Файл: Учебное пособие по курсу Иностранный язык Казань 2007 удк 804. 37. 022 М90 Мулюков И. М., И. А. Абдуллин Английский язык для технических специальностей Учебное пособие для студентов технических вузов. Казань Казан гос энерг унт, 2007.doc

1. 
   The basic materials used for the manufacture of pig iron are iron ore, coal and oil.
   
2. 
   The oil is burned as a fuel to heat the furnace.
   
3. 
   A typical blast furnace consists of a cylindrical aluminum shell lined with ordinary refractory bricks.
   
4. 
   The air used to supply the blast in a blast furnace is precooled to temperatures between 10° and 80° C.
   
5. 
   The weight of air used in the operation of a blast furnace is equal to the total weight of the other raw materials employed.
   
6. 
   The pressurizing technique makes possible better combustion of the coke and higher output of pig iron.
   
7. 
   The output of many blast furnaces can be increased twice by pressurizing.
   
8. 
   Enriching the air blast with oxygen can increase the output of blast furnaces.
   
9. 
   The container of molten pig iron is transported directly to the rolling mill.
   

Exercise 4

Используя текст, составьте высказывания с данными словами и выражениями:

To be burned as a fuel - to be produced by - the raw material - to be preheated to temperatures – the weight of materials used – to exceed - an important development – to make possible – to enrich the air - to increase the output - to be transported to - to be converted to - irregularities in the composition.

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Exercise 5

Кратко передайте содержание каждого абзаца.
Exercise 6

Выделите пять основных идей текста.
Exercise 7

Составьте предложения, используя данные выражения:

• 
  Iron ore (железная руда); merchantable ore (товарная, промышленная руда); pay(able) ore (промышленная руда); positive ores (достоверные запасы руды); probable ores (вероятные рудные запасы); prospected ores (разведанные рудные запасы); prospective ores (перспективные рудные запасы); proved ores (установленные рудные запасы); self-fluxing ore (самоплавкая руда); slid ore (рудный массив; нетронутая руда).
  
• 
  Coke (кокс); blast furnace coke (доменный кокс); foundry coke (литейный кокс); coking (коксирование, спекание).
  
• 
  Limestone (известняк); bituminous limestone (битумный известняк); dolomite limestone (доломитовый известняк); laminated limestone плиточный , тонкослойный известняк); magnesia limestone (доломит); straight limestone (чистый известняк, известняк без примесей).
  
• 
  Furnace (печь); arc furnace (электродуговая печь); atomic furnace (атомный реактор); boiler furnace (котельная топка; топка котла); circular furnace (кольцевая печь); continuous furnace (печь непрерывного действия); continuous charge furnace (печь с непрерывной загрузкой).
  

Exercise 8

Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения:

1. 
   Blast furnaces are used to produce pig iron from iron ore for subsequent processing into steel.
   
2. 
   Blast furnaces produce pig iron from iron ore by the reducing action of carbon (supplied as coke) at a high temperature in the presence of a fluxing agent such as limestone.
   
3. 
   Iron making blast furnaces consist of several zones.
   
4. 
   Air that has been preheated to temperatures from 900° to 1250° C together with injected fuel such as oil or natural gas, is blown into the furnace.
   
5. 
   Coke is ignited at the bottom and burned rapidly with the forced air from the tuyeres.
   
6. 
   Hot gases rise from the combustion zone, heating fresh material in the stack and then passing out through ducts near the top of the furnace.
   
7. 
   In Europe, the blast furnace developed gradually over the centuries from small furnaces operated by the Romans.
   
8. 
   Charcoal was the only furnace fuel until the 17th century.
   
9. 
   Modern blast furnaces range in size from 20 to 35 m , have hearth diameters of 6 to 14 m, and can produce from 1,000 to almost 10,000 tons of pig iron daily.
   

Exercise 9

Переведите на английский язык:

1. 
   Железная руда, кокс, и известняк являются базовыми материалами, используемыми при производстве чугуна.
   
2. 
   Для нагревания печи в качестве топлива сжигается кокс.
   
3. 
   Для образования дополнительного источника угарного газа, в доменную печь загружается известняк.
   
4. 
   В обычном чугуне, производимом в доменной печи, содержание железа составляет приблизительно 92%.
   
5. 
   Корпус доменной печи футеруется огнеупорными материалами, такими как, огнеупорный кирпич.
   
6. 
   Удаление шлака с поверхности плавки осуществляется каждые 2 часа.
   
7. 
   Воздух, при продувке доменной печи, предварительно подогревается до температуры от 540° до 870° C.
   
8. 
   Увеличение давления в печи улучшает процесс сгорания кокса и увеличивает объем производства чугуна в каждой отдельной плавке.
   
9. 
   Обогащение продувки печи кислородом увеличивает производительность доменных печей.
   
10. 
    Чугун, полученный в доменной печи, транспортируется в сталеплавильный цех.
    

