; подпадатьподчье-л. влияние:They came under the influence of a strange religious sect. | There they fell under the influence of activist revivalists and reformers.

positive influence положительное / позитивноевлияние

bad / negative / disruptive / pernicious influence вредное / негативное / пагубноевлияние

steadying / restraining influence сдерживающеевлияние: The Egyptian president could act as a steadying influence on the talks.

big / considerable / enormous / great / powerful /profound / strong / tremendous influence сильноевлияние:The Council had considerable influence over many government decisions.

far-reaching influence далекоидущеевлияние

undue influence чрезмерноевлияние:They were accused of interfering with voters and exerting undue influence.

9. 
   propaganda [uncountable] information which is false or which emphasizes just one part of a situation, used by a government or political party in order to influence people's opinions and beliefs пропаганда: political / ideological / enemy / wartime propaganda | democratic / liberal / communist / anti-communist / right-wing / left-wing / fascist / racist propaganda| a piece of anti-government propaganda | The film was later used for propaganda purposes. | Propaganda is a tool of war. | At school we were fed communist / right-wing propaganda.
   

to use / engage in / spread propaganda вестипропаганду, заниматьсяпропагандой:At the same time they are using propaganda and terror to boost their position in the countryside.

to subject sb to propaganda подвергать кого-л. действию пропаганды

to neutralize / counteract propaganda противодействовать пропаганде, нейтрализовать пропаганду

vicious propaganda грязнаяпропаганда

(to begin / mount // step up // win // lose) a propaganda campaign / war an organised plan to spread propaganda пропагандистскаякампания / война:KhomeinibeganapropagandacampaignagainsttheShah. | They mounted a propaganda campaign against Western governments. | They stepped up the propaganda campaign to end military government. | We pride ourselves on having won the propaganda war. | Mr Barak has lost the propaganda war.

propaganda machine people who produce propaganda пропагандистскийаппарат:The propaganda machine lied about the scale of casualties in our Civil War. | But in recent weeks it has cranked an impressive propaganda machine into action.

10. 
    indoctrination | brainwashing | brainwash [uncountable] внушениеидей; промываниемозгов; (идеологическая / политическая / религиозная) обработка:political / ideological / religious indoctrination / brainwashing | There was a lot of brainwashing involved. | Education is indoctrination, or, as described today, the brainwash.
    

---

to subject sb to indoctrination / brainwashing подвергатького-л. идеологическойобработке:The military in particular were subjected to intense political indoctrination.

11. 
    swing [countable] (1) shift [countable] a noticeable change in opinions, ideas or emotions (резкое) изменение (политическихпредпочтений / симпатийизбирателей):Educationalpracticeisliabletosuddenswingsandchanges. | In the 1979 election some locally popular candidates held their marginal seats against the national swing.
    

swing / shift in sth (on / about sth // towards sth): There has been a huge swing in public opinion on the issue. | There was a dramatic shift in public opinion. | There has been a dramatic shift in public opinion towards peaceful negotiations. | Recently there has been a subtle shift in public opinion about the environment.

swing / shift to / towards sb / sth:In the last elections there was a swing to the right. | The swing towards the Tories suggests an unwillingness to see Kinnock as prime minister. | There has been a recent shift towards involving more laypeople in decision making.

swing (away) from sb / sth (to sb / sth) / against sb / sth:There was a massive twenty per cent swing away from the Conservatives to the Liberal Democrats. | If there is a swing against the Tories, the prospects for Mr Devlin look bleak.

to show a swing to / towards sth:The party's new policies show a swing towards the centre.

(2) a change in the relative distribution of popular support for political parties процентизбирателей, меняющихсвоиполитическиепредпочтения / симпатии:The Democrats only need a 5% swing to win this election.

swing to sb: The swing to the Liberal Democrats at Newbury was 29%. | There has been a significant 15 per cent swing to Labour.

swing (away) from sb (to sb) / against sb: In 1987, there was a small 2.5 percent national swing from Conservative to Labour. | In Brent, the swing against Labour was 7.3%.

12. 
    the pendulum (of opinion) | the political pendulum the tendency of ideas, beliefs, opinions etc to change regularly to the opposite маятник (общественногомнения)
    

the swing of the pendulum the movement of public opinion from one extreme to the other (резкое) изменениеобщественногомнения / политическихсимпатийизбирателей

the (political) pendulum swings back / in the other direction / the other way / in sb's favour / from sth to sth / back and forth:The pendulum of public opinion has swung back / in the other direction. | Now the pendulum seems to have swung the other way. | The political pendulum has swung in favour of the liberals. | The pendulum has swung from silly dreaming to grinding pragmatism. | The pendulum of public pressure swings back and forth.

