Файл: 2010 English Grammar.doc

Listen! Somebody is singing in the room.

Слушайте! Кто-то поет в комнате.

He is still working in the laboratory.

Он все еще работает в лаборатории.

Для образования отрицательной формы частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола:

He is not working in the laboratory now.

Сейчас он не работает в лаборатории.

They are not discussing your contract at the moment

В данный момент они не обсуждают ваш контракт.

Для образования вопросительной формы вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим:

Where is he working now?

Где он сейчас (в данный момент) работает?

What are they discussing at the moment?

Что они обсуждают в данный момент?

Глагол в Past Continuous/Progressive обозначает действие, которое происходило в определенный момент времени в прошлом и сопровождается следующими показателями совершения действия:

1. точный момент времени в прошлом: at 10 o'clock yesterday

2. период времени в прошлом, когда это действие осуществлялось: from 10 to 12 yesterday, all day yesterday.

3. другое действие в прошлом.

Сказуемое в Past Continuous образуется с помощью личной формы вспомогательного глагола to be в прошедшем времени (was, were) и ing-формы основного глагола.

When we stood at the door somebody was singing in the room.

Когда мы стояли у двери, в комнате кто-то пел.

He was working in the laboratory from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. yesterday.

Вчера он работал в лаборатории с 10 утра до 6 вечера.

Для образования отрицательной формы частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола:

He was not working in the laboratory when we came.

Он не работал в лаборатории, когда мы пришли.

They were not discussing your contract at that moment

В тот момент они не обсуждали ваш контракт.

Для образования вопросительной формы вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим:

Where was he working when we came?

Где он работал, когда мы пришли?

What were they discussing at that moment?

Что они обсуждали в тот момент?

Глагол во Future Continuous обозначает действие, которое будет происходить в определенный момент в будущем и сопровождается следующими показателями совершения действия:

1. точный момент времени в будущем: at 10 o'clock tomorrow.

2. период времени в будущем, когда это действие будет осуществляться: from 10 to 12 tomorrow, all day tomorrow.

4. другое действие в будущем.

Сказуемое во Future Continuous образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в будущем времени (will/shall be) и ing-формы основного глагола.

Somebody will be singing in the hall from 11 to 12 tomorrow.

Кто-нибудь будет петь в зале с 11 до 12 завтра.

He will be still working in the laboratory when the professor comes.

Он будет работать в лаборатории, когда придет профессор.

Для образования отрицательной формы частица not ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола:

He will not be working in the laboratory from 10 to 11 tomorrow.

Завтра с 10 до 11 он не будет работать в лаборатории.

They will not be discussing your contract at this time tomorrow.

В это время завтра они не будут обсуждать ваш контракт.

Для образования вопросительной формы первый вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим:

Where will he be working from 10 to 11 tomorrow?

Где он будет работать с 10 до 11 завтра?

What will they be discussing at this time tomorrow?

Что они будут обсуждать в это время завтра?

Exercises:

Ex. 1. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. Albert is doing quite nicely in his business.

2. We are discussing what can be done about this situation.

3. He is working on some kind of invention.

4. You are eating too much.

5. I am having dinner now.

6. Aunt Betty is talking to the butcher in the kitchen.

7. He is being somewhat strange today.

8. Liz is trying to fix her washing machine.

9. My parents are talking about Fred’s new car.

10. I am dreaming about summer.

11. Archie is always talking about his baby son.

12. We are trying to talk Ron out of it.

Ex. 2. Open the brackets:

1. Where are our children? It's quiet at home. - They (to lie) on the carpet and (to draw).

2. What you (to do) now? - I (to look for) my key. I can't open the door.

3. Listen! Somebody (to sing) a lovely song.

4. Why you (to put on) the coat? It's sunny today.

5. Don't make so much noise. I (to try) to work.

6. Why you (to cry) ? Is something wrong?

7. Let's go for a walk. It (not /to rain) now.

8. Why you (not /to hurry)? I (to wait) for you.

9. I don't speak any foreign language, but I (to learn) English now

10. We (to spend) next weekend at home.

11. I (to meet) Liz tonight. She (to come) from Cork.

12. He (to go) to speak to his parents.

13. My Dad (to work) overtime this week.

14. They (to live) in a rented house these days.

15. I (to take) dancing lessons this winter.

16. At the moment we (to fly) over the desert.

17. Have some hot tea. It (to get) chilly.

Ex. 3. Open the brackets:

1. It (often /to rain) in this part of the world.

2. Take your umbrella. It (to rain) cats and dogs.

3. Granny is in the kitchen. She (to make) a plum-cake.

4. My wife (often /to make) plum-cakes.

5. Can you phone a bit later, please? Jane (to have a bath).

6. Run downstairs. Your sister (to wait) for you.

7. I don't know Spanish, but I (to learn) it now.

8. John (still /to work) in the garden.

9. Dad (usually /to work) on Saturdays.

10. Usually I (to have coffee) in the morning, but now I (to drink) tea.

11. We (sometimes /to go) to the cinema.

12. What she (to do)? - She is a secretary at our college.

13. Why you (to sit) at my desk? Could you take your place, please?

14. We've got tickets, and tomorrow evening we (to go) to the cinema.

15. -... you (to do) anything tomorrow afternoon? -I (to play) tennis with my friend.

Ex. 4. Open the brackets using the Present Progressive Tense.

