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20. 1
B12
20.2
B13
20.3
B14
Section B Stress in words and phrases
Exercises
Listen and underline the prominent syllable s in each part in bold. All the phrasal |
Can you call |
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verbs are two-stress phrasal verbs but sometimes( ) |
the particle is non-prominent. |
me back? |
EXAMPLE I'm busy now. Can you call me back?
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Have you handed your homework in yet? |
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The fire's on. Don't forget to turn it off before you go out. |
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At the stream I rolled my trousers up and paddled across. |
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4 We don't have much money, but I'm sure we'll get by. |
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My father and I didn't really get along. |
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6 My handwriting is terrible, as my teachers are always pointing out. |
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7 The painting suddenly fell off the wall. |
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If any letters come for me, can you send them on? |
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You will hear seven questions. After each question, press 'pause' and say one of the responses in the box. (Think carefully about prominence in the phrasal verb.) When you press 'play' again you will hear the correct answer. (Note that all the responses include three-word phrasal verbs.)
If I can come up with the money.
No, but I don't know how I'm going to get out of it.
We'll €8fHe 8ft t8 it fte sefHestef.
Well, first, we should do away with private schools.
No, she just walked off with it.
Yes, I think he's hoping to put in for a promotion.
I've only just sent away for them.
EXAMPLE You hear Are we going to study ecology soon?
You reply We'll COME ON to it next semester.
Complete each (a) part of these pairs of sentences using one of the phrasal verbs in the box. You
may need to change the form of the verb. |
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Then form a compound noun from each phrasal verb to |
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complete each corresponding (b) part. |
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back up |
check in |
follow up |
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get together |
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EXAMPLE a When he demanded my wallet I ........ ......... |
...hg J. J... ..... ........... |
it |
.............. .........9.v. r........... |
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b United Nations troops supervised the .................. |
ht3M.QV..?r................. |
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1 a I only had a small bag, but I still had to ... ... .... ... |
... .... ........ ... .... ........ ... .. |
it |
.... .... ... .... ... .... ... ... .... .. |
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b When you get to the airport go straight to the |
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2 a The whole family usually ......................................................... |
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.. ..... .. ...................... ............... ... .. on our mother's birthday. |
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b All the neighbours had a .... . ..... .. ... ... ..... |
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. ..... ...... ...... ... |
to celebrate the New Year. |
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3 a The files are important, so make sure you .............................................................. |
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them ................ ............................................ . |
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b Before I shut down my computer I always make a ..................................... |
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4 a Her suggestion was interesting, so I decided to |
............................................................. |
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it ................................................. . |
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b The first meeting on the subject was two years ago, and this one is a .............................................................. .
Now listen and check your answers. Then say the sentences aloud, making sure you put prominence in the correct place in the words you have written.
Follow up: When you read about a topic that interests you, keep a note of compound nouns from phrasal verbs and their related phrasal verbs. Make sure you know where the main stress goes.
English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |
47 |
B15 |
some, the, from, etc. |
Weak forms of function words |
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Some words are not usually made prominent (see Unit 10) in conversation. These include the |
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following groups of function words. (For exceptions, see Unit 22.) |
the personal pronouns I, me, we, us, you, he, him, she, her, it, they, them the possessive determiners my, your, his, her, its, our, their
each other, one another the articles a, an, the
the determiners some and any
the indefinite pronouns some-/anybody, some-/anyone, some-/anything when they are used as the object of a sentence
there used to introduce a sentence
forms of the auxiliary verbs be, have, do and the modal verbs (shall, should, can, could, etc.) except in negative forms
prepositions (e.g. as, at, for, from, 0(. to) the conjunctions and, but, or, as, than, that
she SAW me.
He's my BROTHer.
They were HITting each other. It'S an OWL.
DO you WANT some? I didn't SEE anyone.
There's some CAKE left.
He was LATE. I can HEAR it.
They're from SPAIN. He's OLDer than me.
