Файл: Практикум по грамматике, чтению и переводу с английского языка Новосибирск 2008 Оглавление.doc

The bigger the cities are, the greater the pollution is.
The more computers and robots are used in industry, the quicker technological progress will be.
The more automobiles appear in the streets, the worse the air in the cities.
The more effective is the technology, the quicker is the development of this country.
The quicker we joint our efforts in protecting the environment, the quicker the ecological problems are solved.
The more books I read the more I know.
The more we work at this problem the more results we get.
The nearer the earth is the denser the atmosphere is.
The stronger the wind, the harder the conditions of work for weather observers.
The simpler material, the easier to use it for various purposes.

VII. Complete the sentences using the comparative or the superlative forms of the adjectives given in brackets.
The PDA Class
The (last) class of personal digital assistants (PDAs) has recently arrived. Among its numbers are the (new) products using the Palm operating system and some new offerings based on Microsoft′s Windows operating system. The options fit a variety of pocketbooks, literally and figuratively. PDAs still work as did their predecessors for everyday applications such as organizing contacts, scheduling, and tracking expenses. Handspring and Palm are introducing their (splender), (powerful) products, the Visor Edge and m500/m505. The iPAQ 3650 from Compaq boasts (fast) processing and a (bright) screen, though in a (bulky) package than the Visor Edge. At 10.7 mm thick, the Edge is noticeably (thin) than the 17.8 mm-thick Visor Platinum, previously the (thin) PDA on the market. Like the Platinum, the Edge also uses a 33-MHz processor. The slightly (fast) application handling in the Edge made image reproduction slightly (easy), and browsing (easy) and (sharp), than with the Palm VII or Visor Delux.

VIII. Read the text and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap (an, to, us, whose, that, all, realize, his, was, down, than, on, what, were).

The Microwave mishap
Did you know that microwaves were first used 0) by the British Army in World War II 1) ……. identify enemy warplanes? In fact it was 2) ….... accident that made people aware that microwaves could also cook food.

In 1945, Percy LeBaron Spencer, 3) ……. work involved the testing of radar waves, became the first person to 4) …… this connection. 5) ……. day at work, Spencer was standing near a machine which 6) ..….. emitting radar waves. Later 7)……., when he wanted to have a snack, he reached 8) ……. the chocolate bar he had in his pocket-book to find that it had melted! When he thought about it, he realized 9) ……. had happened. The radar waves coming from the machine he had been standing next to had melted 10) ……. chocolate. Later, experiments showed 11) ……. radar waves contain microwaves that could heat food faster 12) ……. traditional ovens.

First microwaves ovens were produced in 1954. They 13)….….huge, bulky and expensive, but then microwaves have become smaller, giving 14) ………the compact models we see in our kitchens today.
IX. Fill in the gaps with as…as, like, such…as, not so…as, than.

In winter days are … long … in summer.
Chemistry is … difficult … physics.
This machine is … old … that one.
… much … I admire his work, I don′t think he deserves to be known … the greatest novelist of the century.
The service isn′t … good … it used to be.
There are more … thousand books in our library.
They use twice … much electricity … compressor machines.
It is not …a long way …we thought.
With a quantum computer you require not…many steps … with a conventional one.
Organic molecular crystals have a simple fabrication. Metallic or ceramic superconductors have not … an advantage … organic materials.

X. Put the adjectives in their comparative or superlative forms.
If you want to own 1) ………….. (fast), 2) ………… (powerful) car on the road, you can′t go wrong with a Tornado. You will not only have 3) ………… (comfortable) ride you have ever experienced, you will also be 4) ………… (safe) than in any other car on the market. No other manufacture is 5) ……….. (careful) than we are to ensure that safety features are of 6) ……… (high) possible standard. So if you want to be 7) ……… (proud) car owner in your neighbourhood, come and test the Tornado today!
XI. Read the text about the electronic age, enumerate the most important inventions in the field of electronics. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it.
Communication electronics
It is difficult to ignore the ubiquitous mobile phone that has brought about such remarkable changes in people′s daily lives, although when used carelessly in public places it is often associated with annoyance to others. Energized by people′s need to communicate with others whether for business or pleasure, the development of the mobile phone has been rapid and widespread, enabling us to keep in touch with others while on the move almost anywhere on the planet. Moreover, the demand for Internet access and for other services via the “mobile” is stimulating a wide range of facilities for this modern personal communication device that progressively gets “smarter”.

