Файл: Vsemirny_doklad_o_torgovle_lyudmi_2015.pdf

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 
HAPPENS EVERYWHERE

The crime of trafficking in persons affects virtually every 
country in every region of the world. Between 2010 and 
2012, victims with 152 different citizenships were identi-
fied in 124 countries across the globe. Moreover, traffick-
ing flows - imaginary lines that connect the same origin 
country and destination country of at least five detected 
victims – criss-cross the world. UNODC has identified 
at least 510 flows. These are minimum figures as they are 
based on official data reported by national authorities. 
These official figures represent only the visible part of the 
trafficking phenomenon and the actual figures are likely 
to be far higher.

Most trafficking flows are intraregional, meaning that the 
origin and the destination of the trafficked victim is within 

the same region; often also within the same subregion. 
For this reason, it is difficult to identify major global traf-
ficking hubs. Victims tend to be trafficked from poor 
countries to more affluent ones (relative to the origin 
country) within the region. 

Transregional trafficking flows are mainly detected in the 
rich countries of the Middle East, Western Europe and 
North America. These flows often involve victims from 
the ‘global south’; mainly East and South Asia and Sub-
Saharan Africa.  Statistics show a correlation between the 
affluence (GDP) of the destination country and the share 
of victims trafficked there from other regions. Richer 
countries attract victims from a variety of origins, includ-
ing from other continents, whereas less affluent countries 
are mainly affected by domestic or subregional trafficking 
flows.

Main destination areas of transregional trafficking flows (in blue) and their significant origins, 

2010-2012

Source: UNODC.

East 

Asians

South

Americans

Sub-Saharan

Africans

Eastern 

and Central

Europeans

South

Asians

Western 

and Central 

Europe

North America, 

Central America

and the Caribbean

The Middle

East

Sciences Po - Atelier de cartographie, 2014

countries not covered

The arrows show the flows that represent 5% and above 
of the total victims detected in destination subregions

GLOBAL REPOR

T ON

TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 

2014

8

2. A TRANSNATIONAL CRIME 
THAT OFTEN INVOLVES DOMESTIC 
OFFENDERS AND LIMITED   
GEOGRAPHICAL REACH

Most victims of trafficking in persons are foreigners in the 
country where they are identified as victims. In other 
words, these victims - more than 6 in 10 of all victims - 
have been trafficked across at least one national border. 
That said, many trafficking cases involve limited geo-
graphic movement as they tend to take place within a 
subregion (often between neighbouring countries). 
Domestic trafficking is also widely detected, and for one 
in three trafficking cases, the exploitation takes place in 
the victim’s country of citizenship.

A majority of the convicted traffickers, however, are citi-
zens of the country of conviction. These traffickers were 
convicted of involvement in domestic as well as transna-
tional trafficking schemes. 

Dividing countries into those that are more typical origin 
countries and those that are more typical destinations for 
trafficking in persons reveals that origin countries convict 
almost only their own citizens. Destination countries, on 
the other hand, convict both their own citizens and 
foreigners. 

Moreover, there is a correlation between the citizenships 
of the victims and the traffickers involved in cross-border 
trafficking. This correlation indicates that the offenders 
often traffic fellow citizens abroad.

TRANSREGIONAL

26%

CROSS-BORDER WITHIN
SAME SUBREGION

37%

DOMESTIC
(WITHIN NATIONAL BORDERS)

34%

FROM NEARBY
SUBREGION

3%

Citizenship of convicted traffickers globally, 

2010-2012 (or more recent)

; shares of local and 

foreign nationals (relative to the country of 
conviction) 

Source: UNODC elaboration on national data.

NATIONALS

64%

FOREIGNERS FROM
OTHER REGIONS

14%

FOREIGNERS FROM COUNTRIES
IN THE SAME REGION

22%

95%

42%

5

%

58%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Countries of

 origin

Countries of

 destination

NATIONAL OFFENDERS

FOREIGN OFFENDERS

0%

20%

40%

60%

%

8

8

0

0

0

%

%

%

1

10

0

0

0

0

%

g

Distribution of national and foreign  

offenders among countries of origin and  
destination of cross-border trafficking,

2010-2012

(or more recent)

Source: UNODC elaboration on national data.

26%

(WITHIN NATIONAL BORDERS)

34%

Breakdown of trafficking flows by geographi-

cal reach, 

2010-2012 (or more recent)

Source: UNODC elaboration on national data.

