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Независимый причастный оборот – это конструкция, в которой причастие имеет своё собственное подлежащее. Оборот характерен для письменной речи; всегда выделяется запятой; с главным предложением связан по смыслу (без предлога) или предлогом with; в русском языке аналогов не имеет.
1. Practise translating the Absolute Participle Construction:
-
People making promises, we expect them to keep them. -
The sea being rough, I felt sick. -
The day was splendid, with a fresh wind blowing from the sea. -
The girl looked even prettier, with most of the make-up gone from her young face. -
She looked lovely that morning, with her hair beautifully done in a new style. -
He was slowly walking in the direction of the lake, with his dog following him. -
The best part given to another actor, John felt unwilling to continue his involvement in the show. -
The European Community increasing, several guidebooks have appeared giving advice on international etiquette. -
The tin of instant coffee stolen, the shoplifter passed it to his partner. -
The police officers standing at either end of the hallway, Jack had no chance to escape. -
A driver breaking the speed limit, it makes no difference at all whether he intended to or not. -
A specimen taken, the driver proved to have exceeded the permitted level of alcohol. -
Your lack of care having caused physical or financial injury to another, the injured person may claim compensation from you in a civil court. -
Actions being illegal, the whole society disapproves of them on moral or religious ground. -
One of the parties having failed to perform what has been agreed on, the other can take action in the court. -
A judge ruling unfairly, a litigant may appeal to a higher court. -
A legal system applying fairly, we can protect ourselves in this way. -
The authorities are dividing the grant according to need, the largest part being given to the homeless. -
Everyone having the right of freedom of expression, the exercise of these freedoms may be subject to restrictions or penalties prescribed by the law. -
Your will being home-made, circumstances may arise to make it ambiguous (допускающий двойственное толкование) or even unenforceable (не имеющий законной силы). -
Any moving object can do work, the quantity of kinetic energy depending on its mass and velocity.
GERUND
(Verb + ing)
Герундий (Gerund или The –ingform) – это неличная форма глагола, имеющая свойства существительного и глагола. В русском языке герундий не существует.
Формы герундия
V oice Tense | Active | Passive | Характер действия |
Indefinite | doing | being done | одновременное с действием сказуемого или следующее за ним |
Perfect | having done | having been done | предшествующее действию сказуемого; относится к прошлому |
Примеры: | 1. He is proud of winning so often. Он гордится тем, что так часто выигрывает. 2. He is proud of having won the game of chess. Он горд, что выиграл партию в шахматы. 3. He knows of being praised. Он знает, что его хвалят. 4. He knows of having been praised. Он знает, что его похвалили. | ||
NB!
e.g. Не remembers arresting this man two years ago. Он помнит, что арестовал этого человека два года назад.
e.g. The case needs investigating. Это дело требует расследования. |
Свойства герундия
Свойства глагола | Свойства существительного | |
e.g. They deny having seen the thief. Они отрицают, что видели вора.
e.g. He likes readingdetective stories. Ему нравится читать детективы.
e.g. He likes readingaloud. Он любит читать вслух. |
e.g. He is bored withstudying. Ему наскучила учёба.
e.g. Hisbeing guilty is evident. То, что он виновен, очевидно. e.g. We know of Jack’sstudying here. Мы знаем, что Джек учится здесь. | |
Способы перевода | ||
Способ перевода зависит от функции герундия в предложении. | ||
Функции герундия в предложении | ||
Функция | Перевод | |
Dieting is very popular now.
He kept on walking His hobby is gardening.
Thanks for calling me.
I like the idea of making a break.
After finishing work, he left the office. | 1. Подлежащее Диета очень популярна сейчас. 2. Часть сказуемого Он продолжал идти. Его хобби – садоводство. 3.Дополнение Спасибо, что позвонили мне. 4. Определение Мне нравится идея сделать перерыв. 5. Обстоятельство Окончив работу, он покинул офис. |
2. Practise translating the sentences with the Gerund. Define the function of the Gerund:
-
Playing loud music is prohibited after 11 p.m. -
Preventing crime is very important. -
Speaking foreign languages is useful for everyone. -
Running long distances is very tiring. -
There’s no hiding these facts. People will talk. There’s no preventing it. -
The main thing is getting to work in time. I don’t feel like being late. -
My watch keeps stopping. -
The man denied having taken the money. -
The gun wants cleaning. -
She looked forward to seeing him again. -
He succeeded in getting a good mark. -
Can I be excused from swimming today? I have a cold. -
I can’t excuse them for treating their animals so badly. -
After three hours of questioning the suspect broke down and made a full confession (во всём признаться). -
You must be the first in promoting this idea. -
The police officer realized that it was the only way of handling the situation under the circumstances (при таких обстоятельствах). -
He left without saying a word. -
She locked the safe before leaving the office. -
Besides being unpopular this policy may lead to the slump in economy. -
If someone dies without making a will, they are said to have died intestate [ın´tеstıt](умерший без завещания). -
Have you ever been guilty of careless driving?
3. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct –ing form:
-
They go ____ (to run) every morning to keep fit. -
Who is responsible for (to keep) the place in order? -
He saw no harm in (to have) a drink or two from time to time. -
Before (to give) evidence you must swear to speak the truth. -
I regret ____ (to spend) so much money last weekend. -
He confessed to _____ (to commit) a crime. -
I have come to apologize for ____ (to cause) all that trouble. -
How can I thank you enough for (to come) to my rescue (приходить на помощь)? -
The bottle is empty. Victor suspects his roommates of (to drink) his brandy. -
People who broke the strike risked ____ (to attack) by the police. -
Definitely he is not grateful for (to criticize). -
He decided not to speak much to look important, but only succeeded in (to take) for a bore (скучный человек). -
The boy insisted on (to treat) like a grown man. -
The room was in a terrible mess; it needed _____ (to tidy up). -
John required (to cheer up) when he heard about ____ (to fail) his exams. -
The famous actor didn’t need (to introduce). -
The flowers are dry. They want (to water) badly. -
I know my hair needs (to cut), but I never have time to go to the hairdresser’s. -
He had the most irritating habit of (to joke) at the wrong moment.
Gerundial Complex
Герундиальный оборот
Структура | ( предлог) It depends on | п ритяжательное местоимение и ли существительное his Tom’s | + Gerund studying. |
Перевод | Э то зависит от того, как он (Том) будет учиться. подлежащее сказуемое В герундиальном обороте притяжательное местоимение или существительное является подлежащимк сказуемому, выраженному герундием. Способ перевода обусловлен функцией оборота в предложении. |
Функции оборота в предложении
Весь оборот выступает в функции одного члена предложения:
-
подлежащего:
It is no use your going there. Вам бесполезно туда идти.
His staying here made all the difference. То, что он остался здесь, всё изменило (стало решающим).
-
части сказуемого:
I am against your buying a car. Я против того, чтобы вы покупали машину.
-
дополнения:
I can’t help his making mistakes. Я не могу помешать ему делать ошибки.
I am tired of their endless arguing. Я устала от их бесконечных споров.
-
определения:
I had no idea of your being married. Я понятия не имел, что вы замужем.
-
обстоятельства:
The accident happened after their leaving the place. Всё это случилось после того, как они уехали.
Примечание:
e.g. I am sorry for (my) coming late. Извинитеза (моё) опоздание.
e.g. I am not against Mary and Peter getting married. Я не против того, чтобы Мэри и Питер поженились.
e.g. I heard of the play being a success. Я слышала, что пьеса имела успех.
e.g. I am not against my son getting married. Я не против того, чтобы мой сын женился. |
4. Practise translating the sentences with the Gerundial Complex:
-
Their coming in time was very unusual. -
Your trying to convince him is of no use. -
Excuse my coming late. -
I can’t fancy his doing a thing like that. -
The mother was surprised at her son having tidied up his room. -
The librarian did not object to the student keeping the book one day more. -
When asked why she had missed the train, she said something about her watch being slow. -
The pick-pocket approached me in a crowd without my seeing him. -
He is sure to know about her being poor, so don’t think he doesn’t. -
He could never imagine his wife’s being kidnapped. -
He did not know if there was any chance of his lawyer resolving that complicated matter. -
There is a growing concern (беспокойство) with children being drawn into anti-social and criminal behaviour. -
She said she knew nothing about her son taking drugs habitually. -
The judge insisted on the accused coming in court. -
They had no idea of his having escaped from prison. -
Divorce is possible if there is a proof of one of the partners having committed adultery. -
You can behave on your property as you will without other people stopping you.
5. Practise translating the Gerundial Complex from Russian into English:
-
Учителям не нравится (to hate), когда дети плохо себя ведут (to misbehave oneself). -
Дети часто жалуются (to complain about …), что учителя к ним придираются (to nag at …). -
Родители не знали, что он пропустил много занятий. -
Что толку (What’s the use of …), что он ходит в институт? -
Я понятия не имел (to have no idea of …), что его арестовали.
TOPIC ACTIVITIES
READING & SPEAKING
1. Learn the following words and phrases.
-
judiciary
судебная власть
renowned
известный
sophisticated
сложный
judicial
судебный
to accuse
обвинять
law enforcement officer
полицейский
to settle
урегулировать
court
суд
considerable
значительный
case
дело
exception
исключение
to die
умереть
to retire
уйти на пенсию
to resign
уйти в отставку
the Supreme Court
Верховный Суд
justice
судья
district judge
районный судья
dispute
спор
judicial review
судебный контроль
criminal case
уголовное дело
civil case
гражданское дело
court of appeals
апелляционный суд
decision
решение
Magistrate Judge
мировой судья
offense
правонарушение
to deal with
поступать, иметь дело
controversy
спор
property
собственность
step
ступенька
trial
суд (процесс)
to indict
предъявить обвинение
to agree
соглашаться
warrant
ордер
bail
залог
attorney
юрист, адвокат
motion
хадатайство
customs
таможня
claim
иск
damage
компенсация
seizure
изъятие