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infinitive or an –
ing
form and takes –s in the 3
rd
person
singular in statements.
Your hair needs cutting.
Must
is used only for the present and future situations.
Have to
forms its questions and negations with
do/ does
and
did.
Did
you
have to
stay late at work yesterday? Yes. I
had
to
type some urgent letters.
Absence of necessity
Needn’t + bare present infinitive / don’t have to/ don’t
need to
(it is not necessary in the present or future)
Didn’t need to/didn’t have to
(it wasn’t necessary in the
past and we may not know if the action happened or
not.)
Needn’t + bare perfect infinitive
(We know that
something happened in the past although it was not
necessary.)
You needn’t take a jacket. It’s rather warm.
You don’t have to/ don’t need to take a jacket. It’ rather
warm.
He didn’t need/ have to buy any milk. There was a lot in
the fridge. (I don’t know if he bought any.)
She needn’t have bought any milk. There was a lot in
the fridge (I know she bought some milk but there was no
need.)
Prohibition
Mustn’t
(It’s forbidden)
Can’t
(you aren’t allowed to)
You mustn’t enter the room.
You can’t wait here.
EXERCISE1. Fill the spaces with can, could and shall/will be able. Comment on
the usage.
1. …you stand on your head? – I … when I was at school but I … now. 2. When
I’ve passed my driving test I… hire a car from our local garage. 3. At the end of the
month the Post Office will send him an enormous telephone bill which he … pay. 4.
I … remember the address. – You … even remember the street. (
negative
) 5. When
the fog lifts we … see where we are. 6. You’ve put too much in your rucksack; you
never … carry all that. 7. When I was a child I … understand adults, and now that
I’m an adult I … understand children. (
negative
) 8. When you have taken your
degree you … put letters after your name?
EXERCISE 2. Fill the spaces with must, have to, may, might, could or can’t, as
in the example. Comment on the usage.
1.Perhaps Bill will work late tonight. – Bill
may/might
work late tonight. 2. It’s
possible that Mary is trying to call us. – Mary … . 3. The student’s are obliged to
finish the test in one hour. – The students … . 4. It is possible that Mum is working
in the garden. – Mum … . 5. I’m sure Tom is hungry. – Tom … . 6. Perhaps Dad
will take us out to dinner. – Dad … . 7. I’m sure Jane hasn’t reached the station yet.
– Jane … . 8. It’s likely that they have gone to the supermarket. – They … .
EXERCISE 3. Fill the spaces with must, mustn’t needn’t/don’t have, as in the
example. Comment on the usage.
1. You
needn’t/don’t have to
do the washing up. I’ll do it. – Thank you. 2. Paul …
go to the dentist more often. - I know. His teeth are in terrible condition. 3. If we
want to see the beginning of the film we … leave now. – Alright. I’m ready 4. You
… speak with your mouth full. – I know. It’s very rude. 5. Shall I mow the lawn? -
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No, you … . I did it earlier. 6. … I walk the dog now? – Yes, it’ll be dark in half an
hour. 7. John and I are going to the theatre on Friday night. – You … get a baby-
sitter. I’ll take care of the children for you. 8. You … forget to post those letters. –
I’ll post them on my way to work.
EXERCISE 4. Read the situations and write what you would say using should,
ought to, could, might and the correct tense of the infinitive, as in the example.
Comment on the choice.
1. Your best friend failed a very important exam because she didn’t study. What do
you say to her? - You
should/ ought to/might/could have studied
for the exam…
2. Dan borrowed your favorite CD without asking you. You want him to ask you
next time. What do you say to him?
3. One of your classmates misses the school bus every morning because he gets up
late. What do you say to him?
4. Your younger sister took your scarf and didn’t put it back in the right place. You
want her to replace it next time. What do you say to her?
5. You arranged to meet your friend at 6 o’clock. He came at 7 o’clock but he didn’t
call you to tell you he’d be late. What do you say to him?
6. Fred lost his keys in town yesterday. He didn’t report it to the police. What do
you say to him?
EXERCISE 5. Fill the spaces with needn’t have or didn’t have to and the
correct form of the verb in brackets, as in the example. Comment on the usage.
