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(see) snow for the first time. 15. On the way home he stopped ___ (buy) some
chocolate. 16. The baby didn’t stop ___ (cry) all night.
EXERCISE 4. Translate into English.
1.Я счастлива пригласить вас на вечер. 2. Я счастлива, что меня часто
приглашают на премьеры. 3. Я счастлив, что меня пригласили на новый
спектакль в драмтеатр. 4. Хочу рассказать вам последние новости. 5. Хочу,
чтобы мне рассказали эту историю. 6. Я рада, что мне рассказали об этом. 7.
Роберт не собирается обвинять вас. 8. Он не предполагал, что его обвинят. 9.
Мне жаль, что я причиняю вам столько хлопот. 10. Мне жаль, что
побеспокоила вас. 11. Дети любят выдумывать разные истории. 12. Дети
обожают, когда им рассказывают разные истории. 13. Он, кажется, знает всех
в городе. 14. Эти данные трудно раздобыть. 15. Подать в отставку (to quit)
значит проиграть игру.
Too / Enough with Infinitive
Too + adjective/adverb
(negative meaning)
She is too tired to go out.
(She is so tired that she can’t go out.)
adjective/adverb + enough
(positive meaning)
He’s rich enough to afford a yacht.
(He is so rich that he can afford a
yacht.)
Enough + noun
He’s got enough patience to be a
teacher.
EXERCISE 5. Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one
sentence using too/enough with infinitive.
1.You are very young. You can’t have a front-door key. 2. It is very cold. We can’t
bathe. 3 Would you be very kind and answer this letter by return? 4. I am rather old.
I can’t wear that kind of hat. 5. The ladder wasn’t very long. It didn’t rich the
window. 6. He was furious. He couldn’t speak. 7. The fire isn’t very hot. I won’t
boil the kettle. 8. Tom was very foolish. He told lies to the police. 9. You are quite
thin. You could slip between the bars. 10. Our new car is very wide. It won’t get
through those gates.
EXERCISE 6. Underline the correct answer.
0. I don't want to go by bus. It takes
too
/
very
long.
1. That film was
too / very
moving. I thought it was wonderful.
2. You can only get fit if you exercise
too regularly/ regularly enough.
3. You can't come to this club with us. You're
too / very
young.
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4. I couldn't understand her. She spoke
too quickly / quickly enough.
5. I'm sure you'll be fine at the interview. You've prepared for it
too / very
thoroughly.
6. Can we have the party in this room? Is it
very big / big enough
for fifty people?
PARTICIPLES: Level B
The participles are:
Present participles
(playing, running, etc.),
Past participles
(played, written, etc.) and
Perfect participles
(having written, etc.).
Present and past participles
can be
used as adjectives
.
The
present participles (-ing)
describes what somebody or something is (it answers the question
What kind?').
The past participles (-ed)
describes how somebody feels (it answers the question 'How do you
feel?').
e.g. It's a very tiring
job. (What kind of job? Tiring.)
He's very tired
.
(How does he feel? Tired.)
Participles can also be used:
to express time
e.g. After doing/having done her homework
,
she watched TV.
Having done her homework
,
she watched TV.
(=
After she had done her homework
,
she
watched TV.)
He broke his arm
(while)
playing hockey
.
(=He broke his arm while he was playing
hockey
.)
to express reason
e.g. Being late,
Adam took a taxi.
(=
Because he was late,
Adam took a taxi.) Having spent all
her money,
Pam asked for a loan.
(=
Because she had spent all her money,
Pam asked for a
loan.)
instead of a relative pronoun and full verb
e.g. The man standing
at the door is my boss. (=The man who is standing
at the door is my
boss.)
The information presented
in the article was Invaluable.(=The information which was
presented
in the article was invaluable.)
instead of the past simple in narratives when we describe actions happening immediately
one after the other
e.g. Seeing
the shadow, he
screamed.
(=He saw
the shadow and he
screamed.)
to avoid repeating the past continuous in the same sentence
e.g. She was climbing up a ladder carrying
a bucket. (=She
was climbing
up a ladder and
she was carrying
a bucket.)
EXERCISE 1. Fill in the correct participle.