1. Look. It (to rain).

2. Why you (not to wear) your coat today? It’s so cold.

3. Excuse me, I (to look for) the post-office. Is there one near here?

4. You (to make) a lot of noise.

5. They (to quarrel) again!

6. He is on holiday. He (not to work) today.

7. You (to read) any English books now?

8. What you (to talk about)?

9. Jim (to take) his driving test now.

10. What Tom (to do)? Why he (not to practise)?

11. I constantly (to forget) things.

12. What you (to wait for)? Why you (to sit) here?

Ex. 5. Ask questions to the underlined parts of the sentences:

1. It is raining heavily outside.

2. They are trying to translate this exercise.

3. He is drinking tea in the garden.

4. Cinema audiences are declining now.

5. She is listening to the rock music.

6. You are trying to persuade him, but he won’t listen.

7. They’ve moved to a new house and are buying new furniture.

8. You are constantly mispronouncing this word, because you are inattentive.

9. None of them is taking part in the discussion: they are not ready.

10. Ellen is reading a book on the veranda.

11. No one is trying to help him: he doesn’t like it.

Ex. 6. Ask questions using the prompt words in brackets:

1. They are writing a composition now. (What? Who?)

2. He is translating an English article. (Who? What? What kind of?)

3. The dog is running after a cat. (What? What … after?)

4. He is having dinner in the canteen now. (Who? Where?)

5. She is looking for her glasses. (Who? Where? What … for?)

6. I’m learning this poem by heart. (Who? What? How?)

7. They are building a new school in our street. (What? Where?)

8. She is opening a letter from her husband. (What? What kind of?)

9. She is constantly nagging her husband. (Who? When?)

10. Tony is painting a new picture. (Who? What? What?

11. You are talking too fast. (How? Why?)

12. My parents are redecorating our dining-room now, because they never liked its style. (Who? What? What? Why?)

Ex. 7. Open the brackets using the Present Simple or Present Progressive Tense.

1. I (to think) you (to behave) rather foolishly, honey.

2. I (to think) about your behavior. What (to think) you (to do)?

3. Your German (to get) better?

4. I (to see) you (to have) some problems with this computer. Can I be of any help?

5. He (to understand) the rule, but he still (to make) mistakes too often.

6. ‘You (to believe) his story? – ‘Oh, no. I never (to believe) him. He always (to tell) lies.’

7. How many parts this text (to consist of)?

8. Now I (to see) everything clearly. You (to try) to swindle. That won’t do.

9. You (believe) in Santa Clause?

10. Gerry always (to find fault with) me.

11. Your letters (to be) very welcome, but he (to want) to know everything at first hand.

12. ‘Why he (to look) so gloomy?’ – ‘Oh, he (to have) a toothache.’

13. Who this house (to belong) to?

14. Tony (to feel) something is wrong, but he can’t say what.

Ex. 8. Open the brackets using the Present Simple or Present Continuous Tense.

1. Tom is in his room. He (to play) the piano.

2. Jill (to speak) five languages.

3. I (to look for) my glasses. Where are they?

4. My brother is smoking 20 cigarettes a day.

5. I (to understand) what he (to speak) about.

6. John (to be) tired, so he has a short sleep.

7. The man in the dark grey coat (to look like) Tom Garrett.

8. He (not to like) ballroom dancing.

9. I (to look out) of the window, but I (not to see) him.

10. I (to remember) that holiday we (to have) in France a few years ago.

11. How much it (to cost) to send a letter to Paris?

12. My parents never (to drink) strong coffee.

13. I (to hate) big cities.

14. The play (to begin) at half past seven.

15. What you (to think) of that novel?

16. What you (to think) about?

17. I (to hope) Mag (to come) out of hospital soon.

Ex. 9. Translate the sentences into English:

1. – Кто сейчас сдает экзамен? – Моя подруга.

2. Почему вы не смотрите телевизор? – Мы готовимся к экзамену.

3. У тебя все еще дрожат руки.

4. Вечно она со всеми ссорится.

5. Он работает сейчас в другом месте, и дела идут у него хорошо.

6. – Что делает твой племянник? – Он работает в саду.

7. У них сейчас урок математики.

8. Мы сидим у окна, ярко светит солнце, мимо нашего дома спешат люди …

9. Студенты слушают объяснения преподавателя.

10. – Что ты ищешь? – Я ищу свои часы.

11. Почему ты всегда ворчишь?

12. Куда вы спешите?

13. – О чем ты думаешь? – Я думаю о каникулах.

14. Он ведет себя ужасно.

15. Я надеюсь, что он не опоздает.

16. Я знаю, что ты не любишь ходить по магазинам.

17. Сейчас мы подходим к церкви 14 века. Каждый год тысячи туристов приезжают в наш город, чтобы полюбоваться ею.

Ex. 10. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. It was raining at noon.

2. It wasn’t raining when I left the house.

3. What were you doing when I phoned you?

4. The fire was still burning when the fire-brigade arrived.

5. Just as he was getting on the bus a thief stole his purse.

6. While the family was having supper all the lights went out.

7. She was constantly scolding her child.

8. “What was Millie doing when the police came?”

9. Graham was watching the street and thinking of his past.

10. It was getting chilly, so they left the veranda. In the room Bert was making himself a drink.

11. She was working on her report all Sunday.

12. You were looking through my papers when I entered the room.

13. Ted was walking along the street when he heard a shot somewhere.

14. He was making a professional assessment of the situation and its possibilities.

Ex. 11. Complete the sentences using the Past Progressive Tense.

