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calcu/u/late and calcu/g/late
Vowels in unstressed syl lables in content words
B30 Vowels in stressed syllables of a content word are usually pronounced in the same way whether they are made prominent or not (see also Unit 10):
A: Is she a DOCtor? |
/dDkt / |
B: NO, her SISter's a doctor. |
/dDkt / |
B31
IMpOr1-?l...1- Jor lis1-Mi""r
The vowel in a one-syllable content word doesn't change its pronunciation, although the vowel in a one-syllable function word can (see Unit 2 1 ) :
content word: |
It's a big CAT. /bIg/ |
It's really BIG. /bIg/ |
function word: |
It's for you. /f / |
but: WHAT'S it FOR? /f-J:/ |
//However, thevowelsinunstreSsedsyHables ofa contentwordCanvarya lot. ln slQw1carefutspeech the |
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vowel may have its fullform, butin normal speech these vowelsare oftenreduc d |
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sometimes |
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Im, Forexample, |
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can |
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Said/krebnd,,/ |
or |
/krel"nd hthe |
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vowelvaries |
from /I!tol /. |
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Here |
are,some more'calendar |
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be |
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second |
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to/ (or |
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wordswhichhave variablevowels in unstressed syllables. |
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lrel to I I |
lul to I I |
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I"ul to 1,,1 |
101 to 1,,1 |
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accelerate |
calculate |
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omit |
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comparison |
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accept |
documentary |
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proclaim |
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complain |
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cassette |
regular |
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microcosm |
concise |
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1:):1 to I I |
laIl to I I or /If |
/If to I I |
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Notice also the common ending -ity: |
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forbid |
director |
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begin |
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IItil to I til |
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forever |
dilemma |
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hopeless |
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ability |
scarcity |
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corridor |
financial |
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effective |
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density |
security |
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.It is not essential to reduce these vowels in your own speech in order to be understood, although reduced vowels usually sound more natural and fluent.
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·B32. |
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.• . . . . . |
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' .. . |
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..••. .. ..... ... . . . |
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.- |
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:.;,; .?'In. |
somev.tords/. whenan unstressed syllable |
ending |
in a |
vov.te l is fo!IQwed |
by anotherunstressed syllable |
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or lis1-l> |
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"'iq) |
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i |
IMpOr1-?l... |
1--/ |
beginnlngWit .avowel••thetwosYllabl maymerge Intool1e.·Thisoolyhap ns'in l1ormal'speech; in |
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................. |
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slow, c efuI peech bothsyllablesare sald: |
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slow speech: |
casual |
Ikre3.ju.ell = three syllables |
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normal speech: |
casual |
Ikre3.j 11 = two syllables |
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Other words like this include:
virtual, actual, adverbial, colonial, studious, obedient, ingredient, gradient
52 |
English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |
23. 1
B33
23.2
B34
23 .3
;jns'
Section B Stress in words and phrases
Exercises
Listen and compare the pronunciation of these words, first said slowly and carefully, and then used in normal speech. In which words does the pronunciation of the highlighted vowel sound change (write C), and in which is there no change (write NC)? (Some of these words are given in B opposite.)
EXAMPLES diagram |
I didn't understand the diagram. Ne |
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1 |
accept |
I just couldn't accept their decision. e (accept lrel- accept I /) |
musician |
She's a musician in an orchestra. |
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director |
He's a company director. |
3 December |
Her birthday's in December. |
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4 minute (= tiny) |
The painting was minute. |
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S ambulance |
The ambulance came immediately. |
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6 cricket |
I play cricket every weekend. |
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7 hotel |
We stayed in a smart hotel. |
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8 |
vocabulary |
I'm terrible at learning vocabulary. |
9 Mongolia |
She's from Mongolia. |
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10 corridor |
Her office is across the corridor. |
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11 |
consent |
He gave his consent. |
12 airport |
We live near the airport. |
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Now listen again and repeat, first the words alone and then the sentences with the words in context.
You will hear short definitions. After each definition, press 'pause', choose an answer from the box and say it aloud. (Use slow, careful speech.) When you press 'play' again you will hear the correct answer.
adverbial |
celebrity |
colonial |
curiosity |
furious |
gravity |
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ingredient |
majority |
studious |
virtual |
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EXAMPLE You hear Time that has no end.