13. 
    undecided / wavering / floating (BrE) / swing (AmE) voter | undecideds | waverer [countable] someone who cannot make a decision about which political party to vote for at an election; someone who does not always vote for the same political party at elections колеблющийсяизбиратель:He will argue that there are still a lot of undecided / floating / wavering / swing voters to make up their minds. | We'll be working hard over the next ten days to win over the undecided voters. | We must persuade the undecideds / waverers to vote with us. | Some observers believe polls overestimated the influence of undecided voters. | On past records, most waverers go for the challenger rather than the one who holds power.
    
14. 
    ballot (box) stuffing [uncountable] наполнениеизбирательныхурнбюллетенямичленамиизбирательныхкомиссийвпользук.-л. кандидата: Voting was characterized by frequent procedural violations and instances of apparent manipulations, including serious indications of ballot box stuffing.
    
15. 
    multiple voting [uncountable] the practice of voting in more than one constituency in the same election множественноеголосование (голосованиеодногоизбирателявнесколькихизбирательныхокругах): Proven charges of ballot stuffing and multiple voting demand investigations.
    

---

6. Polling

1. 
   to poll | to survey [transitive] to ask a large group of people the same questions in order to find out what most people think about something проводитьопрос (общественногомнения) / анкетирование
   

to poll / to survey sb (about / on sth):More than 70 per cent of the voters who were polled said that they approved of his record as president. | Almost 60% of those surveyed said they supported the President's action. | Researchers surveyed 10,000 customers about / on the quality of companies that they used.

2. 
   poll | (public) opinion poll | (public opinion) survey [countable] the process of asking a large group of people the same questions in order to find out what most people think about something; a record of the result of this опрос (общественногомнения); социологическоеисследование:Another poll / survey asked respondents if they favoured nuclear war. | The latest opinion poll puts the Democrats in the lead.
   

poll / survey of sb опроского-л.:We conducted a poll / survey of parents in the village.

poll on sb / sth | survey on / into sth:We are doing a weekly poll on the president, and clearly his popularity has declined. | The committee carried out a survey on parking problems in residential areas. | Read the article below about a survey into volunteering.

in the polls:Labour is ahead in the polls. | He was still behind in the polls. | The Republicans are gaining / losing ground / support in the opinion polls. | They're worried about the government's present low standing in the polls.

to carry out / conduct / do / undertake a poll / survey (among sb) проводитьопрособщественногомнения:MORI carried out / conducted / did / undertook a poll / survey among senior managers to get their views on taxation.

a poll / survey shows / indicates / finds / suggests / reveals that… | according to a poll / survey… :Recent opinion polls show that the President's popularity has declined / slipped. | Polls indicate that education is the top issue with voters. | A recent poll found that 80% of Californians support the governor. | Opinion polls suggest that only 10% of the population trusts the government. | According to the polls, a huge majority of citizens oppose bilingual education.

to lead (sb) (in) (the) (opinion) polls | to top polls лидироватьвопросеобщественногомнения:Labour led strongly in the opinion polls. | The party chairman now leads nationwide polls for president. | He leads Dole in Arizona polls. | Rudy Giuliani tops Republican polls.

to commission a poll / survey заказатьопрособщественногомнения

3. 
   exit poll [countable] the activity of asking people, as they leave a polling station, how they have voted in an election in order to discover the likely result опросизбирателейнавыходесизбирательногоучастка, экзит-пол
   
4. 
   pollster [countable] a person or organization that prepares opinion polls специалистпоопросуобщественногомнения;интервьюер; институтобщественногомнения
   
5. 
   (popularity / approval) rating [countable] a measurement of how good, important, popular etc someone or something is рейтинг (популярности):When Mr Estrada took office in 1998 his approval rating was 60 %.
   

---

high / record // low rating:The President's popularity rating is high / low according to recent opinion polls. | He leaves office with record approval ratings.

to have / enjoy a rating:At the end of the Gulf War he had the highest poll rating of any President. | At that time Clinton enjoyed the highest public approval ratings of his presidency.

a rating is at a new / record / all-time high / low | a rating is at a high / low point:The president's popularity ratings are at a record low. | New public opinion polls show the president's approval rating at its lowest point since he took office.

a rating rises / goes up (to sth) | a rating rises to / reaches / hits a new / record / all-time high | a rating rises to / reaches a high point:The President's approval rating rose to 78%. | Staying above the fray, he has gone about his duties and watched his approval ratings rise.

a rating falls / goes down (to sth) | a rating falls to / sinks to / reaches / hits a new / record / all-time low | a rating falls to / sinks to / reaches a low point:The Prime Minister's approval rating has fallen (as low as 12 percent) since he took office in 1998. | His approval ratings may even go down. | The government's popularity rating sank to an all-time low.


Vocabulary practice

I. Sections: Nomination, Election
1. Match the words and phrases in List A with those in List B. Learn these lexical units.