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Exercise 10

Текст на самостоятельный перевод:

Other Methods of Iron Refining

Although almost all the iron and steel manufactured in the world is made from pig iron produced by the blast-furnace process, other methods of iron refining are possible and have been practiced to a limited extent. One such method is the so-called direct method of making iron and steel from ore, without making pig iron. In this process iron ore and coke are mixed in a revolving kiln and heated to a temperature of about 950° C. Carbon monoxide is given off from the heated coke just as in the blast furnace and reduces the oxides of the ore to metallic iron. The secondary reactions that occur in a blast furnace, however, do not occur, and the kiln produces so-called sponge iron of much higher purity than pig iron. Virtually pure iron is also produced by means of electrolysis, by passing an electric current through a solution of ferrous chloride. Neither the direct nor the electrolytic processes has yet achieved any great commercial significance.

Text C

Basic Oxygen Process

The oldest process for making steel in large quantities, the Bessemer process, made use of a tall, pear-shaped furnace, called a Bessemer converter that could be tilted sideways for charging and pouring. Great quantities of air were blown through the molten metal; its oxygen united chemically with the impurities and carried them off.

In the basic oxygen process, steel is also refined in a pear-shaped furnace that tilts sideways for charging and pouring. Air, however, has been replaced by a high-pressure stream of nearly pure oxygen. After the furnace has been charged and turned upright, an oxygen lance is lowered into it. The water-cooled tip of the lance is usually about 2 m above the charge although this distance can be varied according to requirements. Thousands of cubic meters of oxygen are blown into the furnace at supersonic speed. The oxygen combines with carbon and other unwanted elements and starts a high-temperature churning reaction that rapidly burns out impurities from the pig iron and converts it into steel. The refining process takes 50 min or less; approximately 275 metric tons of steel can be made in an hour.
Exercise 1

Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. 
   What is the oldest process for making steel in large quantities?
   
2. 
   Can you describe the Bessemer converter?
   
3. 
   What is the function of the air Bessemer process?
   
4. 
   Has air been replaced in basic oxygen process by hydrogen or other material?
   
5. 
   What is lowered into the furnace after the furnace is charged and ready to start operation?
   
6. 
   What is the approximate distance of the water-cooled tip of the lance above the charge?
   
7. 
   Does the refining process take more than two hour to finish the Bessemer process?
   
8. 
   What volume of steel can be made in an hour time in Bessemer converter?
   

Exercise 2

Заполните пропуски недостающими по смыслу словами, используя текст:

1. 
   The Bessemer process is the oldest process for making … in large quantities.
   
2. 
   A tall, pear-shaped furnace is called a Bessemer … .
   
3. 
   The Bessemer converter can be … sideways for charging and …
   
4. 
   Great quantities of … have to be blown through the molten metal during the Bessemer process.
   
5. 
   In Bessemer process oxygen unites chemically with the … and carries them off.
   
6. 
   In the basic … … steel is also refined in a pear-shaped furnace that tilts sideways for charging and pouring.
   
7. 
   After the furnace is charged and turned upright, an oxygen … is lowered into it.
   
8. 
   Thousands of cubic meters of … are blown into the furnace at supersonic speed.
   
9. 
   The oxygen combines with … and other unwanted elements and starts a high-temperature churning reaction.
   

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Exercise 3

Соответствуют ли данные предложения содержанию текста:

1. 
   The latest process for making steel in large quantities is called the Bessemer process.
   
2. 
   Very limited quantities of air are blown through the molten metal in the Bessemer process.
   
3. 
   In the basic oxygen process, steel is also rolled into sheets.
   
4. 
   The oil-cooled tip of the lance is usually about 2 m above the charge.
   
5. 
   Thousands of cubic meters of hydrogen are blown into the furnace at normal speed.
   
6. 
   In the Bessemer process the oxygen combines with carbon and other unwanted elements.
   
7. 
   The refining process in Bessemer converter takes 50 min or less.
   
8. 
   Approximately 1275 metric tons of steel can be made in an hour.
   

Exercise 4

Используя текст, составьте высказывания с данными словами и выражениями:

charging and pouring - basic oxygen process - high-pressure stream - pure oxygen – to turn upright - supersonic speed - unwanted elements - to burn out impurities - refining process.
Exercise 5

Кратко передайте содержание каждого абзаца.
Exercise 6

Выделите пять основных идей текста.
Exercise 7

Составьте предложения, используя данные выражения:

To carry out impurities – to blow air through –to tilt sideways - molten metal – to unite chemically - basic oxygen process – to turn upright – to vary according to requirements - supersonic speed – to combine with smth. – to burn out - refining process.
Exercise 8

Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения:

1. 
   The Bessemer process is the first method discovered for mass-producing steel.
   
2. 
   Sir Henry Bessemer of England began experiments aimed at developing a revolutionary means of removing impurities from pig iron by an air blast.
   
3. 
   The scientist found that adding an alloy of carbon, manganese, and iron after the air-blowing was complete restored the carbon content of the steel while neutralizing the effect of remaining impurities, notably sulfur.
   
4. 
   The Bessemer converter is a cylindrical steel pot approximately 6 m. high, originally lined with a siliceous refractory.
   