1. At three o’clock yesterday the students of our group … .

2. When the teacher came in, the students … .

3. When we heard that the phone rang, we … .

4. When the lights went out, we … .

5. When it began to rain, I … .

6. We saw an accident while we … .

7. Someone phoned me when I … .

8. I met my friend when I … .

9. She burnt her hand when she … .

10. Yesterday while he was fixing the electricity … .

11. They heard some noise while … .

12. While they were rehearsing the play, … .

13. When my favourite TV programme began, I … .

14. My friend came to see me when I … .

15. When I came home, mother … .

Ex. 12. Put these sentences into the Past and Future Continuous Tenses, use proper adverbial modifiers of time or subordinate clauses:

3. What is Smirnov's wife doing?—She is preparing for departure.

4. Smirnov is not packing his things.

5. Are you waiting for your friend?-—No, I am not, I am waiting for my father.

6. Where are you hurrying to?—I am hurrying to the railway station.

7. He is talking to a friend of his.

8. My daughter is washing her dress.

9. They are not smoking now.

Ex. 13. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative.

1. The engineer Petrov was having dinner at half past three yesterday.

2. My sister was paying for her new coat when I came into the shop.

3. Our mother was preparing dinner in the kitchen at five o'clock.

4. I was hurrying to the buffet when I met you.

5. Your friends were smoking in the corridor when we saw them.

1. I shall be waiting for you at seven o'clock in the evening.

2. They will be having dinner when you come to see them.

3. We shall be discussing this question at this time the day after tomorrow.

4. We shall be preparing for departure at three o'clock tomorrow.

5. They will be receiving their friends at this time tomorrow.

Ex. 14. Answer the following questions paying attention to the Past and Future Continuous Tenses

1. Were you preparing your home-work at six o'clock yesterday?

2. What will you be doing at three o'clock tomorrow?

3. What was your son doing when you came home the day before yesterday?

4. Where were you hurrying to when a friend of yours met you yesterday?

5. What time were your friends playing chess on their last day off?

6. Will you be waiting for us at this time tomorrow?

7. Who(m) were you speaking to when I came into the room?

8. Were you writing your exercises or translating a letter when they came to see you?

9. What were you talking about when they came in?

Ex. 15. Open the brackets:

1. I'm tired. I (to go) to bed.

2. It's late. I think I (to take) a taxi.

3. ... I (to answer) the question?

4. We don't know their address. What (we /to do)?

5. Our test (not /to take) long.

6. I'm afraid they (not /to wait) for us.

7. Diana (to come) to the party tomorrow?

8. You (to arrive) in Paris tomorrow evening.

9. The boy (to remember) this day all his life.

10. Perhaps they (to buy) a new house this year.

11. He (to be) fourteen next year.

12. I'm not sure I (to find) Jim at the hotel.

13. We (not /to book) the tickets in advance.

14. Do you think it (to rain)?

15. Everybody thinks they (not /to get) married.

16. There (not/to be) any wars in the world.

17. Dad (to present) Mag a personal computer,.. he?

18. …there (to be) drugs for every kind of disease in 50 years' time?

Ex. 16. Ask questions using the prompt words in brackets:

1. Yesterday at 11.40 she was having breakfast at the canteen. (What? When? Where?)

2. It was raining heavily yesterday in the morning. (When)

3. We were revising for our exam when he called us up. (What? What … for?)

4. They were chatting all day long in the garden. (Who? Where?)

5. The teacher was explaining the new material when on of the students interrupted him. (Who? What?)

6. She was cooking dinner yesterday in the evening while her daughter was ironing the clothes.

7. They were running quickly because they were afraid to miss their train. (Why? What?)

8. He was rehearsing his part in the play the whole week. (What? How long?)

9. I was trying to understand that new rule when you called me up. (What? When?)

10. Loraine was still waiting for his answer when he shut the door. (Who? What … for? Whose … for?)

11. You were talking wonderfully at the yesterday’s conference. (Who? When? How?)

12. You were sleeping so soundly. I didn’t want to bother you. (How? Why?)

13. John was testing the new car while his wife was cooking supper. (Who? What? What?)

14. No one was talking to Jill, but she was the only one who couldn’t understand why. (Who? Why? Who … to?)

15. He was too dramatic. I think he was overdoing it. (Who? Why?)

Ex. 17. Ask all possible types of questions to the following sentences:

1. The wind was blowing all day.

2. She was waiting for a very important phone call yesterday.

3. This time last year we were living in Brazil.

4. You were eavesdropping when I caught you.

5. When the teacher entered the room, the boys were fighting.

6. Dan was having a bath when the fire alarm rang.

7. The students were writing a composition when the Dean came to make an announcement.

8. Emma was getting tired and decided to go to bed.

9. This time last year I was flying to Boston.

10. I was doing the washing up yesterday and broke a cup.

11. Tom was trying to achieve promotion for the whole year.

12. George and Ann were getting ready to go out when the postman brought the letter.

13. It was snowing heavily last winter.

14. She was talking rubbish and I hope you don’t believe her.

Ex. 18. Open the brackets using the Past Progressive Tense:

1. ‘What you (to do) yesterday at 15.00 p.m.?’ – ‘I (to play) tennis and my brothers (to listen to) the music.’

2. It (to rain) when we went out.

3. From the noise we heard it was clear that our neighbors’ boy (to practise) the piano.

4. While he (to learn) to drive he had many accidents.

5. When we first met you (to study) English.

6. ‘Who you (to talk) when I came?’ – ‘I (to talk) to my secretary.’

7. My wife and I (to discuss) this problem when you came.

8. ‘Whose book you (to read)?’ – ‘My sister’s. I just (to begin) when you entered the room.’

