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Europe in 12 lessons
Number of seats in the European
Parliament per country 2007–09
Austria
8
Belgium
24
Bulgaria
8
Cyprus
Czech Republic
24
Denmark
4
Estonia
Finland
4
France
8
Germany
99
Greece
24
Hungary
24
Ireland
Italy
8
Latvia
9
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
2
Poland
4
Portugal
24
Romania
Slovakia
4
Slovenia
Spain
4
Sweden
9
United Kingdom
8
Total
785
The European Parliament normally holds its
plenary sessions in Strasbourg and any ad-
ditional sessions in Brussels. It has 20 com-
mittees which do the preparatory work for
plenary sessions, and a number of political
groups that usually meet in Brussels. The
General Secretariat is based in Luxembourg
and Brussels.
The Parliament takes part in the legislative
work of the EU at three levels:
• Under the ‘
cooperation
’ procedure,
introduced by the Single European Act in
98, the European Parliament can give its
opinion on draft directives and regulations
proposed by the European Commission,
which is asked to amend its proposals to take
account of Parliament’s position.
• Since 98, there has also been the ‘
as-
sent
’ procedure, under which the European
Parliament must give its assent to interna-
tional agreements negotiated by the Com-
mission and to any proposed enlargement of
the European Union.
• The 992 Treaty of Maastricht intro-
duced the ‘
co-decision
’ procedure, which
puts the Parliament on an equal footing with
the Council when legislating on a whole se-
ries of important issues including the free
movement of workers, the internal market,
education, research, the environment, trans-
The political groups in the European Parliament
Total : 785
Situation in October 2006
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20
European networks, health, culture, consum-
er protection, etc. The European Parliament
has the power to throw out proposed legis-
lation in these fields if an absolute major-
ity of members of Parliament vote against
the Council’s ‘common position’. The Trea-
ty has made provision for a conciliation
procedure.
The European Parliament also shares, with
the Council, equal responsibility for adopt-
ing the EU budget. The Parliament can
reject the proposed budget, and it has al-
ready done so on several occasions. When
this happens, the entire budget procedure
has to be re-started. The European Com-
mission proposes the draft budget, which is
then debated by the Council and the Euro-
pean Parliament. Parliament has made full
use of its budgetary powers to influence EU
policymaking.
Last but not least, the European Parlia-
ment exercises democratic supervision over
the Union. It has the power to dismiss the
Commission by adopting a motion of cen-
sure. This requires a two-thirds majority. It
also supervises the day-to-day management
of EU policies by putting oral and written
questions to the Commission and the Coun-
cil. Finally, the President of the European
Council reports to the Parliament on the de-
cisions taken by the Council.
c. The European Commission
The Commission is the third part of the insti-
tutional triangle that manages and runs the
European Union. Its members are appointed
for a five-year term by agreement between
the member states, subject to approval by
the European Parliament. The Commission
is answerable to the Parliament, and the en-
tire Commission has to resign if the Parlia-
ment passes a motion of censure against it.
Since 2004, the Commission has been made
up of one Commissioner from each member
state.
The Commission enjoys a substantial degree
of independence in exercising its powers.
Its job is to uphold the common interest,
which means that it must not take instruc-
tions from any national EU government. As
‘Guardian of the Treaties’, it has to ensure
that the regulations and directives adopted
by the Council and Parliament are being im-
plemented in the member states. If they are
not, the Commission can take the offending
party to the Court of Justice to oblige it to
comply with EU law.
As the EU’s executive arm, the Commission
implements the decisions taken by the Coun-
cil in areas such as the common agricultural
policy. It has wide powers to manage the
EU’s common policies, such as research and
technology, overseas aid, regional develop-
ment, etc. It also manages the budget for
these policies.
The Commission is assisted by a civil service
made up of directorates-general (DGs)
and services, which are mainly based in
Brussels and Luxembourg.