1. I had been to the station many times before so I
didn’t have to use
(use) a map to
find it. 2. You … (come) here to tell me. You could have called me instead. 3. You
didn’t go abroad for our holidays last year so we … (take) our passports with us. 4.I
cooked dinner last night, so we … (order) a takeaway. 5. You … (wash) your suit. I
would have taken it to the dry-cleaner’s for you. 6. I … (buy) anything from the
supermarket so I went strait home after work. 7. My brother told me he was taking
two sleeping bags so I … (pack) one for myself. 8. You … (call) from a phone box.
You could have used my mobile phone instead. 9. I … (send) Tom’s birthday card
because I knew I was going to see him on his birthday.
EXERCISE 6. Translate into English.
1. Вы должны следовать инструкции и ни в коем случае не должны нажимать
на эту кнопку. 2. Чтобы преподавать грамматику, вы должны понять, что язык
– это система. 3. Чтобы приготовить хороший торт, нужно хорошенько взбить
яйца. 4. Он, должно быть, очень силен. Посмотрите на его бицепсы. 5. Сегодня
Александру необходимо поехать в центр города, потому что у него там
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деловая встреча. 6. Если вы хотите получить хорошее образование, то нужно
много заниматься. 7. Сегодня мне не нужно готовить домашнее задание. Я все
сделала вчера. 8. Что же мне делать, сэр? Должен ли я уехать? 9. Мы
условились встретиться завтра. 10. Детектив обязан провести расследование.
11. Тебе в самом деле нужен этот словарь? Но ведь он такой дорогой! Ты
можешь воспользоваться моим. 12. Если тебе не хочется, то незачем ехать с
нами. 13. Напрасно я брала сегодня зонтик. Дождя так и не было. 14. Ни к
чему торопиться. У нас еще масса времени. 15. Она никогда не может прийти
вовремя. 16. Нельзя игнорировать влияние всеобщей компьютеризации. 17.
Она не могла заставить себя приняться за работу. 18. Можно мне взглянуть на
этот документ, инспектор? – Боюсь, что пока нет. 19. Решение может быть
очень простым, можешь мне поверить. 20. Вы, возможно, приняли меня за
сестру. Мы близнецы. 21. Если вы хотите преуспеть, то вам следует набраться
знаний, опыта и терпения. 22. А не следует ли мне начать брать уроки
вождения? 23. Вам следовало высадить луковицы осенью, если вы хотели,
чтобы цветы появились весной.
CONDITIONALS: Level B
If - clause
Main clause
Use
If + any present form
Future/Imperative
can/may/might/should + bare inf.
Present Simple (for general truth)
Real – likely to happen in
the present or future
TYPE 1
Real present
If he leaves early, he’ll be on time for the meeting. If you are tired, go to bed. If you have
finished your work, we can go for a walk.
If you heat water, it boils.
If + Past Simple or
Past Continuous
Would/could/might + bare infinitive
Unreal- unlikely to
happen in the present or
future; also used to give
advice
TYPE 2
Unreal present
If I saw a ghost, I would run away. (not likely to happen) If I were you, I wouldn’t go out with
him.(advice)
If + Past Perfect or
Past Perfect Cont.
Would/could/might + have + past
participle
Unreal situation in the
past; also used to express
regrets and criticism
TYPE 3
Unreal past
If I had locked the car, it wouldn’t have been stolen.(regret)
If he behaved well, the teacher wouldn’t have punished him(criticism)
When the if-clause is before the main clause, we separate the two clauses with a comma.
If you come early, we
can go for a walk. BUT: We can go for a walk if you come early.
We do not normally use
will, would, or should
in an if –clause.
If you hurry, you will catch the train.
We can use
will/would
in Type 1 Conditionals to make a request or to express insistence or annoyance, and
should
when we are less sure about a possibility.
If you will give me a hand with the dishes, we can go out together. (Please, give me a hand with the dishes).
If you will continue to go out every night, you’ll fall your exams. (insistence; if you insist on going out)
If I meet her, I’ll ask her. = If I should meet her, I’ll ask her. (I may meet her, but I doubt it.)
After
if
, we can use
were
instead of
was
in all persons.
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If I was/were you, I would try harder.
Unless
means
if not
.
Unless she studies, she won’t pass her test. (If she doesn’t study, she won’t pass her test.)
As long as, providing/provided that
, can be used instead of
if.
As long as he’s on time, we won’t be late for the meeting.(If he’s on time, we won’t be late for the meeting.)
We’ll come by car provided/providing that Father lends us his. (We’ll come by car if Father lends us his.)