9. While we (to walk) someone came into the house and left this note.

10. Where he (to live) when you saw him last?

11. Why you (to fool around) with the computer?

12. He had a lot of doubts while he (to plan) his crime.

13. While George (to think) of the career that lay before him Annie also (to plan) some improvements in the house.

14. Tom felt he (to become) too emotional and the inspector (to get) suspicious about him.

Ex. 19. Open the brackets using the Past Simple or Past Progressive Tense:

1. He (to write) a composition when I (to see) him.

2. George (to fall off) the ladder while he (to change) the light bulb.

3. He often (to go) to the library when he (to study) at the University.

4. The sun (to rise) when I (to wake up) that morning.

5. When I (to go out) that morning, the sun (to shine) brightly and the birds (to sing).

6. I (not to drive) very quickly when the accident (to happen).

7. We (to listen to) the radio yesterday when the bell (to ring).

8. Yesterday I (to hear) that the bell (to ring). I (to come up) to the door and (to open) it. But I (to see) nobody. When I (to look out) of the window I (to see) a boy who (to run away).

9. The boys (to play). They (to jump off) the bus while it (to go).

10. My hat (to fly off) when I (to cross) the bridge.

11. What you (to explain) to him?

12. I (not to look) at you at all.

13. Alan (to enjoy) himself. He (not to be) so often in good mood, but today was something special.

14. Someone (to sing) next door while I (to try) to get some sleep.

15. Everything (to go) wrong. He (to feel) it, but could do nothing. He just (to watch) and (to wait).

Ex. 20. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Вчера в девять часов вечера я смотрел телевизор.

2. Когда мы вышли на улицу, шел снег.

3. Когда я впервые встретил мою невесту, она работала в школе.

4. Она накрывала на стол, когда мы вошли.

5. С кем Вы разговаривали, когда я позвонил Вам?

6. Я часто ходил в этот ресторан, когда работал в этом районе.

7. Мы встретились с ним в то время, когда я стояла на автобусной остановке.

8. Вчера мы весь день гуляли в парке.

9. Почему Вы разговаривали с ним так долго? Мы ждали Вас.

10. Где Вы останавливались, когда жили в Лондоне?

11. Я вовсе не пытался обвинить Вас в чем-то. Я лишь обрисовал ситуацию, в которой мы находимся.

12. Внезапно он понял, что подъезжает к нужной остановке.

13. Он нашел этот снимок, когда искал какую-то старую книгу

14. Я как раз открывала Ваше письмо, когда зазвонил телефон.

Ex. 21. Open the brackets:

1. When I arrived, Tom (to lie) on the sofa and (to speak) over the phone.

2. The police caught Dan when he (to rob) a shop.

3. He couldn't speak because he (to die) of laugh.

4. What you (to do) between one and two? I phoned you several times. -I (to play) the piano and heard nothing.

5. When I got up that morning, the sun (to shine) brightly and the birds (to sing).

6. When you rang me yesterday, I (to have) a bath.

7. Somebody stole the money from Dad's pocket while he (to sleep).

8. I (to sit) by the window when I heard the noise.

9. It (to rain) cats and dogs as I (to walk) towards their house.

10. Just as Tom (to cross) the street, a car came round the corner.

11. I glanced at Mary who (still /to shiver) from the cold.

12. At six o'clock I (to wait) for Jennie at the station.

13. On coming up to the house I saw a man who (to try) to unlock the door by force.

14. The student (to reply) to the question when the headmistress came in.

Ex. 22. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. This time on Friday I will be flying to London.

2. I will be working at six o’clock tomorrow.

3. Don’t phone me tomorrow at three. We’ll be having a party.

4. When I come they will be waiting at the airport.

5. When will you be having an English class?

6. What will you be doing at seven tomorrow?

7. I will be reading the whole evening tomorrow.

8. I won’t be having this lecture tomorrow.

9. He will be going to the country soon, won’t he?

10. Pete will be fixing his car the whole evening.

11. I’ll be revising for my exams in May.

12. When the taxi comes they’ll still be packing, I think.

13. Be careful. They’ll be watching you all the time.

14. Now he will be looking for a new job.

15. No one will be waiting for him.

Ex. 23. Open the brackets using the Future Progressive Tense:

1. This time next month I (to have rest) in Florida.

2. She (to wait) for you when you come out.

3. I (to stay) outdoors tomorrow because my brother (to practise) the piano the whole day.

4. If I’m out for long, my child (to cry).

5. In a hundred years people (to go) to Moon and Venus for their week-ends.

6. We (to land) in a couple of minutes.

7. He (to look for) a new secretary.

8. He will arrive at 10.30. I (to expect) him.

9. When you (to wear) your new dress.

10. He doesn’t want to retire. I think he still (to work) when he is eighty.

11. Who (to work) here next year?

12. They (to make) an official announcement next week.

13. I expect Mary (to tell) the same story all over again.

14. Don’t explain it to me. Tomorrow you (to talk) with the headmaster.

Ex. 24. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Завтра он весь день будет готовиться к экзаменам.

2. Не опаздывайте. Я буду ждать Вас в читальном зале в девять.

3. Не звоните мне завтра. Я весь день буду заниматься.

4. Что вы будете делать завтра в восемь?

5. Они будут работать весь июнь, а потом будут отдыхать.

6. Через неделю в это время я уже не буду работать. Я буду купаться и лежать на пляже.!

7. Ты будешь сегодня вечером смотреть телевизор?

8. Завтра в одиннадцать у нас лекция по истории.

9. Он приедет через три дня примерно в это же время.

10. Послезавтра у моей сестры экзамен в музыкальной школе. Завтра она весь день будет играть.

11. Не думаю, что он приедет в следующее воскресенье, он все еще будет работать.

12. Не рассказывай об этом родителям, они будут ворчать.

