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A
would visit
B
would have visited
C
will visit
4) If you ….. well, lie down for a while.
A
hadn't felt
B
don't feel
C
didn't feel
5) Ice ….. if the temperature rises above 0°C.
A
will melt
B
would melt
C
melts
6) Had I known about the meeting, I ….. it.
A
would have attended
B
attended
C
will attend
7) If he ….. in the garden, he would have heard the doorbell.
A
isn't
B
was
C
hadn't been
8) I ….. to the bank manager if I were you.
A
would talk
B
will talk
C
talked
EXERCISE 5. Rewrite the sentences, as in the example.
Example: He doesn't know her. That's why he didn't speak to her.
If he knew her he would have spoken to her.
1.
She doesn't have a mobile phone. That's why she couldn't be contacted
yesterday.
2.
Tom didn't see the boss earlier. He's waiting for him now.
3.
He is allergic to seafood. That's why he didn't eat paella last night.
4.
I lost my map. That's why I'm asking for directions now.
5.
She doesn't speak French. She didn't have a good time in Paris.
6.
He lost the race. He is not a champion now.
7.
She didn't go to the bank yesterday. That's why she hasn't got any money now.
8.
They went to a party last night. That's why they are tired now.
9.
I crashed my car. That's why I'm taking the bus today.
EXERCISE 6. Translate into English.
1.- Будь она моей сестрой, я бы нежно ее любила. – Правда? 2. Если бы она
умела хорошо готовить, то ее муж был бы счастлив. 3. Если бы я жил в Африке,
то ел бы одни фрукты: бананы, апельсины, киви. 4. Будь он более энергичным,
то давно мог бы сделать отличную карьеру. 5. Мы были бы очень при-
знательны, если бы вы извинились. 6. Если ты будешь стирать свою майку в
горячей воде, то она сядет и полиняет. 7. Розы стояли бы гораздо дольше, если
бы ты добавила в воду две столовые ложки сахара. 8. Если бы она носила
короткие юбки, то выглядела бы моложе. 9. Если бы ему были нужны деньги,
то он мог бы обратиться к нам. 10. Не будь дело таким серьезным, Давид не
нанял бы частного сыщика. 11. Когда она узнает результат, то не поверит, что
ей так повезло. 12. Если бы не запутанные обстоятельства, детектив сумел бы
найти преступника намного раньше.
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Wishes
Form
Use
I wish
(if only) (regret about the
present)
+ Past Simple
regret about a present situation
which we want to be different
I wish I were/was more patient. (It’s a pity. I’m not patient enough.)
I wish
(if only) (wish/ regret
about the present)
+ subject + could + bare inf
.
wish or regret in the present
concerning lack of ability
I wish I could ride a bicycle. (But I can’t.)
I wish
(if only) (impossible wish
for a future change)
+ subject + would + bare inf.
(-“
wish
” and “
would
” should have
different subjects.
-
wish + inanimate subject + would
is
used to express the speaker’s lack of hope
or disappointment.)
Wish for a future change unlikely
to happen or wish to express
dissatisfaction; polite request
implying dissatisfaction or lack of
hope
I wish he would study for his exams. (But I don’t think he will. – wish for a future change unlikely to happen)
I wish Jane would go to university. (Jane has refused to do so and I’m unhappy about it. - dissatisfaction)
I wish you would be quiet. (Please be quiet; but I don’t expect you will. – request implying lack of hope)
I wish it would stop snowing. (But I’m afraid it wouldn’t stop snowing – wish implying disappointment)
I wish
(if only) (regret about the
past)
+ Past Perfect
Regret that something happened
or didn’t happen in the past
I wish I had gone to Ann’s party last night. (But I didn’t – It’s a pity I didn’t go.)
In
wishes
we go one tense back. This means that we use Past Simple in the present and Past Perfect in the past.
I’m
poor. I wish I were rich.(present) I lost my watch yesterday. I wish I hadn’t lost it. (past)
After
I wish
we can use
were
instead of
was
in all persons. I wish I
was/were
taller.
If only
means the same as
I wish
but it is more dramatic. If only I
was/were
taller.
EXERCISE 7. Explain the relative use of the tenses in the following sentences.
1. Kate wished her boyfriend were more attentive to her. 2. Now she wishes she had
agreed to marry him. 3. We wish it would rain. It’s too hot. 4. I wish you wouldn’t
talk about that, Dad. 5. She wishes she were in love again. 6. I wish you would stop
contradicting me! 7. We wished the police were more efficient and hadn’t just
turned everything upside down in the house. 8. I wish I could change his mind! I
wish he would give up that silly idea. 9. Sometimes I wish I were thousands of miles
away from civilization. 10. Many people wish life were not so hectic.