II. Other institutions and bodies
a. The Court of Justice
The Court of Justice of the European Com-
munities, located in Luxembourg, is made
up of one judge from each EU country,
assisted by eight advocates-general. They
are appointed by joint agreement of the
governments of the member states for a re-
newable term of six years. Their independ-
ence is guaranteed. The Court’s role is to
ensure that EU law is complied with, and
that the Treaties are correctly interpreted
and applied.
b. The Court of Auditors
The Court of Auditors in Luxembourg was
established in 9. It has one member
from each EU country, appointed for a
term of six years by agreement between the
member states following consultation of the
European Parliament. It checks that all the
European Union’s revenue has been received
and all its expenditure incurred in a lawful
and regular manner and that the EU budget
has been managed soundly.
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Europe in 12 lessons
c. The European Economic
and Social Committee
When taking decisions in a number of policy
areas, the Council and Commission consult
the European Economic and Social Commit-
tee (EESC). Its members represent the various
economic and social interest groups that col-
lectively make up ‘organised civil society’, and
are appointed by the Council for a four-year
term.
d. The Committee of the Regions
The Committee of the Regions (CoR) was es-
tablished under the Treaty on European Un-
ion and consists of representatives of regional
and local government proposed by the mem-
ber states and appointed by the Council for
a four-year term. Under the Treaty, the Coun-
cil and Commission must consult the CoR on
matters of relevance to the regions, and it may
also issue opinions on its own initiative.
e. The European Investment Bank
The European Investment Bank (EIB), based
in Luxembourg, provides loans and guar-
antees to help the EU’s less developed re-
gions and to help make businesses more
competitive.
f. The European Central Bank
The European Central Bank (ECB), based
in Frankfurt, is responsible for manag-
ing the euro and the EU’s monetary policy
(see Chapter ‘Economic and monetary
union (EMU) and the euro’).
The Court of Justice makes sure EU law is
respected; it has for example acted to ensure
that mothers are treated fairly when they go
back to work.
© Marcy Maloy/Photodisc Red/Getty Images
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.. What does the EU do?
5. What does the EU do?
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Europe in 12 lessons
I. Solidarity policies
The main purpose of the solidarity policies
is to support the completion of the single
market (see Chapter , ‘The single market’),
and to correct any imbalances by means of
structural measures to help regions lagging
behind or industrial sectors encountering
difficulties. The need for solidarity between
EU countries and between regions became
even more acute following the recent entry
of 2 newcomers with incomes well below
the EU average. The EU must also play its
part in helping to restructure sectors of the
economy which have been badly affected by
fast-growing international competition.
a. Regional aid
The EU’s regional policy is based on trans-
fers of funds from rich to poor countries.
The money is used to boost development
in regions lagging behind, to rejuvenate
industrial regions in decline, to help young
people and the long-term unemployed find
work, to modernise farming and to help less-
favoured rural areas.
The funds earmarked for regional activities
in the 200– budget are targeted at
three objectives.
•
Convergence
. The aim here is to help
the least-developed countries and regions
catch up more quickly with the EU aver-
age by improving conditions for growth
and employment. This is done by invest-
ing in physical and human capital, innova-
tion, the knowledge society, adaptation to
change, the environment and administrative
efficiency.
• Regional competitiveness and em-
ployment.
The objective is to increase the
competitiveness, employment levels and
attractiveness of regions other than the
least-developed ones. The way to make this
happen is to anticipate economic and social
changes and promote innovation, entrepre-
neurship, environmental protection, accessi-
bility, adaptability and the development of
inclusive job markets.
•
European territorial cooperation
. The
aim of this new objective is to increase cross-
border, transnational and interregional coop-
eration. It aims to promote joint solutions to
problems that are shared by neighbouring
authorities in sectors such as urban, rural
and coastal development, the cultivation of
economic relations, and networking between
small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
These objectives will be financed by specific
funds, which will top up or stimulate invest-
ment by the private sector and by national
and regional government. These funds are
• The European Union acts in a wide range of policy areas — economic,
social, regulatory and financial — where its action is beneficial to the
member states. These include:
• solidarity policies (also known as cohesion policies)
in regional, agricultural and social affairs;
• innovation policies, which bring state-of-the-art technologies
to fields such as environmental protection, research
and development (R&D) and energy.
• The Union funds these policies through an annual budget of more
than
€
120 billion, which is largely paid for by the member states.
It represents a small proportion of the EU’s collective wealth
(a maximum of 1.24 % of the combined gross national income of all
member states).