Ex. 25. Open the brackets:

1. This time tomorrow they (to sit) in the train on their way to Chicago.

2. I (to be) at home if you need anything.

3. Don't phone Jim from 5 to 6 - he (to have) English.

4. Why are you in a hurry? If you arrive at 8 o 'clock, they still (to cook) the meal.

5. He (to come) at eight in the evening.

6. ... you (to have lunch) with me on Friday?

7. -I'm not sure I'll recognize Eve. I haven't seen her for ages.

8. She (to wear) a dark blue pullover and jeans.

9. I saw a light in your window as I (pass) by.

10. Yesterday as I was walking down Cherry Lane, I (meet) Thomas, an old friend of mine.

11. Liz's elder brother said that he (go) to enter Leeds University.

12. While my son (wait) for my call, somebody knocked at the door.

13. We (just / talk) about him when he suddenly (come) in.

14. Yesterday while Dad (shave), he (cut) himself slightly.

15. They (quarrel) while they (wash) their car.

5.3.3. Времена группы Perfect

обозначают действия, законченные к определенному моменту в настоящем, прошлом или будущем.

Глагол в Present Perfect обозначает действие, которое завершилось к настоящему моменту и сопровождается следующими показателями совершения действия: already уже, just только что, yet еще (не), never никогда, ever когда-либо, today сегодня, now сейчас, this week (year, month…) на этой неделе (в этом году, месяце), lately недавно, recently за последнее время, since с, с тех пор как, for в течение.

Сказуемое в Present Perfect образуется с помощью личной формы вспомогательного глагола to have в настоящем времени (have, has) и третьей формы основного глагола: have/has + V3 (V-ed)

They have discussed your contract for 3 hours.

Они обсуждали ваш контракт 3 часа.

He has already made some mistakes.

Он уже сделал несколько ошибок.

Для образования отрицательной формы частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола have/has:

They have not discussed your contract yet.

Они ещё не обсудили ваш контракт.

Для образования вопросительной формы вспомогательный глагол have/has ставится перед подлежащим:

Have they discussed your contract yet?

Они обсудили ваш контракт?

Глагол в Past Perfect обозначает действие, которое завершилось к определенному моменту в прошлом и сопровождается следующими показателями совершения действия:

1. точный момент времени в прошлом, к которому завершилось действие: by 10 o'clock yesterday…к 10 часам вчера…

2. другое действие в прошлом: (by the time) when the professor came… (к тому времени) когда пришел профессор…

Сказуемое в Past Perfect образуется с помощью личной формы вспомогательного глагола to have в прошедшем времени (had) и третьей формы основного глагола: had + V3 (V-ed)

They had discussed your contract for 3 hours by the time you came.

Они обсуждали ваш контракт 3 часа, когда вы пришли.

Для образования отрицательной формы частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола had:

They had not discussed your contract by 3 o'clock yesterday.

Вчера к 3 часам они еще не обсудили ваш контракт.

Для образования вопросительной формы вспомогательный глагол had ставится перед подлежащим.

What had they discussed by 3 o'clock yesterday?

Что они обсудили к 3 часам вчера?

Глагол в Future Perfect обозначает действие, которое завершится к определенному моменту в будущем и сопровождается следующими показателями совершения действия:

1) точный момент времени в будущем, к которому завершится действие: by 10 o'clock tomorrow… к 10 часам завтра

3. другое действие в будущем: (by the time) when the professor comes… (к тому времени) когда придет профессор…

Сказуемое в Future Perfect образуется с помощью личной формы вспомогательного глагола to have в будущем времени (will have) и третьей формы основного глагола: will have + V3 (V-ed)

They will have discussed your contract by 10 o'clock tomorrow.

Они обсудят ваш контракт к 10 часам завтра.

Для образования отрицательной формы частица not ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола

They will not have discussed your contract by 10 o'clock tomorrow.

Они не обсудят ваш контракт к 10 часам завтра

Для образования вопросительной формы вспомогательный глагол will/shall ставится перед подлежащим.

What will they have discussed by 10 o'clock tomorrow?

Что они обсудят к 10 часам завтра?

Exercises:

Ex. 1. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. I haven’t seen him for several days.

2. Have you bought anything interesting lately?

3. I’ve never seen her in my life.

4. Who hasn’t eaten his breakfast yet?

5. He has come here this morning, I think. But he has already gone.

6. I haven’t seen him since the evening at Mr. Brown’s.

7. She hasn’t visited me since she was nine. But she hasn’t forgotten me.

8. I’ve just mentioned it. Please be more attentive.

9. ‘Sorry, I’ve left my book at home.’ – ‘OK. Who else has left his or her book?’

10. They’ve just finished whitewashing the attic, haven’t they?

11. She hasn’t written to her mother for two months.

12. She hasn’t been the same since he walked out on her.

Ex. 2. Ask questions to the underlined parts of the sentences:

1. I have read that book twice.

2. I have known him for three years.

3. I have only received two letters from him since September.

4. He has finished his breakfast already.

5. She’s typed two letters since morning.

6. I haven’t heard from him since 1998.

7. He has gone to the USA.

8. He has been in the USA since spring.

9. She hasn’t written to him for years.

10. I’ve been late several times this month.

11. He has had a very interesting and brilliant career.

Ex. 3. Open the brackets paying attention to the Present Perfect Tense.

1. ‘Where is your father?’ – ‘I don’t know. He just (to go out).’

2. ‘Do you want to watch this new film?’ – ‘Oh, no. I already (to see it).’

3. ‘What are you looking for? You (to lose) your glasses? Let me help you.’ – ‘Oh, thanks. I (to find them already).’

4. She (to be) here several times, but she never (to buy) anything.

5. I (to know) you for many years, but I never (to hear) you speak like that before. What (to happen)?

6. He (to come back)? How long he (to be) away?

7. ‘Do you remember this story well?’ – ‘Yes, I just (to read) it.’