EXERCISE 8. Using the sentences, write wishes as in the example:
1. You are living for the airport. You can’t find your passport.
You say: “
I wish I could find my passport
.”
2. You live in the suburbs. You prefer the city centre.
3. You argued with your mother yesterday. Today she is upset.
4. You didn’t clean your bedroom and your mother is angry.
5. You want to go on holiday but you can’t afford it.
EXERCISE 9. Rephrase the following sentences using the beginnings given.
1. You’d better see a doctor. =
If I were you, I’d see a doctor
.
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2. He won’t help you if you don’t ask him. =
Unless
… .
3. Take your medicine, otherwise you won’t get better. =
If
… .
4. You won’t make any spelling mistakes provided you use a dictionary.=
If
…
5. If you park here, you’ll be fined Ј20. =
Don’t
… .
6. You’d better confess your crime. =
If
… .
7. She went home early because she was exhausted. =
If
… .
8. You won’t understand the story unless you finish the book. =
If
… .
9. She can’t go out if she doesn’t promise to be back early. =
Unless
… .
10.The bee won’t sting you as long as you stay still. =
Provided
… .
EXERCISE 10.Translate into English.
1. Хотелось бы, чтобы люди были более дружелюбными. 2. Жаль, что люди
так напряжены. 3. Хорошо бы он позвонил мне вечером. 4. Напрасно я
позвонила ему первой. 5. Жаль, что Петр не умеет работать компьютером. 6.
Зря я научилась работать на компьютере. Это как наркотик. 7. Хотелось бы,
чтобы этот психолог не испытывал свои методы на моем ребенке. 8. Напрасно
я не принял это лекарство от головной боли. 9. Жаль, что Нина не всегда
искренна со мной. 10. напрасно вы были так откровенны. Ведь он наш
конкурент. 11. Как жаль, что она не умеет петь. 12. Я бы хотела, чтобы мой
день рождения длился и длился, и чтобы я всегда была также счастлива! 13.
Жаль, что он не смог предупредить нас, что это дело очень рискованное.
REPORTED SPEECH: Level B
Direct speech
is the exact words someone said. We use quotation
marks in Direct speech.
“I go to Moscow,” she said.
Indirect speech
is the exact meaning of what someone said but
not the exact words. We do not use quotation marks in Reported
speech.
She said she would go to Moscow.
Say- Tell
We use say/tell
in reported speech.
Expressions with
say
Say good morning/evening etc, say something, say so etc
Expressions with
tell
Tell the truth, tell a lie, tell sb the time, tell sb one’s name tell a story, tell a
secret, tell sb the way, tell one from another etc
We can report
statements, questions, commands, requests, suggestions
Reported statements
To report statements we use a reporting verb (
say, tell, explain
etc) followed by a that-clause. In spoken English
that
can be omitted. He said “I feel sick.” He said (that) he felt sick.
Pronouns and possessive adjectives change according to the context
He said, “I’ll lend you my car”- He said he would lend me his car.
Time words and tenses can change depending on the time reference:
95
Direct speech
Reported speech
Tonight, today, this week/month/year
Now
Now that
Yesterday, last night/week/month/year
Tomorrow, next day/week
Two days/months/years ago
That night, that day/week/month/year
Then, at that time, at once, immediately
Since
The day before, the previous day/week
The following day/the day after/ the following/the next
week/month/year
Two days/weeks/months before
“Tom is leaving tomorrow,” she said. She said Tom was leaving the next day (Speech reported after Tom had
left.)
“Bob is leaving tomorrow,” she said. She said Bob is leaving tomorrow. (Speech reported before Bob has left.)
Certain words change as follows depending on the context.
Direct speech:
this/these here come
(
in his office
)
He said, “I’ll be here again on Monday.”
Reported speech:
that/those there go
(outside the office) He said he’d be there again on Monday.
There are no changes in the verb tenses in Reported speech when the direct sentence expresses a general truth, is
Conditional Type 2 or Type 3 or a wish.
“The earth is a planet,” she said. – She said the earth is a planet. (general truth)
“If you studied more, you’d pass your test, he said.” – He said that if I studied more, I’d pass my test.
“I wish I was/were rich,” he said. – He said he wished he was/were rich.
When the introductory verb is in the Present, Future or Present Perfect, there are no changes in the verb tenses.
“Kate can write,” she says. – She says that Kate can write.
The verb tenses can change or remain the same in Reported speech when a sentence expresses something which
is up to date or still true. However, the verb tenses usually change when something is not true or out of date.
