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, которое завершится к определенному моменту времени в будущем:
Например:He will have finished his work by the end of the day.
Will he have finished his work by the end of the day?
He won’t have finished his work by the end of the day.
Grammar exercises
Exercise 1. Put the verbs in brackets into correct tense (Present, Past or Future Perfect):
Exercise 2. Put the verbs in brackets into correct tense (Present, Past or Future Simple; Present, Past or Future Continuous/Progressive; Present, Past or Future Perfect):
Exercise 3. Put the verbs in brackets into correct tense (Present, Past or Future Simple; Present, Past or Future Continuous/Progressive; Present, Past or Future Perfect):
Exercise 4. Put the verbs in brackets into correct tense (Present, Past or FutureSimple; Present, Past or FutureContinuous/Progressive; Present, Past or Future Perfect):
8.2. Text Проблемысовременногообщества
Read, translate and retell the text:
We live in the twenty-first century; it is the era of computers, robots and machines which are able to make our life easier. It seems that people of our time should have no problems of any kind at all. Computers do the biggest part of our work, modern gadgets help us at home. However, nowadays we have much more problems than our grandparents had when they were young. I cannot say that their life was perfect, of course not, it was really very difficult, but in that time there were absolutely different problems. Problems of modern society can lead to hard consequences for our lives. They are able to kill everyone and everything in the world.
All the problems can be divided into three groups: problems between countries, between a person and society and between society and nature.
The first group of problems is connected with disagreements between different countries. The main problem is danger of beginning the World War III, in other words, nuclear war. I am sure that this war will be the last in the world. It will put an end to everything. Now practically every country has nuclear bombs. Unfortunately there is such a possibility that terrorists may have this weapon. Correspondingly, here is another problem - world terrorism. I think all the countries have suffered from it. Common people die because somebody wants to prove something to the government or just to punish it. This kind of war is becoming widely-spread throughout the world. Several times a month we can hear bad news about death of people. Inhabitants of big cities are afraid to appear in public places as they are a great target for terrorists. The other problem is globalization. On the one hand, this phenomenon has a lot of advantages, it helps to get people united. But on the other hand, we forget our culture, traditions and become like others.
The next is the group of problems between society and a person. The most important problem is demographic. The amount of people are becoming less every year, the cause is that nowadays more people die. It happens because we value money and a good job much more than family, children. The average amount of people get married at the age of 30-35. In the modern family there is just one or two children. So we do not have people to replace us in the future. Another problem is unemployment. Many people are unemployed today. To find a job is very difficult for young graduates. In most cases they have to work in another sphere not connected with their education. Right now, there is also a big gap between the low-income people and the high income people and this is becoming a problem. Low-income people are starting to get lower wages and higher income people are starting to get higher wages.
The third group is problems between society and nature, ecological problems. The progress causes pollution. Everything, our society has, leads to destruction of the environment: cars, air conditioners, refrigerators, factories, cans influence the nature badly. Our planet is in serious danger. Global warming, water and air pollution are not all the problems we may have in the future. Most of us do not realize that we can destroy the Earth leaving our children without a place to live. In my opinion, this is the problem which we are able to solve. People need to care about the environment more, not only use it, but also try to help it. We should not only take, but give back, too.
It is said that there is no bad society, there is only bad people. In other words, the problem is in us. Most of problems can be solved. Not only the government, but also all people are in charge. People and the government should get together and try to solve these problems in order to make this planet a safe and good place to live. If these problems are not solved, there might not even be the Earth in the future to live on.
ADD TO YOUR ACTIVE VOCABULARY:
era of computers – эра компьютеров
gadgets – гаджеты, электронные устройства
absolutely – абсолютно, полностью
to lead – вести, приводить
hard consequences – тяжелые последствия
society – общество
disagreements – разногласия
danger – опасность
nuclear war – ядерная война
Lexical exercises
Exercise 1.Answer the questions:
1. What is the most important problem between the society and the person?
2. Why are so many people unemployed today?
3. Our society is leading to environmental distraction, isn’t it?
4. What environmental problems arise between a person and society?
5. What three groups can the problems of society be devided into?
6. Is the 21st century the age of computers and robots?
7. Do the computers do the biggest part of our work?
8. Will it be too difficult or easy for young graduates to find a job?
9. Why will the progress cause pollution?
10. What do countries need nuclear bombs for?
11. Is the most important problem demographic or psychological?
12. Why is it necessary to protext environment on our planet?
Gadgets, nowadays, perfect, absolutely, society, consequences, disagreements, danger, nuclear, practically, unfortunately, weapon, correspondingly, government, punish, widely-spread, throughout, inhabitants, globalization, phenomenon, advantages, society, demographic, amount, average, unemployment, sphere, wages, environment, influence, serious, danger, charge.
Exercise 3. Translate from Russian into English using words and word combinations of the text:
1. Кажется, что люди в наше время могут решить любые проблемы, но это далеко от истины. 2. Многие страны не могут самостоятельно решить многие проблемы современности. 3. Глобальные кризисы случаются в мире нечасто, но всегда имеют катастрофические последствия для множества человек. 4. Угроза ядерной войны является сдерживающим фактором многих военных конфликтов современности. 5. Современное общество стремится к демократии и свободе личности. 6. Экологические проблемы намного серьезнее, чем принято считать. 7. Экологическая катастрофа становится практически неизбежной в условиях перенаселения планеты. 8. Решить многие экологические проблемы можно, лишь объединив усилия всего человечества. 9. Проблема переработки мусора становится насущной во многих регионах мира. 10. Проблемы глобализации и перенаселения – наиболее важные проблемы современности.
Exercise 4. Finish the sentences:
1. We live in the twenty-first century; it is the era of computers, robots and … 2. Computers do the biggest part of our work, modern ... 3. Problems of modern society can lead to … 4. All the problems can be divided into … 5. The first group of problems is connected with … 6. Now practically every country has … 7. Common people die because … 7. The next is the group of problems between society … 8. The average amount of people get married at the … 9. The third group is problems between society and … 10. Global warming, water and air pollution are not …
8.3. Text for suplementary reading
STRESS
Read, translate and retell the text:
Most people respond to the word stress in negative ways. They see it as a destructive force. However, not all stress is negative. The word eustress has been coined to describe positive stress. Eustress is the type of stress you are likely to experience when you inherit a large amount of money or receive an unexpected promotion or reward. Eustress is the stress of winning and achieving.
Negative stress is distress. It is the stress of losing, failing, overworking and not coping. Distress affects people in a negative often harmful manner. We all experience distress from time to time. It is a normal, unavoidable part of living.
Stress results from failure to adequately cope with stressors. Stressors could be loud noise, uncomfortable air-conditioning, debts, ringing telephones, broken relationships, unrealistic deadlines, discouragement, fear, pain and thousands of other things that impact upon us in the normal course of life.
It is impossible to avoid stressors. The only totally stress-free state is death! Stressors will always be there because we live in an imperfect and unpredictable world which is going to cause us to frequently get stressed. We experience stress as the body adjusts to the external demands placed upon it. Our body constantly seeks to maintain stability and stress is usually sensed as the body readjusts to too much pressure.
One of the pioneers of stress research, Dr. Hans Selye wrote that "...stress is essentially reflected by the rate of all the wear and tear caused by life."
His research convinced him that the body has only a finite reserve of adaptation energy to apply to the stressors of life. Selye likened this reserve to a bank account upon which we can make withdrawals from time to time but into which we cannot make deposits. It is a non-renewable reserve of energy which we draw on throughout life until eventually it is consumed and death results.
Over a long period of time the stress response begins to take a toll on the body.
A weakened immune system makes us vulnerable to infection and this is why people under stress often experience regular attacks of colds and flu.
We can do ourselves a great deal of harm by stressful thinking. We can flood our body with stress hormones and this can create a vicious circle making us more and more stressful.