While we are using a mobile phone to make an international call, our message is being received by a communications satellite in orbit round the Earth. Countries that can afford to make the powerful rockets necessary to launch communications satellites are launching satellites for other nations. Europe has such a launch rocket, called Ariane. For example, in 2001 an Ariane rocket was launched from the European Space Agency launch centre in Kourou, French Guiana carrying a Direct TV-4S television satellite able to provide the Direct TV network in the US with 300 TV channels. Many of these communications satellites are being placed nowadays in what is termed a geostationary orbit. This is an orbit approximately 36 thousand kilometers above the Earth′s surface and taking 24 hours to orbit the Earth. Three such satellites, spaced at equal intervals of 120 degrees apart, provide coverage of the entire globe.

There is also GPS (Global Positioning Systems) technology which can find out, via satellite, exactly where you are. Some car rental companies are already using this technology to keep track of their vehicles. Mobile phone companies are even planning to use this technology in all their phones. This means that when someone makes a call on their mobile phone, or if they have their phone turned on, they can easily be located.

If astronomers are to keep in touch with an interplanetary spacecraft as it explores the Solar System, complex electronic receiving and transmission equipment is needed on board the spacecraft. A milestone was reached in a long distance interplanetary communication when the Voyager 2 spacecraft, launched from the Earth in 1977, was switched on by radio waves from the Earth to send back intriguing information about the outer planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and it reached Neptune in 1989. This spacecraft is now in the remote regions of the Solar System and contact with it will continue for some time yet. However, communication with this highly successful spacecraft will be lost well before it reaches another star in about 350000 years! Unmanned spacecraft such as Voyager, Galileo, and Cassini accomplish feats of complex navigation that are hard to believe. But it is not just planets that are being explored, there has been a growing interest in examining comets.

In modern Earth-based telephone and data transmission systems, hair-thin glass fibers are being used instead of conventional wires. Enormous amounts of information are being carried down not by electricity, but by pulses of laser light, reflected repeatedly from the inside wall of the fibre. The combined use of optics and electronics in this way is called optoelectronics. When you make a phone call outside your local area you are almost certain to be using an optical fibre link with a laser sending the message down the fibre, and a detector receiving it at the other end. Optical fibre can carry far more information than copper wire and is the best way to link computers, outside broadcast TV cameras, banks, stock exchange dealing rooms, etc. There are other advantages, too. Strong magnetic fields from lightning and electrical machinery, do not interfere with the messages carried on the laser beam, and broken fibres are not a fire hazard since any laser light that escapes is unlikely to cause fire. Moreover, glass fibres are cheaper and lighter than copper wires so there are weight-saving advantages in, for example, aircraft and ships.

Vocabulary:
ubiquitous – вездесущий

to bring about - вызывать

to keep in touch – контактировать, поддерживать связь

facility – возможность, сооружение

satellite - спутник

to launch – запускать, выпускать, начинать

geostationary - геостационарный

approximately- приблизительно

equipment - оборудование

milestone – прорыв, важная стадия в развитии чего-либо

to accomplish - завершить

fibre - волокно

enormous - громадный, огромный

to reflect - отражать

vehicle – транспортное средство

to keep track of – следить за кем-либо
XII. Find sentences with Continuous forms in the text and translate them.
XIII. Answer the questions.
1. What is the development of mobile phones connected with?

2. What is the role of communication satellites for users of mobile phones?

3. Why are many communications satellites placed in a geostationary orbit?

4. What helped astronomers to explore the Solar System?

5. Which material is used in transmission system instead of conventional wires?

6. What are the advantages of optical fiber over copper wire?

7. What are Global Positioning Systems used for?
XIV. Read the text again and decide whether these statements are true or false.

The rapid development of mobile phones greatly changed our daily lives.
Communication satellite connect our phone call with a recipient.
Communication satellites are placed above a geostationary orbit.
Pulses of laser light carry enormous amount of information.
Copper wire is the best way to link outside broadcast TV cameras.

