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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
487 этих групп происходят из различных социальных слоев и обладают различным мировоззрением. Они должны знать, в каких ситуациях эффективнее использо- вать те или иные способы работы (консультирование, экспертное консультиро- вание, разработку учебных программ и так далее).
Консультанты, работающие в начальной школе, сосредоточиваются на организации превентивной работы и на помощи учащимся в осознании своих индивидуальных потребностей и способов их удовлетворения здоровым, соци- ально приемлемым способом. Много внимания на этом уровне уделяется про- блемам, связанным с освоением учебных программ (то есть оказанию помощи в учебе), проведению занятий в малых группах и предоставлению экспертных консультаций. С другой стороны, консультанты, работающие в средних клас- сах, больше сосредоточиваются на оказании помощи ученикам в максимально безболезненном осуществлении перехода от детского к подростковому перио- ду. Во многом их деятельность аналогична деятельности, осуществляемой на уровне начальной школы, но они особо обращают внимание на проблемы, ха- рактерные для детей в этом возрастном диапазоне, например на преодоление тревожности, на создание хороших взыаимоотношений мальчиков и девочек и тому подобное.
Консультирование в средней школе включает в себя традиционный набор услуг. Однако начиная с 1980-х годов оно становится более многоплановым.
Консультанты средней школы больше вовлекаются в создание общешкольной среды и во введение в действие как профилактических, так и коррекционных программ. Они помогают учащимся в совершении перехода из школьной среды во взрослый мир для работы или дальнейшего обучения. Для них одинаково важным является решение как эволюционных, так и ситуационных проблем, связанных с этим переходом.
В целом у школьных консультантов масса задач и обязанностей. Суще- ствует множество подтверждений тому, что пассивные или плохо подготовлен- ные школьные консультанты не могут и не будут хорошо работать на благо де- тей и общества (Cecil & Cobia, 1990; Guerra, 1998). Чтобы решать проблемы, связанные с образованием школьных консультантов, фондом Дьюитта-Уоллиса
(Dewitt-Wallace Reader's Digest Fund) в 1998 году были выбраны 10 колледжей и университетов на всей территории США для внесения предложений по коррек- ции программ обучения школьных консультантов в учреждениях высшего об- разования. Рекомендации, выработанные в результате этой работы, должны оказать влияние на школьное консультирование в будущем. v
З
АДАНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ
1. В группах по три человека обсудите свои впечатления и переживания, оставшиеся после общения с консультантами на протяжении вашего обучения в начальных, средних и старших классах средней школы. Насколько ваши воспоминания соответствуют описанию функций консультантов, приведенному в этой главе? Что из того, что они делали, было са- мым лучшим для вас и вашей школы? Как они могли бы улучшить качество предоставляе- мых услуг?
488 2. Прочитайте несколько статей, посвященных консультированию в начальной школе, и сравните их со статьями, посвященными работе с подростками. Какие признаки сходства и различия вы можете выделить? Что данная информация говорит о деятельности консультан- тов в выбранных условиях? Поделитесь своими мыслями с сокурсниками.
3. Вспомните свое пребывание в средних классах. Каковы были ваши самые большие проблемы и как вы с ними справлялись? Обсудите свои воспоминания с другим сокурсником
(в той мере, в которой вы сочтете это удобным). Какие действия консультанта, по вашему мнению, могли бы быть полезными для вас в тот период? ч
4. Какие проблемы, по вашему мнению, являются главными для старшеклассников средней школы сегодня? Запишите пять из них, наиболее важных на ваш взгляд. Обсудите их сначала в группах по три человека, а затем сравните списки, выработанные разными группами. Насколько согласованными являются мнения аудитории? Всей группой обсудите способы решения одной из проблем.
5. Представьте, что вы являетесь консультантом начальной школы. Разработайте план занятия по любой теме, связанной с психологическим руководством. Затем расскажите со- курсникам, как вы будете осуществлять свой план. Как вы обосновываете свой выбор темы?
Какую пользу могли бы получить дети в результате осуществления вашего плана?
Л
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