ADD TO YOUR ACTIVE VOCABULARY:
respond – отвечать
destructive force – разрушительная сила
however – тем не менее
eustress –положительный стресс
coined – придуманный
inherit – наследовать
reward – награда
harmful manner – вреднымобразом
unrealistic deadlines – нереальные сроки
discouragement – разочарование
unpredictable – непредсказуемый
frequently – часто
adjusts to – подстраивается
convince – убеждать
eventually – со временем, в конечном счете
vulnerable – беззащитный
Lexical exercises
Exercise 1. Answer the questions:
1. Most people respond to the word stress in negative ways, don’t they?
2. Who seesstress as a destructive force?
3. What has the word eustress been coined to?
4. How do we call negative stress?
5. How does distress affect people?
6. How often do we all experience distress?
7. What is a normal, unavoidable part of living?
8. Who stated that the body has only a finite reserve of adaptation energy to apply to the stressors of life?
9. When does the stress response begin to take a toll on the body?
10. Why do people under stress often experience regular attacks of colds and flu?
11. What can we do ourselves by stressful thinking?
12. What can we flood our body with?
Например:He will have finished his work by the end of the day.
Will he have finished his work by the end of the day?
He won’t have finished his work by the end of the day.
Grammar exercises
Exercise 1. Put the verbs in brackets into correct tense (Present, Past or Future Perfect):
-
He never … (to be) abroad before. 2. Alice … (to finish) her work by 5 p.m. today. 3. Jim … (to have) already his breakfast. 4. You … (to see) this film before? 5. Mark … (to return) already home, you may phone him. 6. She … (to cook) supper by 6 p.m. 7. John … (to read) the article by Monday? 8. Why …you (not to do) your work yet? 9. We … (to pass) all our exams by July. 10. Derek … (to post) already the letter.
Exercise 2. Put the verbs in brackets into correct tense (Present, Past or Future Simple; Present, Past or Future Continuous/Progressive; Present, Past or Future Perfect):
-
She … (to water) all the flowers before we … (to come)? 2. They … (not to finish) writing their test by 4 p.m. tomorrow. 3. Why you … (not to read) the book yet? You had to return it to the library yesterday. 4. Their friend … (to move) to Moscow some weeks ago. 5. Sam … (to do) his homework before he … (to go) to the party. 6. Jessika … (to be) late for her classes because she … (to oversleep) as she … (to write) a composition till late at night. 7. Nick … (to answer) all the questions before he … (to go) home? 8. They … (not to go) for the walk in the park because it … (to start) to rain. 9. Children … (to clean) their room before they … (to go) to the zoo. 10. They … (to play) baseball for half an hour when rain … (to begin).
Exercise 3. Put the verbs in brackets into correct tense (Present, Past or Future Simple; Present, Past or Future Continuous/Progressive; Present, Past or Future Perfect):
-
His parents … (to be) angry because he … (to invite) too many friends to the party who … (to dance) and … (to laugh) very loudly. 2. The shop … (to close) before he … (to come). 3. This time next year Ted … (to study) at a college. 4. They … (to return) from their trip before the end of the week. 5. While they … (to run) in the park one boy … (to hurt) his leg. 6. She … (to want) to go to the theatre but all tickets … (to be) sold out. 7. When she … (to fly) to Moscow the plane … (to vibrate) so vigorously that she … (to be) scared. 8. The film … (to turn) out to be rather boring and they … (to decide) to return home. 9. Sara … (to forget) to take a letter from the post office and the postman … (to bring) it to her house. 10. Henry … (to book) a ticket to the theatre beforehand.
Exercise 4. Put the verbs in brackets into correct tense (Present, Past or FutureSimple; Present, Past or FutureContinuous/Progressive; Present, Past or Future Perfect):
-
Gill … (not to come) to the university in time because she … (to miss) the bus and … (not to have) enough money to take a taxi. 2. They … (not to go) to the skating rink because they … (to forget) their skates at home. 3. She … (to dream) of becoming a model when she … (to study) at school. 4. I … (not to know) where she … (to live) last year, but now she … (to live) not far from the university. 5. The weather … (to be) cold and they … (to decide) to stay at home. 6. Alice … (not to go) to the football match before she … (to finish) her report. 7. They … (to watch) a horror film when all the lights … (to go) off. 8. When John … (to come) to the airport his plane already … (to fly) away. 9. Before Paul … (to become) a doctor he … (to work) in the animal hospital. 10. We … (to go) home as soon as we … (to finish) our work.