B16 |
Some of these function words have a weak form and a strong form. The weak form is the usual |
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pronunciation, but the strong form is used when the word is - |
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• prominent (see Unit 22) |
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said on its own |
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at the end of the sentence |
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Example with weak |
Example with strong |
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form |
form |
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The following have weak forms with /g/: the, a, an, |
I can (fkgnn SWIM. |
I CAN (fkren/) come |
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and, but, that, than, your, them, us, at, for, from, of. |
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after ALL. |
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to, as, there, can, could, shall, should, would, must, |
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do, does, am, are, was, were, some |
This is for (ffg/) YOU. |
who's it FOR (ff;):1)? |
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she, he, we, you are pronounced with reduced |
Are you (fju/ or /jg/) |
A: who DID it? |
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vowels in their weak forms: |
TIRED? |
B: YOU (fju:/)! |
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/fi/, /hi/, twit, /ju/ (or /jg/) |
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his, her, he, him, her, has, had are often pronounced |
was he (fhi/ or /i/) |
HE (fhi:/) was THERE, |
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without /h/ in their weak forms (except at the |
THERE? |
but SHE (ffi:/) wasn't. |
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beginning of a sentence) |
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l :,i:;:i7t:;:1rm;t |
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y |
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be difficult to hear the weakforms offunction words in fast speech, particularly when a number |
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I or liS.f-e-l\il\ • |
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of them come together, because they are often said quickly. Compare: |
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BIT, |
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lt an |
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When are you taking him to see her? |
There are some over there. |
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(I P ;.f- ' :>·> |
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slow speech : |
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fast speech : |
When /gju/ taking /Imtg/ see /gf7 |
/ogrgsgm/ over there. |
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It is not always necessary to produce weak forms in your own speech in order to be understood, |
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but they help to make your English sound more fluent and natural. |
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48 |
English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |
1 . 1
B18
1 .2
B19
1 .3
B20
Section S Stress in words and phrases
Exercises
Listen and repeat these sentences. Prominent syllables are in capital letters. Focus in particular on copying the non-prominent forms of the function words, in green.
I Do they LIKE each other?
2 I SAW somebody at the WINdow.
3 There was a LETter from his BROther.
4 There should be some MORE in the BOX.
S We were GOing to see her PArents.
6 she doesn't LOOK as OLD as me.
7 WHEN do you get the reSULTS of your TESTS ? 8 I was at HOME from EIGHT o'CLOCK.
Do they like each other?
Do you think the words in bold will have their weak (write W) or strong form (5) in these dialogues?
EXAMPLE a A: That ice-cream looks nice. B: Do you want some? CO
b A: I'm really thirsty. B: There's some orange juice in the kitchen. IN
Ia A: Do you think I should apologise? B: Yes, I'm sure that would help.
b A: Did you get 100% on the test? B: No, I spelt 'would' wrong.
2a A: I was in Slovenia last weekend. B: What were you doing there?
b A: Why weren't you and Amy at the party? B: But we were.
3a A: What have you got there? B: It's a present from Alex.
b A: Is this a card for Simon's birthday? B: No, it's from Simon.
4a A: Why did you mark it wrong? B: You wrote 'your' instead of 'you'.
b A: We are off to Scotland again in the summer. B: Are you going with your sister?
Sa A: Can I borrow your screwdriver? B: What do you want it for?
b A: Did the phone ring? B: Yes, it was for David.
Now listen and check your answers. Then say the B parts aloud.
Listen. Write the number of words you hear in each space.
EXAMPLE . 2 |
.....: leaving now |
u. .... staying? |
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Are you leaving now or are you staying? |
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u. waiting u. .....u.... |
brother. |
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2 I knew . |
u u going |
u. u |
late again. |
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u take |
u u . swimming pool? |
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I thought uuuuuu u. station already, uuuuu.uu. wrong. |
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Su..uu go to the zoo, uuuuuuuu before?
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.uu.uu..uu more books here |
' uuUuu u. |
have. |
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7 He asked . u uu u'" |
money |
uuuuuuuu |
lent |
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She told ....uu.....u. |
better off going by bus. |
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Now check your answers in the Key. Then listen again and repeat the sentences.
Follow up: Find a recording of speech at normal speed with a transcript (see Unit 4 for suggestions). Take an extract and try to write down what the speakers are saying. Then check what you have written against the transcript. Note in particular the pronunciation of function words.
English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |
49 |
Well, YOU do it then !
Prominent function words
i: ,',&]
(; ,, :UiJ
:::: m J
· " .,: ni,I
The function words listed in Unit 21A are not usually prominent. However, there are a number of exceptions.