Mixed Conditionals
All types of conditionals can be mixed. Any tense combination is possible if the
context permits it.
If-clause
Main clause
Type 2
If nobody phoned him,
he won’t come to the meeting.
Type 1
Type 2
If he knew her,
he wouldn’t have spoken to her.
Type 3
Type 3
If he had found a job,
He wouldn’t be searching for one now.
Type 2
EXERCISE 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses.
A.
1. If I see him I (give) him a lift. 2. The table will collapse if you (stand) on it. 3.
If he (eat) all that he will be ill. 4. If I find your passport I (telephone) you at once. 5.
The police (arrest) him if they catch him. 6. If he (read) in bad light he will ruin his
eyes. 7. Someone (steal) your car if you leave it unlocked. 8. What will happen if my
parachute (not open)? 9. She won’t open the door unless she (know) who it is. 10.
Unless he (sell) more he won’t get much commission.
B.
1.
If I had a typewriter I (type) it myself. 2. If I (know) his address I’d give it to
you. 3. He (look) a lot better if he shaved more often. 4. If you (play) for lower
stakes you wouldn’t loose so much. 5. If he worked more slowly he (not make) so
many mistakes. 6. I shouldn’t drink that wine if I (be) you. 7. More tourists would
come to this country if it (have) a better climate. 8. If I were sent to prison you
(visit) me? 9. I could get a job easily if I (have) a degree. 10. I (be) ruined if I bought
her everything she asked for.
C.
1. If I had known that you were in hospital I (visit) you. 2. The ground was very
soft. But for that, my horse (win). 3. If you (arrive) ten minutes earlier you would
have got a seat. 4. You would have seen my garden at its best if you (be) here last
week. 5. But for his quickness I (be) killed. 6. I shouldn’t have believed it if I (not
see) it with my own eyes. 7. If he had slipped he (fall) 500 metres. 8. If he had asked
you, you (accept)? 9. Rome (be captured) by its enemies if the geese hadn’t cackled.
10. He would have been arrested if he (try) to leave the country.
EXERCISE 2. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses.
Yesterday the famous bank robber, Fingers Smith, robbed another bank in the centre
of town. As usual, he only stole Ј10. If he (1) ___
(leave) any clues, he (2) ___ (be)
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in prison now, but he’s much too clever. He disconnected the security cameras; if he
(3) ___ (not do) that, the police (4) ___ (have) him on film now. The strange thing
is, Fingers doesn’t seem to be interested in the money; if he (5) ___ (be), he (6) ___
(can/steal) thousands of pounds by now. The police are determined to catch him, and
the Chief is confident that they will. He says that if he (7) ___(think) they weren’t
going to arrest Fingers eventually, he (8) ___ (leave) the police force long ago.
EXERCISE 3. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses.
A: What time will you be home tonight?
B: I'm not sure. If ...
have to...
(have to) work late, I’ll . .
call
... (call) you.
A: I felt very tired at work today.
B: Well, if you ….. (not/watch) the late film, you ...
.(not/feel) so tired.
A: Should I buy that car?
B: Why not? If I
…..
(have) the money, I…..(buy) it myself.
A: If you….. (pass) a chemist's, ….. (you/get) me some cough medicine?
B: Yes, certainly.
A: My sister seems very upset at the moment.
B: Were I you, I …..(talk) to her about it.
A: Unless you ….. (hurry), you ….. (be) late again.
B: No, I won't. There's plenty of time.
A: Oh! I forgot to ask Sarah over for dinner.
B: If I
(speak) to her today, I …..(ask) her for you.
A: May I join the club, please?
B: Provided you ….. (be) over eighteen, you can join the club.
A: What a lovely restaurant! I'm glad we came here.
B: If you ….. (not/burn) the dinner, we ….. (not/come) here!
A: Just think. If I ….. (not/move) to York, I ….. (never/meet) you.
B: I know, wasn't it lucky?
A: Jo doesn't spend enough time with me.
B: Well, if she ….. (have) the time, I'm sure she ….. (try), but she's very busy.
A: Did you give Bill the message?
B: No, but when I ….. (see) him, I ….. (tell) him the news.
EXERCISE 4. Choose the correct answer.
1) If you are bored, ...
C
... something else.
A
you would do
B
you will do
C
do
2) ….. I you, I would look for a new job.
A
Would be
B
Were
C
Had been
3) I ….. you if I had known you were in hospital.