind, (either = one or the others, it doesn't matter which one.)

• Both, either, neither are used when we are talking about two things. After either, neither a singular or a plural verb is possible.

Neither of the children wants (or want) to go to bed.

Both the girls speak French. Neither of them speaks English.

• None is used when talking about more than two things, persons or events. After none the verb can be used both in the singular and in the plural forms. A plural verb is more usual.

None of my friends are keen on football.

Both of... / neither of... / either of ....

When you use both/neither/either/+ of, you always need the/these/those/my/your/his/Tom's .., etc. You cannot say "both of restaurants". You have to say "both of the restaurants", "both of those restaurants" etc.

Both of these restaurants are very good.

Neither of the restaurants we went to was (or were) expensive.

I haven't been in either of those restaurants.

It is possible to say:

Both my parents are from London or both of my parents.

You can use both of / neither of / either of +us/you/them (talking to two people).

Can either of you speak English?

I asked two people the way to the station but neither of them knew.

Ex. 2. Complete the following sentences with the suitable pronouns

1. It was a very good football match. ... of the teams played very well.

2. Which of the two films do you prefer? The first one or the second one? — Actually I didn't like ... of them.

3. We didn't like the hotel. It was ... clean... comfortable.

4. He lost... his book and his glasses.

5. ... of the two pictures is satisfactory.

6. You can have ... of these books, but not both.

7. ... of the people I met were English.

8. I am afraid that ... of the local newspapers make much of a profit now.

9. We couldn't go to a restaurant because ... of us had any money.

10. Is it your car or your sister's? — ... . It's my father's.

11. He took the open book in ... his hands and came to her side.

12. ... of his opponents spoke at the meeting.

13. I think we are ... a little bit overtired.

14. We took a few photographs but ... of them were very good.

15. ... of my family are rich.

16. Have your parents got a car? — No, ... of them can drive.

THE VERB

Спряжение глагола to be

Ex. 1. Fill in the gaps using the verb to be in Present, Past or Future Simple.

1. Her family name is now Jones, but it … Smith before she got married.

2. The name of the country … previously Rhodesia, but it … now Zimbabwe.

3. I … hungry. – You can’t be. We only had breakfast an hour ago.

4. It … very cold and windy today, so wear a coat.

5. She … a very nice woman, but her late husband … a very unpleasant man.

6. This … a beautiful blue dress. But it.

7. Today … 23^rd of March: yesterday … the 22^nd.

8. I’m sure the twins … 18 today: they … 17 last year.

9. I … a doctor when I grow up.

10. Here, this book … yours and that one … Jim’s. They … both on the floor.

11. The other students … here already. They … all downstairs in the canteen.

12. The party … next Saturday evening at Petra’s house.

13. My sister… at home tomorrow.

14. … Mr. James in? – No, I’m sorry, he … here not long ago, but now he… out.

15. … Fred and Carmen at home when you called? – No, they … ,but they … home now.

16. It … quite foggy tonight, but it … far worse last night.

17. Tomorrow he … in London.

18. It … only 2 miles to the shops now. It … 20 miles to any shops from our old house.

19. Her dream … to dance with the Royal Ballet Company.

Ex. 2. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.

1. Вчера они были в библиотеке.

2. В данный момент его здесь нет.

3. В прошлую субботу он был на стадионе.

4. Мой брат будет завтра дома.

5. Мои книги были на столе. Где они сейчас?

6. Когда твоя сестра будет дома?

7. Ты будешь летчиком? – Нет, я буду моряком.

8. Моя сестра была студенткой в прошлом году, а сейчас она врач.

Конструкции there (is, are …)

Ex. 3. Translate the sentences from English into Russian.

1. There is a good film on TV tonight.

2. There will be a lot of people at the party.

3. There were two cinemas in the street five years ago.

4. There are many magnificent monuments in our city.

5. There will be a bus stop near our house.

6. There was a light in my bedroom.

7. There was a telephone call for you last night.

8. There have been some accidents recently.

9. There will be some show later this evening.

10. There is a postman at the door.

11. There are a lot of interesting exhibits in our museum.

12. There is a dog in our garden.

Ex. 4. Rewrite the sentences using there is, there are, there were, there was.

1. They have a lot of English books in their library. 2. They had a villa near the beach. 3. Our city has many theatres. 4. He had some pencils in his bag. 5. The family has only one child. 6. Every week has seven days. 7. We have a beautiful picture on the wall. 8. She had some mistakes in her dictation. 9. They had some cherry trees in their garden. 10. She had many cats in the house. 11. Our house has no lift.

Ex. 5. Made the sentences interrogative and negative.

1. There is a good clothes shop not far from here. 2. There was a photograph of that girl in last week’s magazine. 3. There is a public holiday on May 1^st. 4. There will be a meeting between the two world leaders on Monday. 5. There are two men at the door. 6. There was an interesting article about that in yesterday’s paper. 7. There will be a lot of supporters at the match tomorrow.

Ex. 6. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.

1. В этом городе много памятников. 2. В нашем городе только один музей, но в нем много интересных экспонатов. 3. В моей комнате одно окно, поэтому она довольно темная. 4. В этом парке очень много старых деревьев. 5. Было поздно, и на улице было мало людей. 6. В комнате никого не было. 7. Брата в комнате не было. 8. В кувшине было много молока. 9. В диктанте не было ошибок.