8.2. Text Проблемысовременногообщества
Read, translate and retell the text:
We live in the twenty-first century; it is the era of computers, robots and machines which are able to make our life easier. It seems that people of our time should have no problems of any kind at all. Computers do the biggest part of our work, modern gadgets help us at home. However, nowadays we have much more problems than our grandparents had when they were young. I cannot say that their life was perfect, of course not, it was really very difficult, but in that time there were absolutely different problems. Problems of modern society can lead to hard consequences for our lives. They are able to kill everyone and everything in the world.
All the problems can be divided into three groups: problems between countries, between a person and society and between society and nature.
The first group of problems is connected with disagreements between different countries. The main problem is danger of beginning the World War III, in other words, nuclear war. I am sure that this war will be the last in the world. It will put an end to everything. Now practically every country has nuclear bombs. Unfortunately there is such a possibility that terrorists may have this weapon. Correspondingly, here is another problem - world terrorism. I think all the countries have suffered from it. Common people die because somebody wants to prove something to the government or just to punish it. This kind of war is becoming widely-spread throughout the world. Several times a month we can hear bad news about death of people. Inhabitants of big cities are afraid to appear in public places as they are a great target for terrorists. The other problem is globalization. On the one hand, this phenomenon has a lot of advantages, it helps to get people united. But on the other hand, we forget our culture, traditions and become like others.
The next is the group of problems between society and a person. The most important problem is demographic. The amount of people are becoming less every year, the cause is that nowadays more people die. It happens because we value money and a good job much more than family, children. The average amount of people get married at the age of 30-35. In the modern family there is just one or two children. So we do not have people to replace us in the future. Another problem is unemployment. Many people are unemployed today. To find a job is very difficult for young graduates. In most cases they have to work in another sphere not connected with their education. Right now, there is also a big gap between the low-income people and the high income people and this is becoming a problem. Low-income people are starting to get lower wages and higher income people are starting to get higher wages.
The third group is problems between society and nature, ecological problems. The progress causes pollution. Everything, our society has, leads to destruction of the environment: cars, air conditioners, refrigerators, factories, cans influence the nature badly. Our planet is in serious danger. Global warming, water and air pollution are not all the problems we may have in the future. Most of us do not realize that we can destroy the Earth leaving our children without a place to live. In my opinion, this is the problem which we are able to solve. People need to care about the environment more, not only use it, but also try to help it. We should not only take, but give back, too.
It is said that there is no bad society, there is only bad people. In other words, the problem is in us. Most of problems can be solved. Not only the government, but also all people are in charge. People and the government should get together and try to solve these problems in order to make this planet a safe and good place to live. If these problems are not solved, there might not even be the Earth in the future to live on.
ADD TO YOUR ACTIVE VOCABULARY:
era of computers – эра компьютеров
gadgets – гаджеты, электронные устройства
absolutely – абсолютно, полностью
to lead – вести, приводить
hard consequences – тяжелые последствия
society – общество
disagreements – разногласия
danger – опасность
nuclear war – ядерная война
Lexical exercises
Exercise 1.Answer the questions:
1. What is the most important problem between the society and the person?
2. Why are so many people unemployed today?
3. Our society is leading to environmental distraction, isn’t it?
4. What environmental problems arise between a person and society?
5. What three groups can the problems of society be devided into?
6. Is the 21st century the age of computers and robots?
7. Do the computers do the biggest part of our work?
8. Will it be too difficult or easy for young graduates to find a job?
9. Why will the progress cause pollution?
10. What do countries need nuclear bombs for?
11. Is the most important problem demographic or psychological?
12. Why is it necessary to protext environment on our planet?
Exercise 2. Transcribe, read and translate the following words:
Gadgets, nowadays, perfect, absolutely, society, consequences, disagreements, danger, nuclear, practically, unfortunately, weapon, correspondingly, government, punish, widely-spread, throughout, inhabitants, globalization, phenomenon, advantages, society, demographic, amount, average, unemployment, sphere, wages, environment, influence, serious, danger, charge.