XV. Complete the table with the given words.
Ubiquitous, remarkable, carelessly, annoyance, powerful, highly, transmission, successful, repeatedly, enormous, conventional, progressively, electrical, unlikely

noun	adjective	adverb

XVI. Combine words from Box A with words from Box B to make collocations.

A

Internet

transmission

radio

laser

optical

magnetic

copper

solar

B

wire

beam

field

system

access

equipment

waves

fibre

XVII. Complete each sentence with a word from the box.

access, facility, recipient, launch, satellite, spacecraft, equipment, fibre, wire, milestone, vehicle

Galileo is a …………. that arrived in the vicinity of Jupiter in 1995 sending back close-up pictures of Jupiter′s four moons.
Everyone nowadays has ………… to the Internet.
The discovery of the transistor effect was a scientific …….…….
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ... 36

Before the development of transistors, vacuum tubes were the main active components in electronic …………….

5. …………… rapidly transmit TV and radio programs to different towns, cities, and distant areas.

A ………….of the project Beagle 2 is planed for the middle of June 2008 and scheduled for landing on Mars as part of the European Space Agency′s Mars Express Mission, has almost a third of its payload devoted to the electronics necessary for carrying out various types of chemical analysis of soil samples collected on the surface of Mars.
Modern telegraph systems are based upon the fact that electric current will flow through a ………..... which forms a circuit.
A hot trend in communications is the development of data networks based on the so-called metroarea networks but designed to bring optical …………… cable to each customer.

9. The signal is sent over the communication channel from the transmitter to the …………….

10. After a French engineer invented the first self-propelled road …………… in 1770 many car designers wanted to make a better automobile.

11. The hotel has special ……………. for welcoming disabled people.

XVIII. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0)
The power of the Mind
Scientists are interested in strange 0) psychological powers. A PSYCHOLOGY professor at Edinburgh University is leading an 1) ……… into INVESTIGATE

the most 2)……………. aspect of the brain′s 3)………… MYSTERY, ABLE

He has chosen a controversial and 4) ………….subject-telepathy. SURPRISE

Direct mind-to mind 5)………is when one person knows what COMMUNICATE

another is thinking. Many people have doubts that this is really

a 6) ……….subject, and the professor′s work has only recently SCIENCE

received 7) ………… He believes that telepathy is a RECOGNISE

8) ………… talent, but that some people are more NATURE

9) …………than others. However, most people still believe, SENSE

that it involves some kind of trickery.
XIX. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. Translate the text.
Evolution of stereo
In the late 1920s and early 1930s, researchers (begin) developing stereo. Around the early 1970s, some people like Ben Baur of CBS and Peter Scheiber, an independent consultant in Bloomington, Ind., (realize) that stereo was great, but everything (come) from in front of and between the two speakers. So quad, as it was called, was born, which used four speakers: left and right speakers in front of the listeners in conventional stereo and left and right speakers behind the listener to create the sensation of being “surrounded by sound”. While quad (develop), Dolby Labs (become) very successful with tape noise reduction systems. Its first systems (designed) for professional reel-to-reel units, but then Henry Kloss, founder of Advent Corp., (implement) a simplified version of the technology on a cassette deck, giving Dolby an entrée into the vast consumer market.

In the meantime, the film industry (struggle) with optical sound tracks, in use since the 1930s. The tracks (print) along the edge of the film, but were noisy, of poor quality, and degraded a little every time the film was shown.

Around 1977, when the original Star Wars movie (release), film producers wondered if they could not deliver something a little more exciting than the simple stereo. They (go) to Dolby, who (license) some of the original quad patents, and turned the speaker configuration into a diamond shape.

During the late 1970s through the early 1980s, the home video formats of the day, VHS and Beta, both (start) to support high-quality stereo sound track with VHS HiFi and Beta HiFi. The Dolby Stereo encoding of the original movie sound-tracks (transfer) to these tapes. Soon, most home audio-video receivers included Dolby Surround decoders significantly enhanced the perceived separation between the channels. Thus the average consumer could enjoy surround sound at home.

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Файл: Практикум по грамматике, чтению и переводу с английского языка Новосибирск 2008 Оглавление.doc

Before the development of transistors, vacuum tubes were the main active components in electronic …………….

5. …………… rapidly transmit TV and radio programs to different towns, cities, and distant areas.

Modern telegraph systems are based upon the fact that electric current will flow through a ………..... which forms a circuit.

A hot trend in communications is the development of data networks based on the so-called metroarea networks but designed to bring optical …………… cable to each customer.

9. The signal is sent over the communication channel from the transmitter to the …………….

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