Executive summary

9

3. INCREASED DETECTION OF 
TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS FOR 
PURPOSES OTHER THAN SEXUAL 
EXPLOITATION

While a majority of trafficking victims are subjected to 
sexual exploitation, other forms of exploitation are increas-
ingly detected. Trafficking for forced labour - a broad 
category which includes, for example, manufacturing, 
cleaning, construction, catering, restaurants, domestic 
work and textile production – has increased steadily in 
recent years. Some 40 per cent of the victims detected 
between 2010 and 2012 were trafficked for forced labour.

Trafficking for exploitation that is neither sexual nor 
forced labour is also increasing. Some of these forms, such 
as trafficking of children for armed combat, or for petty 
crime or forced begging, can be significant problems in 
some locations, although they are still relatively limited 
from a global point of view. 

There are considerable regional differences with regard to 
forms of exploitation. While trafficking for sexual exploi-
tation is the main form detected in Europe and Central 
Asia, in East Asia and the Pacific, it is forced labour. In 
the Americas the two types are detected in near equal 
proportions. 

Forms of exploitation among detected  

trafficking victims, 

2011*

Source: UNODC elaboration on national data.

*Please note that the regional differences in detection capacities 
and definitions – particularly for forced labour – affect the global 
shares.

SEXUAL
EXPLOITATION

53%

FORCED 
LABOUR

40%

OTHERS

7%

ORGAN 
REMOVAL

0.3%

Share of the total number of detected victims 

who were trafficked for forced labour, 

2007-

2011

Source: UNODC elaboration on national data.

32%

33%

35%

36%

40%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Forms of exploitation among detected  

trafficking victims, by region of detection, 

2010-2012 (or more recent)

Source: UNODC elaboration on national data.

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Europe and

Central Asia

East Asia,

South Asia
and Pacific

Americas

Africa and

the Middle East

Sexual exploitation

Forced labour, 
servitude and
slavery like

Organ removal

Other forms
of exploitation

53%

37%

10%

48%

47%

4%

26%

64%

10%

66%

26%

8%

GLOBAL REPOR

T ON

TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 

2014

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4. WOMEN ARE SIGNIFICANTLY 
INVOLVED IN TRAFFICKING IN 
PERSONS, BOTH AS VICTIMS AND 
AS OFFENDERS

For nearly all crimes, male offenders vastly outnumber 
females. On average, some 10-15 per cent of convicted 
offenders are women. For trafficking in persons, however, 
even though males still comprise the vast majority, the 
share of women offenders is nearly 30 per cent. 

Moreover, approximately half of all detected trafficking 
victims are adult women. Although this share has been 
declining significantly in recent years, it has been partially 
offset by the increasing detection of victims who are girls.

Women comprise the vast majority of the detected victims 
who were trafficked for sexual exploitation. Looking at 
victims trafficked for forced labour, while men comprise 
a significant majority, women make up nearly one third 
of detected victims. In some regions, particularly in Asia, 
most of the victims of trafficking for forced labour were 
women.

Persons convicted for trafficking in persons, 

by gender, 

2010-2012 (or more recent)

Source: UNODC elaboration on national data.

Trends in the shares of females (women and 

girls) among the total number of detected 
victims,

 2004-2011

Source: UNODC elaboration on national data.

Gender breakdown of detected victims of 

trafficking for forced labour, by region,  

2010-2012 (or more recent)

Source: UNODC elaboration on national data.

Europe and

Central Asia

South Asia,

East Asia and

 the Pacific

Americas

Africa and

Middle East

69%

23%

68%

45%

31%

77%

32%

55%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80% 100%

10%

13%

17%

21%

74%

67%

59%

49%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2004

2006

2009

2011

28

%

72

%

Executive summary

11

5. DETECTED CHILD TRAFFICKING 
IS INCREASING

Since UNODC started to collect information on the age 
profile of detected trafficking victims, the share of children 
among the detected victims has been increasing. Globally, 
children now comprise nearly one third of all detected 
trafficking victims. Out of every three child victims, two 
are girls and one is a boy.

The global figure obscures significant regional differences. 
In some areas, child trafficking is the major trafficking-
related concern. In Africa and the Middle East, for exam-
ple, children comprise a majority of the detected victims. 
In Europe and Central Asia, however, children are vastly 
outnumbered by adults (mainly women). 

Trends in the shares of children (girls and 

boys) among the total number of detected 
victims, 

2004-2011

Source: UNODC elaboration on national data.

10%

13%

17%

21%

3%

9%

10%

12%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2004

2006

2009

2011

Shares of children and adults among the  

detected victims of trafficking in persons,  
by region, 

2010-2012 (or more recent)

Source: UNODC elaboration on national data.

18%

36%

31%

62%

82%

64%

69%

38%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Europe and

Central Asia

South Asia,

East Asia and

 the Pacific

Americas

Africa and

Middle East

ADULTS

CHILDREN