You say infinity Im'fImtil
Use the words from exercise 23.2 to complete these sentences.
2 He was a ........................................................................ |
boy whoJwas:fi'!:i.±tjhappiest when he was reading. |
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EXAMPLE The graph goes from zero to ..... .... |
............ ...... .......... ...... . (lm'fm ti/) |
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1 I was late again and my boss was ........................................................................ |
with me. |
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3 Since he appeared on TV he's become a bit of a ....... ................... ...... .... .. .. ..... .... .. |
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4 The country used to be an important ........................................................................ |
power. |
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S The ....... ................................................................ |
of people didn't bother to vote in the election. |
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6 I want you to underline the ................................................. |
..... in each sentence. |
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7 Honey's the main ............................. |
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in the sauce. |
8 Just out of . |
................................................. , how old are your sisters? |
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9 It seemed to defy the laws of ........................................................................ |
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10 Because of the snow, we were ....................................................................... |
prisoners in our own home. |
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Now say the sentences aloud (with the words you have written pronounced as in normal speech). Then listen and check your answers.
Follow up: Think about how you pronounce the words listed in B opposite. Which of the vowels indicated for the unstressed syllable do you normally use?
English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |
53 |
l isten, bottle, politician, etc.
Syl labic consonants
3 |
6 |
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: ;_: ..........; @:.'...J BI "",Most syllablescontain a vowel sound.However. sometimes a syllable consists only ofa consonant. |
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i IMpOr-h:ll1..f- |
.. |
/.. |
In·dictionaries. these are usually shown either with i |
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symbol under the consonant or a .G symbol |
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..+or liS.f-e.l1.il1. : |
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before the consonant. Consonants like thisare called |
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consonants. |
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article |
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jla:.tI.kV |
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listen |
/'hs.en/ |
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It is always possible to pronounce a syllabic consonant as an ordinary syllable with a vowel (/:Jf) and a |
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consonant (or consonants), although the syllabic consonant is usually more natural and fluent: |
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article |
= |
Ia:tlbl/ or: la:tlkl/ |
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listen |
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Ihs:Jnl or: Ihsnl |
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e: |
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3 |
7 . |
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syllabicconsonants are usually foundin unstressed syHables after the following |
consonants: |
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_........-nIJ:. B |
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. IMpor.f-al1..f |
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+or lis.f-e.l1.il1.q. |
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ItI |
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bottle, little, hospital, pistol |
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Isl |
hassle, parcel, whistle, colossal |
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/l/ |
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Izl |
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Idl |
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saddle, muddle, handle, pedal |
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puzzle, d rizzle, dazzle, hazel |
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Ipl |
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cou ple, people, example, principal |
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Ikl |
knuckle, article, classical, comical |
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Ibl |
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able, trouble, global, jumble |
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1nl |
communal, channel, tunnel, panel |
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consonants are |
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a |
are |
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Most oftheseconsonants are usuallyspeltfound-le. butin unstressedfew speltsyllables-01, -aftereland.the-01.follOWIng consonants: |
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ItI |
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button, rotten, threaten, kitten |
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IfI |
often, deafen, stiffen, soften |
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1nl syllabic |
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Idl |
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sadden, widen, garden, pardon |
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Ivl |
seven, g iven, eleven, proven |
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IpI |
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happen, deepen, open, sharpen |
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marathon, python, strengthen, lengthen |
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Isl |
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listen, loosen, comparison, person |
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IfI |
fashion, action, politician, musician |
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/zl |
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cousin, horizon, poison, prison |
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131 |
illusion, collision, occasion, precision |
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. ... ;.. . |
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. . |
.' |