8. She ever (to conceal) anything from you?

9. She never (to lose) her temper.

10. The news (to spread) like fire.

11. ‘Jack (to move) into his new house yet?’ – ‘I don’t know. I (not to see) him lately’.

12. I (to send) him three letters, but he (not to answer) me yet.

13. ‘You to finish those letters yet?’ – ‘I (to do) the first letter already, and now I’m doing the second, but I (not to start) the one to Mr. Brown yet.’

14. ‘Where you (to be)?’ – ‘I (to be) shopping.’

Ex. 4. Open the brackets.

1. I'm afraid I (to forget) my book at home

2. ... the secretary (yet/to come)?

3. I (to learn) the rhyme. Could you listen to me?

4. …you (ever /to be) to Italy?

5. They (already /to inform) me about the accident.

6. He is the most handsome man I (ever /to know).

7. Kevin (already /to leave for) Manchester.

8. He (not /to receive) any letters from her this week.

9. I (not /to hear) from him since he left Paris.

10. I (not /to see) Tom for ages.

11. ... you (to have) a holiday this year?

12. We (to see) some good films recently.

13. They (to wait) for you for half an hour.

14. Mom (to have) a headache since she came from the theatre.

15. Alan (to work) in the hank for a year.

16. Granny (to be) ill for a fortnight.

17. ... you (ever /to ride) a horse?

18. Sue (not /to take) a lot of drugs since she joined the health club.

Ex. 5. Open the brackets.

1. We (not / have) a holiday last year.

2. My parents (be) to the USA many times.

3. I (buy) a new dress last week, but I (not / wear) it yet.

4. ... it (stop) raining yet?

5. Don't worry about your letter. I (send) it the day before yesterday.

6. I (lose) my glasses. I (have) them when I came to the college this morning.

7. When Jill (finish) school?

8. When I was a child, I (always / be) late for school.

9. I can't find my umbrella. I think somebody (take) it by mistake.

10. 10.-Are you tired? - Yes, a little. I (paint) the ceiling today.

11. We (not/ see) Peter this week, but we (see) him a couple of weeks ago.

12. -Have you got any money? - Yes, I (borrow) it from my brother.

13. -Where is Jane? - She (go) shopping. She'll be back soon.

14. My husband (work) in the bank for three years since 1990 to 1993.

15. Mom (lose) her car keys, so we have to open the door by force.

16. One of the passengers (die) in that accident.

17. My sister and her husband (be married) since last Christmas.

18. ... the post (come) today?

Ex. 6. Open the brackets.

1. Jill was afraid she (to forget) her key at home, but she found it in her handbag.

2. Dad wasn't at home when I came back. He (to go) out twenty minutes before.

3. I wasn't hungry because I (just/to have) breakfast.

4. Peter saw an urgent message on his table. Somebody (to leave) it the day before.

5. I apologized I (not /to phone) her.

6. He told me that he (to come back) a fortnight before.

7. I knew him at once though I (to meet) him many years before.

8. We spent the night in Klin, a town we (often/to hear of) but (never/to see).

9. They couldn't believe he (to give up) his job in the bank. He (to make) a good living there.

10. Mr. Jackson said that he (already /to buy) everything for lunch.

11. Alice asked her brother where he (to arrange) to meet his friends.

12. We had no car at that time because we (to sell) our old one.

13. They (to finish) painting the ceiling by two o'clock.

14. Hardly... I (to go) to bed when the telephone rang.

15. I kept silence for a while thinking of what he (to tell) me.

16. Bob tried to find a job after he (to serve) a five-year sentence.

Ex. 7. Open the brackets.

1. I (wake up) early and got out of bed.

2. I got out of bed an hour later I (wake up).

3. We were late. The meeting (start) an hour before.

4. She was the most delightful person I (ever / meet).

5. That morning she (dress), (phone) somebody, and went out

6. That morning she went out after she (phone) somebody.

7. He was tired because he (work) hard in the garden all day.

8. The sun (set), it (get) dark, and we went home.

9. The Hills were in a hurry, but they (take) a taxi and managed to arrive exactly on time.

10. The Hills managed to arrive exactly on time because they (take) a taxi.

11. He said he (break) the lamp post.

12. We asked Peter to come with us, but he refused. He (already promise) to play football with his friends.

13. I saw a nice kitten when I (open) the basket.

14. After I (write) all my letters, I went to the kitchen to make coffee.

15. She (hardly/finish) speaking over the phone when the telephone rang again.

Ex. 8. Open the brackets.

1. Aunt Polly punished Tom Sawyer because he.(to be) naughty.

2. - Why are you looking so unhappy? -I (to lose) my purse.

3. Sam was upset because Judy (not to come).

4. Mother asked the children if they (to but) some biscuits for tea.

5. I (to leave) some photos to be developed. Are they ready?

6. Tell Tommy about these wonderful islands. He never (to hear) about them.

7. I'm so happy to see you again. I (not to see) you since I left Berks.

8. She said she (not to see) him since she left Berks.

Ex. 9. Open the brackets.

1. He (to sleep) when you come back tonight.

2. By the time I come they (to go).

3. - It is snowing heavily. Have you listened to the weather forecast for tomorrow?

4. -I hope it (to stop) snowing by tomorrow morning.

5. My sister (to know) the result of her exam on economy in three days.

6. - Let's meet at the station at 5 o'clock. - O.K. I (to wait) for you there.