Exercise 3. Translate from Russian into English using words and word combinations of the text:
1. Кажется, что люди в наше время могут решить любые проблемы, но это далеко от истины. 2. Многие страны не могут самостоятельно решить многие проблемы современности. 3. Глобальные кризисы случаются в мире нечасто, но всегда имеют катастрофические последствия для множества человек. 4. Угроза ядерной войны является сдерживающим фактором многих военных конфликтов современности. 5. Современное общество стремится к демократии и свободе личности. 6. Экологические проблемы намного серьезнее, чем принято считать. 7. Экологическая катастрофа становится практически неизбежной в условиях перенаселения планеты. 8. Решить многие экологические проблемы можно, лишь объединив усилия всего человечества. 9. Проблема переработки мусора становится насущной во многих регионах мира. 10. Проблемы глобализации и перенаселения – наиболее важные проблемы современности.
Exercise 4. Finish the sentences:
1. We live in the twenty-first century; it is the era of computers, robots and … 2. Computers do the biggest part of our work, modern ... 3. Problems of modern society can lead to … 4. All the problems can be divided into … 5. The first group of problems is connected with … 6. Now practically every country has … 7. Common people die because … 7. The next is the group of problems between society … 8. The average amount of people get married at the … 9. The third group is problems between society and … 10. Global warming, water and air pollution are not …
8.3. Text for suplementary reading
STRESS
Read, translate and retell the text:
Most people respond to the word stress in negative ways. They see it as a destructive force. However, not all stress is negative. The word eustress has been coined to describe positive stress. Eustress is the type of stress you are likely to experience when you inherit a large amount of money or receive an unexpected promotion or reward. Eustress is the stress of winning and achieving.
Negative stress is distress. It is the stress of losing, failing, overworking and not coping. Distress affects people in a negative often harmful manner. We all experience distress from time to time. It is a normal, unavoidable part of living.
Stress results from failure to adequately cope with stressors. Stressors could be loud noise, uncomfortable air-conditioning, debts, ringing telephones, broken relationships, unrealistic deadlines, discouragement, fear, pain and thousands of other things that impact upon us in the normal course of life.
It is impossible to avoid stressors. The only totally stress-free state is death! Stressors will always be there because we live in an imperfect and unpredictable world which is going to cause us to frequently get stressed. We experience stress as the body adjusts to the external demands placed upon it. Our body constantly seeks to maintain stability and stress is usually sensed as the body readjusts to too much pressure.
One of the pioneers of stress research, Dr. Hans Selye wrote that "...stress is essentially reflected by the rate of all the wear and tear caused by life."
His research convinced him that the body has only a finite reserve of adaptation energy to apply to the stressors of life. Selye likened this reserve to a bank account upon which we can make withdrawals from time to time but into which we cannot make deposits. It is a non-renewable reserve of energy which we draw on throughout life until eventually it is consumed and death results.
Over a long period of time the stress response begins to take a toll on the body.
A weakened immune system makes us vulnerable to infection and this is why people under stress often experience regular attacks of colds and flu.
We can do ourselves a great deal of harm by stressful thinking. We can flood our body with stress hormones and this can create a vicious circle making us more and more stressful.
ADD TO YOUR ACTIVE VOCABULARY:
respond – отвечать
destructive force – разрушительная сила
however – тем не менее
eustress –положительный стресс
coined – придуманный
inherit – наследовать
reward – награда
harmful manner – вреднымобразом
unrealistic deadlines – нереальные сроки
discouragement – разочарование
unpredictable – непредсказуемый
frequently – часто
adjusts to – подстраивается
convince – убеждать
eventually – со временем, в конечном счете
vulnerable – беззащитный
Lexical exercises
Exercise 1. Answer the questions:
1. Most people respond to the word stress in negative ways, don’t they?
2. Who seesstress as a destructive force?
3. What has the word eustress been coined to?
4. How do we call negative stress?
5. How does distress affect people?
6. How often do we all experience distress?
7. What is a normal, unavoidable part of living?
8. Who stated that the body has only a finite reserve of adaptation energy to apply to the stressors of life?
9. When does the stress response begin to take a toll on the body?
10. Why do people under stress often experience regular attacks of colds and flu?
11. What can we do ourselves by stressful thinking?
12. What can we flood our body with?