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Bob
: You must be very (1)
excited
(excite). Paris is a (2) ___ (fascinate) city. There
are so many (3) ___ (interest) things to do. You won’t be (4) ___ (bore).
Helen
: Well, I’m a bit (5) ___ (worry) because I can’t speak French very well.
Bob
: You should buy a phrase book and then you won’t be (6) ___ (embarrass)if
someone speaks to you. They won’t be (7) ___ (annoy) if you make a mistake, and
most people will be (8) ___ (please) if you ask for something in French.
Helen
: I’m sure they’ll find my accent very (9) ___ (amuse).
Bob
: Don’t be silly. I’m sure you’ll have a very (10) ___ (stimulate) holiday.
EXERCISE 2. Underline the correct word.
1.
A: Have you read that new book yet?
B: Only some of it. It's very
bored/boring.
2.
A: Did you enjoy your holiday?
B: Oh, yes. It was very
relaxed/relaxing.
3.
A: I'm going to a lecture tonight. Do you want to come?
B: No thanks. I'm not
interested/interesting
in the subject.
4.
A: Did you hurt yourself when you fell?
B: No, but it was very
embarrassed/embarrassing.
5.
A: Shall I turn off the lights?
B: No. I'm
frightened/frightening
of the dark.
6.
A: Was Mother upset when you broke her vase?
B: Not really, but she was very
annoyed/annoying.
7.
A: How do you feel today?
B: I still feel very
tired/tiring.
8.
A: I
haven't seen Mr Green for several days.
B: Neither have I. It's a bit
worried/worrying.
EXERCISE 3.
Rewrite the sentences using participles.
Example: He was lying on the bed and he was reading a book.
...
He was lying on the bed reading a book.
a)
Lisa took a deep breath and dived into the water.
b)
Jack burnt his finger while he was lighting a fire.
c)
After Ann had ironed the clothes, she put them away.
d)
Because he was cold, James turned on the heater.
e)
The photographs, which were taken at the reception, were blurred.
f)
Alison washed the paintbrushes before she painted the living room.
g)
She was sitting on the sofa and she was knitting a jumper.
h)
The girl who is sitting next to Alison is Vicky.
i)
Because he had forgotten to do the shopping, he ate out that night.
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MODAL VERBS: Level B
The modal verbs are:
can, could, may, might, must, ought to, will, would, shall,
should, have to (has to), need (needs).
Modal verbs are used to express: ability, possibility, probability, logical
assumptions, permission, requests, offers, suggestions, advice, criticism, obligation,
prohibition or necessity.
ABILITY
Can / be able to
(ability in the present/future)
Ann can type fast.
I will be able to pay you next week.
Could/ was able to
(=managed to – ability in the past)
“Could” is more usual than “was able to”.
I could / was able to go on a trip round the city last
week.
POSIBILITY
May/might/ could + present infinitive
(perhaps; it’s
possible that something will happen in the future or
perhaps it is true at the moment)
May/might/ could + perfect infinitive
(perhaps something happened in the past)
Could + perfect infinitive
is used for sth which was
possible but didn’t actually happen.
Sam may/might/could pass his test this time.(It’s
possible that he will pass the test.)
She looks miserable. She may/might /could have lost her
job.(Perhaps she has lost her job.)
Don’t drive so fast! You could have killed that man.
(Luckily, you didn’t kill this man.)
PROBABILITY
Ought to/ should + present infinitive
show that
something is probable now or in the future
Ought to/ should + perfect infinitive
show that
something to happen but we don’t know if it happened or
not
Tom ought to/ should pass his exams. (He will probably
pass.)
Has Nancy phoned yet? She ought to/ should have
phoned an hour ago. (We don’t know whether she
phoned or not.)
LOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS
Can’t/ couldn’t + present infinitive
(I don’t think; it’s logically improbable)
Must + present infinitive
(I think, I’m fairly sure; it’s
logically probable)
can’t
is opposite of
must
can’t/ couldn’t + perfect infinitive
(It’s impossible that
something happened in the past)
must + perfect infinitive
(It’s very probable that
something happened in the past.)
She can’t be rich. Her house is too small. (I don’t think
she’s rich.)
His face is red He must be very angry.