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Most oftheseconsonants are It-en. -on, -ionOr-ion. |
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Words ending -srn have an Iml syllabic consonant. For example:
Buddhism, capitalism, criticism, journalism, mannerism, socialism, chasm, enthusiasm
Note: Contracted forms such as didn't, haven't, shouldn't, WOUldn't, etc. have a syllabic 'n1': haven't = Ihrevntl or Ihrev:Jntl
:....;..:. ·········CS·) B3S·. .... Sp ewdfdstia¥ •· 6 svl.ia |
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i c( nsonahts togeth .;1fldUding;·.conOitioiJat, 'diagonfll, . general, ·lJtet(JI, |
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lis.f-e.l1.il1.q..l•• , |
i)ation(11. vetemn. |
ut notice |
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ofway forexampk: |
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thatthese.c n be ptoflounced in a number |
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IMpor.f-al1..f- |
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,:or |
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diagonal = Idalreg:Jn:J11 or Idalreg:Jnll or Idalregn:J11 |
or IdaIregnll |
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;..../··m:) |
B . |
, Whe ·..; ••is·aa d;tE) ·.yetP en jn9:Witi\ a.$'llla |
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.troq6Iill |
g••• (JtiPenillg, · |
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3 |
9 |
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nSOnant{e.g••h nI1Jin · |
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;js neSyllable;. |
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.+or liS.f-e.l1.il1.ql |
gorCk:'lingJ th eO nant + .. |
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.m sYlla iccQnsonantjs. .the first. |
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"" , ,.""".-'"" |
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consonant ofthe last s¥lIabie:ing js usuallysai. . |
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IMpor.f-al1.' |
·· |
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handle /hrend"ll |
handling /hrendhI]1 |
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happen Ihrep"nl |
happening /hrepnII]1 |
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Notice that it is also possible to say the syllabic consonant with a vowel (/:J/l: /hrend;:)hI]/, /h:.ep:JnII]1
S4 |
English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |
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24. 1
B40
Section S Stress in words and phrases
Exercises
Complete each sentence with words from the same group.
musician |
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wobble |
candle |
ambition |
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pedal |
knuckle |
classical |
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bicycle |
hospital |
mansion |
article |
collision |
little |
cousin |
prison |
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bottle |
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eleven |
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garden |
politician |
people |
poison |
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.. ... u. .u..9.. |
gt\u. . u |
hgW t1,..... . |
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if I press this |
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EXAMPLE What will .. |
u .. .. . . |
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My .. . . .. . . u |
..±::tin the . |
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(q9.l? |
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. . .u. |
lives in a |
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with a huge .. . .. |
u . . . |
u |
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u. |
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2 |
He took out a ............ |
....... ......... |
......... |
........ |
.......... .... |
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full of . . . . . .. .. .. |
. u . |
and poured it into her tea. |
u .u |
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3 ........ |
u .. .. |
. . ... . . .. . . .. .... .. |
u. |
were. |
injured in the |
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When she got on the ........... |
...... .......................... |
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and began to |
................. .......u........ ..... |
she started to |
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Since she started playing the violin, her |
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has been to be a |
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7 He wrote an ................................ |
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................ ....... about.. .....a..famous................. .... .......... |
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. who..........was.... .sent.. . . .to. . . |
..... .. .. |
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6 |
I burnt my ........... ......... ................. |
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. and had to go to |
. .. .. .. . .... . ... .. |
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Now listen and check your answers. Then say the sentences aloud, focusing on saying the words you have written with syllabic consonants.
24.2
B41
24.3
B42
Listen to the recording. Press 'pause' before each B part and read it aloud. (Focus on using syllabic consonants.) Then press 'play' again and compare your pronunciation with what follows.
1 A: Stop whistling! B: I wasn't whistling.
2 A: I wish you'd stop criticising me. B: It wasn't a criticism. 3 A: Why did you unfasten it? B: I didn't unfasten it.
4 A: It was drizzling all day. B: It wasn't drizzling.
5 A: Stop listening to our conversation. B: I wasn't listening.
6 A: It was broken when you gave it to me. B: It wasn't broken. 7 A: Don't threaten me! B: I wasn't threatening you.
8 A: You've jumbled them up. B: I didn't jumble them up.
Can you find two .. . ?
. . . styles of painting |
ageism |
Buddhism |
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. . . religions |
capitalism |
communism |
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Cybism |
enthusiasm |
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. . . political systems |
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favouritism |
Hinduism |
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. . . things to avoid when appointing someone to a job |
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. . . good qualities for someone to have in a job |
IHlprmi9RisHI |
optimism |
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. . . feelings you might have about a situation |
pessimism |
professionalism |
Say your answers aloud. Then listen and check your answers.
Follow up: Can you say 'The Channel Tunnel' with syllabic consonants? Do you know where it is?
English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |
SS |