7. The work of the scientist (to achieve) the proper acclaim.

5.3.4. Времена группы Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect Continuous

(Настоящее совершенное длительное)

Глагол в Present Perfect Continuous (настоящее совершенное длительное) обозначает действие, которое началось в прошлом, происходило какое-то время и еще продолжается в настоящее время или закончилось непосредственно перед моментом речи. При употреблении этого времени всегда указывается период времени, в течение которого совершается действие: for (a long time, some years) в течение (долгого времени, нескольких лет), since (yesterday, 5 o'clock) со вчерашнего дня, с 5 часов).

Глагол в Present Perfect Continuous образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в форме Present Perfect и четвертой формы смыслового глагола: have/has+been+V 4(=V-ing):

He has been working at this laboratory for 5 years.

Он работает в этой лаборатории уже 5 лет.

Для образования вопросительной формы первый вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим:

How long has he been working at this laboratory?

Как долго он работает в этой лаборатории?

Для образования отрицательной формы частица not ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола:

He has not been working at the laboratory for a long time.

Он не работает в лаборатории долгое время.

Exercises:

Ex. 1. Open the brackets paying attention to the tenses:

1. She (to live) in Moscow for ten years when her sister came to live with her.

2. Our teacher just (to come). Now he (to speak) with our monitor.

3. They (to speak) when I (to look) at them.

4. What you (to do) here? - I (to prepare) for my report. - How long you (to prepare) for it? - Oh, I (to work) since morning.

5. He (to teach) at school for five years when the war (to break) out.

6. She (to study) English since last year.

7. You ever (to be) to London? - Yes, I (to be) there last summer.

8. What your friend (to do) now? - She (to have) dinner. She usually (to have) dinner at this time.

9. I (to buy) a new dress. I (to show) it to you tomorrow when you come to my place.

10. So you begin working tomorrow! And who (to take) care of your children when you go to work?

11. Hello, Peter! Where you (to go)? - I (to go) to the library.

12. I (to walk) about an hour when I saw a little house not far from the river.

13. When he (to read) the newspaper he gave it to the brother.

14. He (to leave) for Rostov in 1990 and since then he (to live) there.

15. At this time tomorrow we (to discuss) your report.

16. Now she (to read) the book which I (to give) her yesterday.

17. How long you (to wait) for me? I am really very sorry.

18. Yesterday I (to meet) a friend of mine whom I (not to see) for a long time.

19. When I (to come) home yesterday, my sister already (to return) and (to sit) at the fireplace looking through some old photographs.

Ex. 2. Open the brackets paying attention to the tenses:

1. He (to smoke) three cigarettes and (to look) through all the books on the shelf, when at last he (to hear) his friend's steps approaching the door.

2. The first person whom Andrew (to see) as he (to enter) was his old nurse. She (to sit) on the sofa. During the last five years she greatly (to change) and now (to look) a very old woman.

3. She is going to read the letter she just (to receive).

4. He just (to approach) the door, when she (to enter).

5. He (to write) the composition for three hours and he (to say) he soon (to finish) it as he (to think) over the conclusion now.

6. Where is the baby? - The nurse (to put) it to bed.

7. He said he (to work) for a long time without achieving good results.

8. Hardly had I gone out when I (to remember) that I (to forget) to take my umbrella.

9. The students (to write) the paper by dinnertime.

10. They (to sail) down the river for many hours before they (to come) to the village.

11. I (not to be) to my home town for five years.

12. The rain (to stop) by the time we reached home.

13. The message (to arrive) five minutes after he (to leave) the house.

14. It (to be) nearly eleven o'clock when we (to begin) doing his work.

15. At last the reply from my grandmother (to come), and my mother (to read) it with pleasure.

16. Ring me up at eleven o'clock, I (not to sleep).

17. You (to be) late for the concert if you don't take a taxi.

18. The sun (to set) a long time ago, it (to begin) to get really cold.

Ex. 3. Translate the sentences into English paying attentions to the tenses: Present or Past Progressive, Present Perfect or Present Perfect Progressive.

1. Он играет в теннис с 10 лет и выиграл уже три чемпионата страны.

2. Мы читаем эту книгу с сентября и прочли уже больше половины.

3. Она говорит уже пять минут, а сделала одну ошибку.

4. Вы давно его знаете?

5. Я его только что видела. Он с кем-то разговаривал в коридоре.

6. Она себя плохо чувствует последнее время и пропустила несколько занятий.

7. 7.Что вы там так долго обсуждаете?

8. Я всегда знал, что здесь что-то не так.

9. Она мне все рассказала.

10. Я работаю над этой проблемой с прошлого года.

11. Она плохо спит в последнее время.

12. Почему вы так со мной разговариваете?

13. Они избегают друг друга в последнее время.

14. Хорошо, что вы приехали. Мы очень скучали о вас.

15. Более 50 лет Пушкинский музей изобразительных искусств предлагает школьникам уникальные образовательные программы.

16. Наше солнце горит уже 4,5миллиарда лет и, как говорят ученые, будет гореть еще около 5 миллиардов.

17. Я никогда не понимала, как правильно употреблять слово «encourage».

18. Я собиралась рассказать тебе об этом, как только мы встретимся.

19. Он странно ведет себя в последнее время. По-моему, он нас избегает.

20. Ты все еще встречаешься с Джеком?

Ex. 4. Open the brackets. Use the necessary tense form:

1. It (rain) since morning and it looks like it's not going to stop.

2. I (mend) your socks for the last two hours.

3. I (clean) the rooms upstairs since lunchtime.

4. Lunch is not ready yet, although I (cook) all morning.

5. They are tired because they (work) at the lab since 10 o'clock.

6. She (stand) in front of the mirror for a quarter of an hour but her hair is not done yet.

7. I (look) for the dictionary for a long time but I (not find) it anywhere.

8. I (look) at this picture for 5 minutes, but I can't see you in it. — I am afraid you (to look) at the wrong one.

9. I am so bored. I (fold) these letters for the last two hours and I (not do) half of the work.

10. I hate doing budgets. I (work) on this one for the last two days and every time I come up with different numbers.

11. I can't understand why you like this group. I (listen) to their CD for the last 10 minutes and I (not hear) a single nice song.