5. 
   The original Bessemer converter was not effective in removing the phosphorus present in sizable amounts in most British and European iron ore.
   
6. 
   Bessemer converter could be tilted sideways for charging and pouring.
   
7. 
   Great quantities of air were blown through the molten metal; its oxygen united chemically with the impurities and carried them off.
   

Exercise 9

Переведите на английский язык:

1. 
   Cамым старым методом плавки стали в больших объемах является Бессемеровский метод.
   
2. 
   Огромное количество воздуха продувается через расплавленный металл при Бессемеровском методе плавки
   
3. 
   В процессе плавки кислород химически соединяется с углеродом и примесями и выводит их из металла.
   
4. 
   В процессе развития конвертерного производства стали, воздух был заменен кислородом, подаваемый в печь, под высоким давлением.
   
5. 
   Загрузка и выгрузка печи осуществляется путем ее наклона в сторону.
   
6. 
   Охлаждаемый водой наконечник трубки – обычно находится на высоте приблизительно 2 метров выше уровня загрузки.
   
7. 
   В кислородно-конвертерном процессе производства стали, тысячи кубических метров кислорода вдуваются в печь на сверхзвуковой скорости.
   
8. 
   В кислородно-конвертерном процессе, кислород соединяется с углеродом и другими нежелательными примесями, быстро сжигает примеси чугуна и конвертирует его в сталь.
   

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Exercise 10

Текст на самостоятельный перевод:
Open-Hearth Process

Essentially the production of steel from pig iron by any process consists of burning out the excess carbon and other impurities present in the iron. One difficulty in the manufacture of steel is its high melting point, about 1370° C, which prevents the use of ordinary fuels and furnaces. To overcome this difficulty the open-hearth furnace was developed; this furnace can be operated at a high temperature by regenerative preheating of the fuel gas and air used for combustion in the furnace. In regenerative preheating, the exhaust gases from the furnace are drawn through one of a series of chambers containing a mass of brickwork and give up most of their heat to the bricks. Then the flow through the furnace is reversed and the fuel and air pass through the heated chambers and are warmed by the bricks. Through this method open-hearth furnaces can reach temperatures as high as 1650° C. The furnace itself consists typically of a flat, rectangular brick hearth about 6 m by 10 m, which is roofed over at a height of about 2.5 m. In front of the hearth a series of doors opens out onto a working floor in front of the hearth. The entire hearth and working floor are one story above ground level, and the heat-regenerating chambers of the furnace take up the space under the hearth. A furnace of this size produces about 100 metric tons of steel every 11 hr. The furnace is charged with a mixture of pig iron (either molten or cold), scrap steel, and iron ore that provides additional oxygen. Limestone is added for flux and fluorspar to make the slag more fluid. The proportions of the charge vary within wide limits, but a typical charge might consist of 56,750 kg of scrap steel, 11,350 kg of cold pig iron, 45,400 kg of molten pig iron, 11,800 kg of limestone, 900 kg of iron ore, and 230 kg of fluorspar. After the furnace has been charged, the furnace is lighted and the flames play back and forth over the hearth as their direction is reversed by the operator to provide heat regeneration. Chemically the action of the open-hearth furnace consists of lowering the carbon content of the charge by oxidization and of removing such impurities as silicon, phosphorus, manganese, and sulfur, which combine with the limestone to form slag. These reactions take place while the metal in the furnace is at melting heat, and the furnace is held between 1540° and 1650° C for many hours until the molten metal has the desired carbon content. Experienced open-hearth operators can often judge the carbon content of the metal by its appearance, but the melt is usually tested by withdrawing a small amount of metal from the furnace, cooling it, and subjecting it to physical examination or chemical analysis. When the carbon content of the melt reaches the desired level, the furnace is tapped through a hole at the rear. The molten steel then flows through a short trough to a large ladle set below the furnace at ground level. From the ladle the steel is poured into cast-iron molds that form ingots usually about 1.5 m long and 48 cm square. These ingots, the raw material for all forms of fabricated steel, weigh approximately 2.25 metric tons in this size. Recently, methods have been put into practice for the continuous processing of steel without first having to go through the process of casting ingots.
Text D

Finishing Processes

Steel is marketed in a wide variety of sizes and shapes, such as rods, pipes, railroad rails, tees, channels, and I-beams. These shapes are produced at steel mills by rolling and otherwise forming heated ingots to the required shape. The working of steel also improves the quality of the steel by refining its crystalline structure and making the metal tougher.

The basic process of working steel is known as hot rolling. In hot rolling the cast ingot is first heated to bright-red heat in a furnace called a soaking pit and is then passed between a series of pairs of metal rollers that squeeze it to the desired size and shape. The distance between the rollers diminishes for each successive pair as the steel is elongated and reduced in thickness.

The first pair of rollers through which the ingot passes is commonly called the blooming mill, and the square billets of steel that the ingot produces are known as blooms. From the blooming mill, the steel is passed on to roughing mills and finally to finishing mills that reduce it to the correct cross section. The rollers of mills used to produce railroad rails and such structural shapes as I-beams, H-beams, and angles are grooved to give the required shape.

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