B21 Function words are usually made prominent when a contrast is expressed or implied:
A: I'll leave it on the table, shall I? B: No, put it UNder the table. A: That looks pretty easy. B: Well, YOU do it then! (because I can't)
,B22 It is rarely prominent except at the end of a number of fixed phrases with this and that:
You know I was buying a new car? Well, THIS is IT. (= this is the one)
A: People are only interested in money these days. B: THIS is IT. (= I agree) THIS is IT, then. (= it's time to do something I don't want to - leave, part, etc.) I j ust signed my name, and THAT was IT. (= nothing more had to be done)
A: Here's your pocket money. B: Is THAT IT? (= is that all there is?)
A: Just swim across. B: THAT'S just IT. (= that's the problem) I can't swim.
B23 Some is often prominent (and pronounced /SArnJ) when -
• it means 'some people'
SOME consider him to be the best golfer in the world.
• it means a large number or amount
I didn't see her again for SOME YEARS .
• it means a particular person or thing, without saying exactly which
There must be SOME time we're all free for a meeting.
Any is often prominent (and pronounced /'enil) when
• it means 'it's not important which'
ANY of the camera shops in town will sell them.
• it is used for emphasis after a negative verb
Haven't you done ANY of your homework yet?
Somebody, anybody, ete. are often prominent when they are the subject of a sentence:
A: Apparently, there were no witnesses. B: But SOMEbody must have seen it.
B24 The is prominent (and pronounced /6i:/) when we say that something is the best, most important, etc. of its kind:
You should go to the Maldives. It's THE place to see coral.
B25 The auxiliary verbs be, have and do and the modal verbs are often prominent -
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in negative forms |
I CAN'T wait. |
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for special emphasis |
I SHOULD have left earlier. |
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in contradictions |
A: You HAVEn't ironed your shirt. B: I HAVE ironed it. |
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in time contrasts |
It WAS in the cupboard, but it ISn't there now. |
Do, did and does are often made prominent for emphasis with the present and past simple:
I DO like this cheese. |
We DID warn you. |
< ; ':@] B26 In a piece of new information or a question made up only of function words, the last function word is often made prominent:
There was nothing I could DO.
A: I've j ust finished a really good book . B: what was it aBOUT?
50 |
English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |
Section B Stress in words and phrases
Exercises
2 . 1 Think about the words in bold in these dialogues and underline them if they are likely to be B27 prominent. Then listen and check your answers.
1 A: Do you know of any good restaurants in Brockhurst?
B: Well, I haven't been for some years, but there used to be some very good ones. The Oyster was the place to eat seafood.
A: Mmm. I do like seafood.
B: But I'm sure any of the restaurants there will be good.
2 A: Try turning the tap off.
B: I have tried turning it, but it's stuck.
A:Did you ask anyone for help? B: No. Look, why don't you try?
A:Okay. Hmmm. There must be some way of doing it.
B:I did tell you it was stuck.
A:There. It just needed some strength! Anyone could have done it.
Now listen again. Press 'pause' before each B part and read it aloud. Then press 'play' again and compare your pronunciation with what follows. Then do the same for the A parts.
2 . 2 |
Play the recording. Press 'pause' before each B part a n d read i t aloud. Then press 'play' again and |
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B28 |
compare your pronunciation with what follows. Did you put prominence in the same places? |
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A: There you are. All finished. B: Is that it? |
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A: You can't sit there, it's Kate's place. B: Oh, is it? |
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A: Are we there yet? B: Yes, this is it. |
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A: Have you finished? B: Yes, that's it. |
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A: Which coat is yours? B: That's it. |
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A: Your train's arriving. B: This is it, then. |
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7 A: Do you like my painting? B: What is it? |
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A: Come on, get up now. B: I can't. That's just it. |
2 .3 |
You will hear seven sentences. After each sentence, press 'pause' and say one of the responses in the |
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B29 box. (Make sure you make the last word prominent.) When you press 'play' again you will hear the
correct answer. |
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Who could it have been? |
Where was he from? |
There was nothing we could have done. |
I wisR I Rite. |
How many is it for? |
But isn't there anything I can do? |
Yes, but I don't know who she was. |
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EXAMPLE You hear I thought you were going to sell your old car.
You say I wish I HAD.
Follow up: Try to use the phrase 'THIS is IT' (= I agree) in the next conversation you have in English. Make sure you pronounce it correctly.
English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced) |
5 I |