12. 12.I am sorry you have so many problems with him, but I (not tell) you that he is the wrong person for the job ?

13. They (interview) the applicants for this position for the last week and they are still not satisfied with the results.

14. I (drive) this car for the last two years and it never (give) me much trouble.

15. Sorry to bother you at such a late hour but I (try) to reach you all day today.

Past Perfect Continuous

(Прошедшее совершенное длительное)

Глагол в Past Perfect Continuous (прошедшее совершенное длительное) обозначает действие, которое началось раньше другого действия в прошлом и продолжалось в момент его совершения или закончилось непосредственно перед моментом наступления другого действия в прошлом. При употреблении этого времени всегда указывается период времени, в течение которого совершается действие: for (a long time, some years) в течение (долгого времени, нескольких лет).

Глагол в Past Perfect Continuous образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в форме Past Perfect и четвертой формы смыслового глагола: had been+ V 4(=V-ing)

He had been working at this laboratory for 5 years when a new director was appointed.

Он проработал в этой лаборатории уже 5 лет, когда назначили нового директора.

Для образования вопросительной формы первый вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим:

How long had he been working at this laboratory when a new director was appointed?

Как долго он проработал в этой лаборатории, когда назначили нового директора?

Для образования отрицательной формы частица not ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола:

He had not been working at the laboratory for a long time when a new director was appointed.

Он проработал в лаборатории не долгое время когда назначили нового директора.

Exercises:

Ex. 1. Open the brackets using Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Past Perfect or Past Perfect continuous:

1. He not (to see) me as he (to read) when I (to come) into the room.

2. When he was in Gorky he (to visit) the places where he (to play) as a boy.

3. The telegram (to arrive) five minutes after you (to leave) the house.

4. It (to rain) hard last night when I (to leave) the office.

5. The train could not stop because it (to travel) too fast at the time.

6. When I (to call) for my friend, his sister (to tell) me that he (to leave) half an hour before.

7. I (to shout) to him to stop, but he (to run) too fast and not (to hear).

8. Large crowds (to wait) at the station when the Soviet delegation (to arrive).

9. When I (to hear) the news, I (to hurry) to see him.

10. We (to walk) to the station when it (to begin) to rain.

11. He (to sit) in the garden when the storm (to break) out.

12. He (to thank) me for what I (to do) for him.

13. When I (to wake up) this morning, the sun (to shine) high in the sky.

14. Before he (to enter) the Institute, he (to work) at a plant.

15. The manager (to leave) the office before I (to arrive).

16. When I (to go) to the room the next day, I (to find) the books exactly where I (to leave) them.

17. We (to walk) for about two hours when at last we (to see) the lake.

Ex. 2. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Я жил в Ленинграде, когда началась война.

2. Его телеграмма пришла, когда я выходил из дому.

3. В прошлом году я часто ходил в театр.

4. Вчера я купил часы, так как потерял свои старые.

5. Он закончил сваю работу к 6 часам.

6. Когда я пришел, машинистка печатала письма, которые я ей дал накануне.

7. Когда мой сын был болен, доктор приходил к нему каждый день.

8. Машинистка еще не напечатала всех писем, когда я пришел.

9. Я очень много читал прошлым летом.

10. Стало уже совсем темно, когда мы вернулись домой.

11. Она порезала палец, когда резала хлеб.

12. Я провел свой отпуск в одной маленькой деревне на Волге. Один из коих приятелей посоветовал мне поехать туда.

13. Летом я заходил к ним каждый вечер.

14. Дождь еще не прекратился, когда мы вышли из дому.

15. Я обедал, когда он мне позвонил.

16. На днях я познакомился е одним старым моряком. Он побывал во многих странах на востоке и западе. Он рассказал мне о многих городах, которые он посетил во время своих многочисленных путешествий.

17. Я возвращался домой довольно поздно. Становилось уже темно, и шел дождь. Я шел быстро, так как я не взял зонтика и боялся промокнуть. Мимо меня проезжали машины. Вдруг одна из них остановилась возле меня, и кто-то окликнул меня. Я узнал голос своего приятеля, доктора А. Он пригласил меня сесть в машину, и через пять минут я был дома.

18. Я читал весь вечер вчера.

19. Я пришел домой, поужинал и начал читать газету. Вдруг я вспомнил, что я обещал своему приятелю вернуть ему английский учебник. Он дал его мне на два дня и просил меня вернуть его вовремя. Я встал, взял учебник и пошел к своему приятелю.

20. Моя сестра еще спала, когда я встал, так как она вернулась домой очень поздно.

21. Я ждал его около получаса, когда он, наконец, пришел.

22. Они уже два года изучали английский язык, когда начали изучать китайский.

Future Perfect Continuous

(Будущее совершенное длительное)

Глагол в Future Perfect Continuous (будущее совершенное длительное) обозначает действие, которое начнется раньше другого действия в будущем или будет продолжаться в момент его совершения. При употреблении этого времени всегда указывается период времени, в течение которого совершается действие: for (a long time, some years) в течение (долгого времени, нескольких лет).Эта форма употребляется очень редко.

Глагол в Future Perfect Continuous образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в форме Future Perfect и четвертой формы смыслового глагола: will have been+V 4(=V-ing)