List A

List B

nomination for president to win the Republican nomination to put forward a candidate to file one's candidacy to withdraw one's candidacy to run for the presidency to run against sb to elect sb president to elect sb to parliament general election presidential election close election by-election to hold an elective office electoral register elector universal suffrage term in office to contest a seat to win a seat constituency to rig an election ballot rigging regular election early election to declare the election invalid

a. завоевать место b. список избирателей c. досрочные выборы d. избирательный округ e. всеобщее избирательное право f. очередные выборы g. признать выборы недействительными h. подтасовка результатов голосования i. выдвижение на пост президента j. бороться за место k. фальсифицировать выборы l. выдвигать чью-л. кандидатуру на выборах m. участвовать в выборах на должность президента n. избирать кого-л. президентом o. всеобщие выборы p. избиратель q. напряженные выборы r. занимать выборную должность s. зарегистрироваться в качестве кандидата t. избирать кого-л. в парламент u. дополнительные выборы v. добиться выдвижения в качестве кандидата от Республиканской партии w. выборы президента x. соперничать с кем-л. на выборах y. снимать свою кандидатуру z. срок полномочий

---

2. Match the words and phrases in List A with those in List B. Learn these lexical units.

List A

List B

run-off by-election to hold an election to win an election to fight an election to disrupt an election electoral commission election returns electorate to make a bid for sth on the Republican to grant suffrage to inaugurate sb as president to set a threshold to cross a threshold neck and neck president-elect to call an election

a. преодолевать барьер b. объявлять выборы d. избиратели e. предоставить право голоса f. от Республиканской партии g. в равном положении h. предпринимать попытку достичь чего-л. i. торжественно вводить в должность президента j. проводить выборы k. вновь избранный президент l. участвовать в выборах m. победить на выборах n. результаты выборов o. устанавливать порог p. решающий тур выборов q. сорвать выборы r. избирательная комиссия s. дополнительные выборы

3. Give synonyms for the following words and phrases.
to nominate sb, to win (the Republican nomination), (electoral) register, candidate, successful (candidate), to run (for election), to elect (sb to parliament), to carry (a state), mid-term (election), to declare the election invalid, to schedule (an election), to fight (an election), (election) results, elector, bid, suffrage, to win (a seat), to rig (an election), ballot rigging, to cross (a threshold), close (election), neck and neck


4. Suggest words and expressions that correspond to the following definitions.

1. 
   to elect someone to a political position, especially to represent you in parliament – to return
   
2. 
   an attempt to achieve or obtain something; an attempt to win an election ----bid or run
   
3. 
   the job of being president – presidency
   
4. 
   an occasion when people vote to choose someone for a political or official position – election / evote
   
5. 
   all the people in a country or area who have the right to vote - electorate
   
6. 
   the practice of cheating in an election by producing a false record of the number of votes - ballot / vote / election rigging / fixing / fraud | voter / electoral fraud
   
7. 
   to choose someone by voting so that they represent you or hold an official position - to elect
   
8. 
   the act of officially suggesting someone for an election, job, position or honour - nomination
   
9. 
   someone who has been elected as a new president, but who has not yet officially started the job -
   
10. 
    the fact that someone is a candidate in an election - candidacy | candidature
    
11. 
    when someone is elected again to the same position - re-election
    
12. 
    a second election or competition that is organized when the first one does not have a winner - run-off (election)
    
13. 
    a special election to replace a politician who has left parliament or died
    
14. 
    the results of an election - by-election | bye-election
    
15. 
    someone who has the right to vote in a political election - elector
    
16. 
    someone who is competing against you and who belongs to a different party or who have different aims or policies - opponent
    
17. 
    an area of a country that elects a representative to a parliament, or the people who live and vote in a particular area - constituency
    
18. 
    a list of the people supported by a particular political party in an election
    
19. 
    the legal right to vote in national elections - ticket
    
20. 
    to introduce a new person into an important job, such as that of president, by holding a special ceremony - to inaugurate sb (as president / governor / mayor
    
21. 
    to suggest someone or oneself as a suitable candidate to take part in an election - to put up | to put forward | to field | to go to the polls
    
22. 
    a position as an elected member of a parliament, committee, council, board, court etc - seat
    
23. 
    someone who has been suggested or being considered for an election, job, position or honour - candidate | nominee
    
24. 
    a fixed period of time during which a politician or other official holds their job - term (in / of office)
    
25. 
    to arrange or influence something such as an election in a dishonest way in order to produce a particular result - to rig / fix / falsify
    

---

Смотрите также файлы

• 2. Разработка системы автоматического управления.doc

• Развитие слухового восприятия.docx

• Закон Республики Казахстан от 27 июля 2007 года 319iii. Вниманию пользователей!.docx

• Министерство обороны российской федерации.docx

• Особенности органических веществ. Классификация органических соединений.ppt