“
I like ice-cream,” he said. – He said he likes/liked ice/cream. (still true)
“I am rich,” he said. – He said he was rich. (but we know he isn’t; not true)
Reported Commands/Requests/Suggestions
To report commands, requests, suggestions etc we use a reporting verb (
advise, ask, suggest, beg, offer, tell
etc) followed by a
to-infinitive
, a
not to-infinitive
or an
–ing form
according to the construction of the
introductory verb.
Direct speech:
He said to me, “Come with me.”
He said to me, “Don’t lie to me”
He said, “Let’s go out”
Reported speech:
He told me to go with him.
He told me not to lie to him.
He suggested going out.
Modals in Reported speech
There are changes in the verb tenses of some modal verbs in Reported speech:
Direct speech
Reported speech
She said,
“
I’ll do it later.”
“I can speak French”
“I can come next Tuesday”
“I may speak to Bob”
“You must be back at 10.00.”
“He must be a liar.”
“You should try harder”
“You had better phone him”
“How shall I do this?”
“When shall we reach London”
She said
(that) she would do it later.
(that) she could speak French
(that) she would be able to go next Tuesday.
(that) she might speak to Bob
(that) I must/had to be back at 10.00.(obligation)
(that) he must be a liar.(deduction)
(that) I should try harder.
that I had better phone him.
She asked how she should do that.(advice)
She asked when they would reach London.(information)
Would, could, used to, mustn’t, should, might, ought to
and
had better
remain the same.
Reporting a dialogue or conversation
96
In conversation we use a mixture of statements, commands and questions. When we turn them into the Reported
speech we use: a
nd, as, adding that, and he/she added that, explaining that because, but, since, and then
he/she went on to say, while, then
etc or the introductory verb in present participle form. Words and expressions
such as
Oh, Oh dear, Well
etc are omitted in Reported speech.
Direct speech:
“Oh, this is a very nice dress,” she said.
“How much does it cost?” “I can’t buy
it, she said. “I can’t afford it.”
Reported speech:
She remarked/exclaimed that that was a very nice dress and she
asked how much it cost.
She said she couldn’t buy it, explaining that she couldn’t afford it.
Introductory verbs
+ to-infinitive
Agree, claim, demand, offer, promise, refuse, threaten
“Yes, I’ll drive you home.” – He agreed to drive me home.
“I’ve won $ 1,000,000.” – He claimed to have won $ 1,000,000.
+ sb + to-infinitive
Advise, ask, beg, command, encourage, forbid, invite, order, remind, warn
“You should eat less junk food.” – He advised me to eat less junk food.
“Please, please don’t hurt me.” – He begged me not to hurt him.
+ -ing form
Accuse sb of, admit to, apologise for, boast about/of, complain (to sb) of, deny, insist on, suggest
“I’m sorry I broke your mug.” – He apologized for breaking my mug..
“No, I didn’t use your keys.” – He denied using/having used my keys.
+ that-clause
Explain, inform sb
“I liked his latest film because it was exciting.” – She explained that she liked his latest film because it was
exciting.
“The manager will be back at noon.” – He informed us that the manager would be back at noon.
EXERCISE 1.Put the following statements into indirect speech.
1) 'Му young brother wants to bе а tax inspector,' said Mary. 'I can’t think why.
None of my family has ever been а tax inspector.' 2) 'We're waiting for the school
bus,' said the children. 'It's late again.' 3) 'I’ve made а terrible mistake!' said Peter. –
'You're always making terrible mistakes,' I said. 'You should bе used to it bу now.'
4) 'We make $ 450 а week,' said one of the men, 'and send most of it hоmе to our
wives.' 5) 'Тhе ice will soon bе hard enough to skate оn,' said Тоm. 'I'll look for mу
skates when I get hоmе,' Аnn said. 6) 'I'm living with mу parents at present,' she
said, 'but I hоре to have а flat of mу own soon.' 7) 'I’m leaving tomorrow,' she said,
'bу the 4:30 from Victoria.' – 'We'll соmе and see you оff,' we said. 8) 'I’ve just
bought а car,' said Peter, 'but it's not insured yet so I can't take you for а drive.' 9) 'I'd
like to speak to Susan,' said Mary, 'but I'm bathing the babies and they will drown
if I leave them alone in the bath while I go to the phоnе.' 10) 'Nothing ever happens
in the village,' she said. 'It's like а dead village. Аll the young people have drifted
away to the towns.'
EXERCISE 2.Put the following questions into indirect speech.
1.
'Do you want to see the cathedral?' said the guide.
2.
'What were you doing with these skeleton keys?' said Mr Jones.