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Section E Reference

7 ® The suffix -ial

Write the following words in the table according to their stress pattern:

I O

In some words -ial is normally said as one syllable (as in the words in the first two columns), and in others it is normally said as two syllables (as in the words in the last two columns).

Now listen, check your answers and repeat the words after the recording.

In words with the suffix -ial, main stress is usually on the syllable immediately before the suffix.

See Word stress 1 for other words ending -al.

8 The suffixes -ion . -ity and -ic

Write the following words in the table according to their stress pattern:

Now listen, check your answers and repeat the words after the recording.

In words with the suffixes -ion, -ity and -ic, main stress is on the syllable immediately before the suffix.

9 The suffix -ive

Write the following words in the table according to their stress pattern:

Now listen, check your answers and repeat the words after the recording.

In words with the suffix -ive, main stress is usually on the syllable immediately before the suffix. In words ending -ative, main stress is usually on the same syllable as the root word. However, there are exceptions. Can you find the one exception in the -ative words you have written in the table?

Glossary

auxiliary verb The verbs be, have and do are auxiliary verbs when they are used with a main verb to form questions, negatives, tenses, and passive forms, etc.

cleft sentence A cleft sentence is one in which focus is given to either the subject or object using a pattern beginning 'It. . .' (e.g. It was my father who gave it to me) or 'What. .' (e.g. What I want is a holiday).

compound adjective A compound adjective consists of two or more words together used as an adjective, for example, well-behaved.

compound noun A compound noun consists of two or more words together used as a noun, for example, language school.

consonant A consonant sound is a sound produced by blocking the air flow from the mouth with the teeth, tongue or lips. A consonant letter is a letter that represents a consonant sound.

consonant cluster A consonant cluster is a sequence of consonant sounds that come together, for example in SlLay Ispr/, jumped Impt/, electric shock !ktrl and !kJI.

contraction (or contracted form) A contraction is a shortened form of an auxiliary verb written as part of the previous word. For example, have is contracted to ve in they've.

ellipsis I near ellipsis Ellipsis in speech or writing is the omission of words that can be understood from the context. For example, if a speaker says 'Must go', we understand that 'I' is missed out. In speech, a short sound from the omitted word sometimes remains. In this book this is referred to as near ellipsis, for example, in that you? ('Is that you?').

function word (or grammatical word) I content word A function word expresses a grammatical meaning, for example, this, but, on. Function words can be contrasted with content words, for example, car, blue, slowly.

glottal stop A glottal stop is made by closing the vocal folds. If you cough gently you can feel the vocal folds closing just before you 'release' the cough. The phonetic symbol for a glottal stop is 7. In some accents of English a glottal stop replaces a ItI sound: Ifu7b;,:V for Ifutb;,:V (football). (For more details, see Unit 29.)

idiom An idiom is a group of words in a particular order with a meaning that is different from the meanings of each word used on its own.

imperative sentences Imperative sentences do not have a subject and use the bare infinitive form of the verb (without any endings), for example, Come here, Put it over there.

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) The IPA is the most widely used set of symbols for showing the sounds of a language. The IPA is used in this book, Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary (CALD) and Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (CEPD).

main stress (or primary stress) In a word with more than one syllable, the syllable with main stress stands out more than any other. In most dictionaries the symbol ' is placed before the syllable with main stress, for example, l'hAndr;:)d/ (or 'hundred), Ip;:)'hrepsl (or per'haps). (Compare secondary stress.)

English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced)

Section f Reference

one-stress word I two-stress word A one-stress word has one stressed syllable (e.g /k;:)m'pii:tl complete). A two-stress word has one syllable with main stress and another with secondary stress (e.g. l,dIS;:)'gri:1 disagree).

one-stress phrasal verb I two-stress phrasal verb A one-stress phrasal verb has only one stressed

phonemic symbol A phonemic symbol is a character that represents a sound. A list of phonemic symbols is given on page 1 92.

phrasal verb A phrasal verb is a verb together with one or two following particles (a preposition or an adverb) that has a single meaning. A two-word phrasal verb (e.g. care for) has a verb and one particle and a three-word phrasal verb (e.g. look up to) has a verb and two particles.

pitch Pitch is the level of the voice. It can be compared with notes played on a musical instrument: a high pitch corresponds to high notes and a low pitch corresponds to low notes.

prefix A prefix is a letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a word to make a new word. Examples include dis-, co-, super-.

prominent A prominent word stands out from other words around it. Prominent words are shown in capital letters and non-prominent words in lower case letters. For example, in the phrase II one of my FRIENDSII, friends is prominent and the other words non-prominent. If a word has more than one syllable, it is only necessary to make one syllable prominent (the prominent syllable) in order to make the whole word stand out. For example, in II it's your responsiBILityll, -BIL- is the prominent syllable and responsibility the prominent word.

question tag Question tags are short phrases such as isn't it, aren't they, do you, are we added at the end of a sentence to check information, ask if someone agrees, etc.

reflexive pronoun The reflexive pronouns are the words myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves.

root The root is the form of a word when all the prefixes and suffixes are taken away. For example, the root of the word disagreement is agree.

secondary stress In some words with more than one syllable, a syllable with secondary stress stands out less than the syllable with main stress, but more than the remaining syllables. In most dictionaries the symbol , is placed before the secondary stressed syllable, for example, l,aut'strendIl)1 (or ,out'standing), l'hrem,b3:g;:)rl (or 'ham,burger).

speech unit (or tone unit) When we speak we divide what we say into speech units. Words within speech units are usually run together without pauses, although there is often a pause between speech units. In each speech unit there is one main tone. Speech unit boundaries are indicated by 11.

step-down A step-down happens when the voice moves down to a noticeably lower pitch than it was at before. In this book, the symbol 11 is used to show a step-down.