(I think he is very angry.)
It can’t be true. It must be a lie.
She can’t / couldn’t have lost her way; she must have
missed the train. (= I don’t think she’s lost her way; I
think she has missed the train.)
To express possibility in questions we don’t use
may.
We use:
Can he? Could he? Is he likely to? Is it likely that?
Might he? (Is it possible that?)
PERMISSION
(
asking for permission
)
can
(informal)
could
(more polite)
may
(formal)
might
(more formal)
Can/Could
I interrupt you for a second?
May/Might
I speak to the manager?
(giving or refusing permission)
can
(informal; giving permission)
may
(formal; giving permission – also used in written
notices or formal announcements)
mustn’t/ can’t
(informal – refusing permission)
Can I use your phone? – Of course you can. (informal)
Could I use your phone? – Of course you can. (not: of
course you could)
May I use your phone? Certainly you may. (formal)
Luggage may be left here (written notice)
I’m afraid you can’t/mustn’t enter the room.
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may not
(formal – refusing permission)
Rubbish may not be left here. (written notice)
(talking about permission)
can/ be allowed to
(to talk about the future and present)
could
(to talk about the past –used for repeated actions)
was/ were allowed to
(to talk about the past – used for
repeated or single actions)
couldn’t/ wasn’t allowed to
(in negations or questions
for either repeated or single actions)
Pupils are allowed to / can use the school swimming
pool free of charge.
She was always allowed to/ could always play with her
dolls after school. (repeated actions)
The reporter was allowed to (not: could) take a photo of
the pop singer. (single action)
The foreigner wasn’t allowed to/ couldn’t enter the
country without a visa. (single action)
REQUESTS – OFFERS - SUGGESTIONS
Requests (asking someone to do sth)
Can you?
(informal request)
Will you?
(familiar)
Could you?
(polite request)
May I?
(formal request)
Would you/ would you mind?
(more polite and formal
than “could you”)
Can you help me, please?
Will you get me my glasses, please?
Could you make me some tea?
May I have a glass of water? (request)
May I open the window?(asking for permission)
Would you post this letter for me?
Would you mind typing this letters for me?
Offers (offering to do sth)
I’ll
(I’m willing to do sth - informal)
Shall I/we / Can I/we
(Do you want me/us to//? -
informal)
Would you like/ Would you like me to.?
I’ll do the shopping if you like.
Shall I help you with your luggage?
Would you like some more tea?
Suggestions (making suggestions
)
Shall I/we?
I/We can/could
We also express suggestions with:
Let’s? How about/ Why don’t we?/ What about?
Shall we go to the theatre?
We can / could go to the club if you like.
Let’s go to the park. How about going to the park
ADVICE – CRITICISM
Advice (saying what the best thing to do is)
should/ ought to + present infinitive
(ought to
is sometimes used for advice based on laws,
rules or generally accepted ideas)
Shall I?
(asking for advice)
had better
(advice for a specific situation)
You should stop smoking. (general advice)
You ought to treat animals kindly.(Most people believe
this.)
Shall I tell him the truth?
You’d better call your parents or they’ll worry.
Criticism (saying what the best thing to do in the past
was)
should/ ought to + perfect infinitive
You shouldn’t have been rude to her yesterday. (but you
were)
You should have locked the car before leaving. (but you
didn’t)
NECESSITY – OBLIGATION – PROHIBITION
Obligation- necessity
Must/have to
(it’s necessary, I’m obliged to)
Must
is used only in the present and future when the
speaker decides.
Have to
is used when the necessity comes from the
outside the speaker or when others decide for him.
Have got to
(more informal and usual than “have to”) is
used for obligation on a single occasion.
Ought to
(duty; It’s the right thing to do but people don’t
always do it.)
Need (it’s necessary) is followed by a passive full
I must lose some weight. (I say so.)
I had to go to work early yesterday. (“Must” is not
possible here as it is used only in the present.)
I have to lose some weight. (The doctor says so; the
doctor decides for me.)
I’ve got to tidy my room; Mother is angry.
I’ve got to phone her; she’ll be worried.
We ought to respect the environment.(but we don’t
always do it.)
Your hair needs to be cut. or